Pesticide Application and Effects Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What must happen for herbicides to effectively control pests?

  • They must contact and enter the plant. (correct)
  • They should be used while the plant is dormant.
  • They must be applied only to the soil surface.
  • They must be mixed with the plant's water supply.

    • What is the main purpose of preemergent herbicides?

  • To kill existing adult weeds.
  • To promote faster seedling growth.
  • To eliminate natural pest enemies.
  • To inhibit germination or seedling growth. (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a natural force acting on pest populations?

  • Chemical control (correct)
  • Climate
  • Natural enemies
  • Food and water supply

    • How do systemic herbicides function in comparison to non-systemic herbicides?

    <p>Systemic herbicides enter through the roots and move within the plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge of relying solely on natural pest control?

    <p>Natural controls may not act quickly or completely enough.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes postemergent herbicides from preemergent herbicides?

    <p>Postemergent herbicides are applied to growing foliage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is included in the classification of other control measures?

    <p>Biological control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from applying herbicides according to label directions?

    <p>They reduce or control a pest problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the signal word 'Caution' indicate about a pesticide's toxicity?

    <p>Low toxicity to relatively nontoxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an exception to pesticide label instructions according to federal law?

    <p>Apply a pesticide at any dosage less than that listed on the labeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines a pesticide formulation?

    <p>A mixture of active ingredient and inert ingredients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the lethality of pesticides categorized under 'Warning'?

    <p>They are moderately toxic with a lethal dose of 1 teaspoon to 1 tablespoon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formulation type can be characterized by its ease of pouring and measuring, but potential to damage sensitive plants?

    <p>Emulsifiable concentrates (EC or E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the signal words 'Danger-Poison/Danger' indicate about a pesticide?

    <p>It is highly toxic or harmful to skin/eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential risk when using pesticides at a dosage less than that listed on the labeling?

    <p>It may cause increased pest resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can pesticides be more safely handled according to different formulations?

    <p>By utilizing specific formulations designed for safe handling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of wettable powder (WP) formulations?

    <p>They consist of a high percentage of active ingredient in a fine powder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sprayer type is best suited for treating a small number of plants?

    <p>Ready-to-use (RTU) products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about soluble powder (SP) is true?

    <p>It must be mixed with water to dissolve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of an anti-back siphon device in hose-end sprayers?

    <p>To prevent pesticide from being drawn back into the water system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sprayer allows the user to treat individual plants or small groups effectively?

    <p>Hand-pump sprayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of formulation is specifically designed to control pests like snails and small ground insects?

    <p>Baits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of using wettable powders (WP)?

    <p>Inhalation and skin exposure can be a problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are label instructions for spraying pesticides on plants primarily based on?

    <p>Mixing specific volumes of product and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is sprayer calibration necessary for turf and soil applications?

    <p>To treat the area evenly at the recommended rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic requirement when using dry formulations like wettable powders?

    <p>Continuous agitation of the spray mixture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could occur if more product per gallon than specified on the label is added when spraying plants?

    <p>Injury to leaf tissue due to over-treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sprayer calibration involve for ensuring proper treatment of an area?

    <p>Measuring sprayer output and treatment time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can excessive wetting of foliage during pesticide application lead to?

    <p>Injury to leaf tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended practice before the start of each growing season regarding sprayers?

    <p>Calibrating the sprayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is generally true about the application rates to treat turf?

    <p>They require specific amounts of pesticides based on area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When calibrating sprayers, what is the effect of spraying at low pressure with a large nozzle opening?

    <p>It maximizes droplet size for coverage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of mixing pesticides that leads to decreased effectiveness?

    <p>Antagonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which storage condition is crucial for preventing damage to pesticides?

    <p>Temperature extremes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you never do with empty pesticide containers?

    <p>Burn them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be done before disposing of empty pesticide containers?

    <p>Rinse them out three times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended procedure before adding pesticides to application equipment?

    <p>Inspect for leaks and blockages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is advised to minimize drift when applying pesticides?

    <p>Choose a day with light breezes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the responsibility of the applicator when mixing pesticides?

    <p>Assume responsibility for any problems caused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should pesticides be stored in their original containers?

