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Questions and Answers
What must happen for herbicides to effectively control pests?
What must happen for herbicides to effectively control pests?
- They must contact and enter the plant. (correct)
- They should be used while the plant is dormant.
- They must be applied only to the soil surface.
- They must be mixed with the plant's water supply.
What is the main purpose of preemergent herbicides?
What is the main purpose of preemergent herbicides?
- To kill existing adult weeds.
- To promote faster seedling growth.
- To eliminate natural pest enemies.
- To inhibit germination or seedling growth. (correct)
Which of the following is NOT a natural force acting on pest populations?
Which of the following is NOT a natural force acting on pest populations?
- Chemical control (correct)
- Climate
- Natural enemies
- Food and water supply
How do systemic herbicides function in comparison to non-systemic herbicides?
How do systemic herbicides function in comparison to non-systemic herbicides?
What is the primary challenge of relying solely on natural pest control?
What is the primary challenge of relying solely on natural pest control?
What distinguishes postemergent herbicides from preemergent herbicides?
What distinguishes postemergent herbicides from preemergent herbicides?
Which method is included in the classification of other control measures?
Which method is included in the classification of other control