    <p>To maintain effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insecticides can be either broad-spectrum or selective, affecting a wide range of species or a limited range respectively.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Contact insecticides require ingestion by the insect to be effective.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pesticides can restore sick tissue to health after being applied.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Applications of pesticides are only effective when turf is not actively growing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stomach poisons affect insects after they feed on treated plant tissue.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Selective insecticides cannot help preserve beneficial insect species.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insecticides should be applied at lower rates during high disease pressure periods.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pesticide labels may provide treatment information and emergency contact numbers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is a violation of Federal law to use a pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The EPA registration number is unique for each pesticide product and indicates that it has not been approved for its listed uses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The signal word on a pesticide label indicates its acute toxicity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A harvest interval refers to the period required before crops can be safely harvested after pesticide application.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wettable powders (WP) typically have a lower use rate per gallon compared to 25% formulations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All pesticide products must bear the statement 'Keep Out of Reach of Children'.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The net contents on a pesticide label indicate the specific temperature conditions for storage.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Instructions for storage and disposal of pesticides typically advise against paying attention to temperature conditions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sprayer calibration is not necessary for turf applications.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Label instructions for spraying pesticides on plants are based on mixing specific volumes of product and water.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Over-treating can occur if insufficient product is added per gallon compared to what the label specifies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calibration for sprayers should be done at the end of the growing season.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wetting foliage to the dripping point is a common practice when applying pesticides.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using a low pressure and a large nozzle opening is ineffective for successful sprayer calibration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excessive wetting of foliage can potentially injure leaf tissue.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sprayer calibration is relatively complex and difficult to perform.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wettable powder (WP) formulations require no agitation in the spray tank.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Soluble powder (SP) does not dissolve in water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ready-to-use (RTU) products eliminated the need for mixing pesticides.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Baits typically contain an active ingredient mixed with a non-edible substance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hand-pump sprayers are effective for treating large trees.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frequent agitation is unnecessary when using ready-to-use formulations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The anti-back siphon device in hose-end sprayers is not critical for preventing pesticide contamination.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compressed air sprayers utilize a pump to supply pressure during application.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Applying pesticides to plants with open flowers is recommended to protect pollinators.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Integrated Pest Management (IPM) aims to eradicate pests completely.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Habitat loss is one of the reasons for the decline of honey bee populations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sub-lethal exposures to pesticides have no negative impact on insect pollinators.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is acceptable to tolerate light to moderate damage when caring for landscapes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pesticide labels may include a 'pollinator protection box' to indicate restrictions for applicators.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Choosing the most hazardous pesticide is advisable for managing pest control.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Establishing a variety of flowering plants helps attract more pollinators.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Label instructions for spraying pesticides on plants are based on mixing specific volumes of product and ______.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sprayer calibration is required for ______ and soil applications.

    <p>turf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excessive wetting of foliage during pesticide application can injure ______ tissue.

    <p>leaf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calibration should be done before the start of each growing ______.

    <p>season</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To prevent over-treating, the applicator should decide how much ______ to spray.

    <p>application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The applicator needs to know both the sprayer output and the amount of time needed to treat a specific ______.

    <p>area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Over-treating can occur if more product per gallon than specified on the label is added or if the foliage is wet ______.

    <p>excessively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sprayer calibration involves spraying at a low pressure and using a large ______ opening.

    <p>nozzle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The signal word 'Danger' indicates that a pesticide is highly toxic or harmful to __________.

    <p>skin/eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Federal law allows pesticides to be used in some ways not specifically mentioned in the __________.

    <p>labeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A pesticide formulation is a mixture of __________ and inert ingredients that control a pest.

    <p>active ingredient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emulsifiable concentrates (EC or E) can be mixed with __________ for application.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The signal word 'Warning' indicates a pesticide that is __________ toxic.

    <p>moderately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using a pesticide at a dosage greater than that listed on the __________ can lead to adverse effects.

    <p>labeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mixing two or more pesticides can be done if all the dosages are at or below the __________.

    <p>labeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pesticides with a signal word of 'Caution' are considered to have low toxicity to __________.

    <p>relatively nontoxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A flowable formulation is easy to pour and measure accurately, but it does not dissolve in ______.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dusts are fine clay or talc-like products with a low percentage of active ______.

    <p>ingredient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Granules have an active ingredient that is on or in small clay ______.

    <p>particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hose-End Sprayers are designed to be attached to a garden ______.

    <p>hose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flowables require agitation regularly to keep the small particles from settling to the ______.

    <p>bottom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pesticide application equipment comes in all shapes, sizes, types, and ______.

    <p>prices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A dust is ready to apply and requires no ______ or cleanup.

    <p>mixing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    With hose-end sprayers, a small amount of pesticide is mixed with ______.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You will use five cups, or ______, of water.

    <p>40 ounces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Three tablespoons of pesticide must be mixed with ______ of water.

    <p>40 ounces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pesticide compatibility exists when two or more pesticides can be mixed together without causing adverse effects such as ______.

    <p>jelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Synergism occurs when the mixing of two or more pesticides increases their ______.

    <p>activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The best solution to the problem of what to do with excess pesticides is to avoid having ______.

    <p>them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do not dump the rinse water in a confined area where it may become a ______.

    <p>pollutant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To achieve proper spray coverage, you must ensure that the pesticide is ______.

    <p>diluted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Never rinse pesticides down the ______!

    <p>drain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wettable powder (WP) formulations require continuous ______ in the spray tank to maintain it in suspension.

    <p>agitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Soluble powder (SP) pesticides dissolve in ______ for application.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ready-to-use (RTU) products do not require any ______ or cleanup after use.

    <p>mixing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Baits (B) are used to control pests by adding the active ingredient to an ______ substance.

    <p>edible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An anti-back siphon device is essential in hose-end sprayers to prevent pesticides from being drawn back into the ______ system.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compressed air sprayers have a small tank where the spray is mixed, typically ranging from one to three ______.

    <p>gallons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wettable powders (WPs) are formulated by putting the active ingredient in a fine ______.

    <p>powder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The applicator of a hand-pump sprayer can maintain uniform ______ concentration during application.

    <p>spray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Herbicide Application and Natural Controls

    • Herbicides need to make contact with plants and penetrate adequately for effectiveness.
    • Factors affecting pest populations include climate, natural enemies, geographical barriers, and availability of food and water.
    • Preemergent herbicides prevent germination and must be applied before seedlings emerge.

    Herbicide Uptake and Activity

    • Successful contact with germinating weeds typically requires rainfall or soil incorporation.
    • Non-systemic herbicides cause symptoms only at the site of uptake, while systemic herbicides can move within plants after entering through the roots.

    Pesticide Signal Words and Toxicity Levels

    • Danger-Poison/Danger: Highly toxic, with a lethal dose of a few drops to a teaspoon.
    • Warning: Moderately toxic, with a lethal dose of 1 teaspoon to 1 tablespoon.
    • Caution: Low toxicity, lethal doses range from 1 tablespoon to over a pint.
    • Federal law allows some uses of pesticides not specified on labels unless prohibited by state law.
    • Applicators can use pesticides at lower dosages than specified and mix them with fertilizers unless prohibited.

    Pesticide Formulations

    • Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC): Easy to mix with water; however, solvents may damage sensitive plants.
    • Wettable Powders (WP): Require constant agitation; high active ingredient percentage.
    • Soluble Powders (SP): Dissolve in water, allow for consistent spraying concentration.

    Ready-to-Use Products and Baits

    • Ready-to-Use (RTU): No mixing or cleanup needed; efficient for small applications.
    • Baits: Edible substances mixed with active ingredients to target pests like slugs and rodents.

    Sprayer Calibration and Application

    • Calibration ensures even distribution of pesticides, especially crucial for turf and soil applications.
    • Overapplication can harm plants; hence, accurate knowledge of sprayer output is necessary.

    Storage and Disposal of Pesticides

    • Store pesticides in original containers, in a locked cabinet, and away from temperature extremes.
    • Dispose of containers by rinsing them three times and following specific disposal guidelines.

    Application Safety Precautions

    • Check for leaks and worn equipment prior to application.
    • Keep people and pets away from sprayed areas to minimize exposure.

    Pesticide Application and Effectiveness

    • Pesticides are most effective following an outbreak and during high disease pressure.
    • Applications cannot revive already sick tissue but can protect healthy tissue and promote new growth.
    • Effectiveness is contingent on the turf being actively growing.

    Insecticide Types and Action

    • Insecticides are classified as broad-spectrum (affecting various insects) or selective (targeting specific species).
    • Stomach poisons require insects to ingest treated tissue, while contact insecticides must enter the body directly.

    Pesticide Label Sections

    • Directions for Use: Outlines proper application methods, rates, and restrictions.
    • Net Contents: Indicates the amount of product contained.
    • EPA Registration Number: Identifies and verifies product safety and compliance with regulatory standards.
    • Signal Word: Communicates the acute toxicity level of the pesticide.
    • Storage and Disposal Directions: Instructions on how to safely store and dispose of pesticides.

    Formulations of Pesticides

    • Wettable Powder (WP): Requires continuous agitation in water to remain suspended; used for spraying.
    • Soluble Powder (SP): Dissolves in water for even distribution.
    • Ready-to-Use (RTU): Packs in aerosol or hand-pump sprayers, requiring no mixing.
    • Baits: Incorporate active ingredients into attractive substances for pest control.

    Sprayer Calibration

    • Calibration is essential when treating turf and soil to ensure uniform application.
    • Instructions for plant treatments focus on proper ratios without excessive coverage that could harm foliage.

    Protecting Pollinators

    • Advocate for not applying pesticides to flowering plants to protect beneficial insects.
    • Pesticide exposure can harm pollinators, exacerbated by habitat loss and disease.

    Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

    • IPM uses a combination of techniques: cultural practices, resistant varieties, and selective pesticide application.
    • Focused on minimizing environmental impact while managing pest populations effectively.
    • Encourages only treating pests when they exceed acceptable damage levels.
    • Aims to reduce pest populations sustainably, rather than complete eradication.

    Pesticide Label Signal Words

    • Danger-Poison/Danger: Indicates high toxicity; a few drops to a teaspoon can be lethal.
    • Warning: Moderately toxic; can be lethal in doses of 1 teaspoon to 1 tablespoon.
    • Caution: Low toxicity; lethal doses may range from 1 tablespoon to 1 pint or more.

    Exceptions to Label Instructions

    • Federal law permits using pesticides in ways not explicitly stated on the label if not violating state law.
    • Pesticide can be applied at doses lower than those on the label.
    • Allowed to apply against unlisted target pests if site-specific instructions are available.
    • Mixing pesticides with fertilizers is permissible unless prohibited by the label.
    • Can mix multiple pesticides, provided all dosages are below recommended rates.

    Pesticide Formulations

    • Liquid Formulations:

      • Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC): Combine active ingredient with a solvent and emulsifier for mixing in water; can cause leaf damage.
      • Flowables (F): Contain fine particles; do not dissolve in water but require agitation to maintain suspension; less leaf burn risk.

    • Dry Formulations:

      • Dusts (D): Fine products with low active ingredient; easy application but prone to drift; not ideal for thorough coverage.
      • Granules (G): Active ingredient on or in clay particles; applied to soil; minimizes leaf adherence.
      • Wettable Powders (WP): High active ingredient in fine powder; requires mixing with water and continuous agitation.
      • Soluble Powders (SP): Dissolve in water for application.

    • Other Formulations:

      • Ready-to-Use (RTU): Pre-measured products; no mixing needed.
      • Baits (B): Edible formulations used for controlling specific pests like slugs or rodents.

    Pesticide Application Equipment

    • Application equipment varies in design and suitability for different situations.
    • Hose-End Sprayer: Simple sprayer attached to a hose; can mix pesticides with water easily but may lead to distribution issues.
    • Compressed Air Sprayer: Hand-operated, portable sprayer; provides good coverage for small areas.
    • Hand-Pump Sprayer: Suitable for treating individual plants; allows for more controlled applications.

    Calibration and Application

    • Calibration is important for turf and soil applications to ensure even treatment.
    • For plants, label instructions provide mixing ratios but over-application can harm foliage.
    • Maintenance of spray equipment is vital; clean thoroughly after use to avoid residue contamination.

    Mixing Pesticides

    • Compatibility is crucial to prevent adverse reactions when mixing pesticides.
    • Synergism: Can enhance effectiveness of mixed pesticides but may also pose increased risks to non-target organisms.
    • It is recommended to calculate pesticide needs accurately to minimize excess and potential hazards.

    Storage and Disposal

    • Store pesticides away from children and animals.
    • Minimize excess pesticide purchase; ideally only buy what is needed for a specific period to reduce waste.
    • Proper disposal and rinsing practices should be followed to avoid environmental pollution.

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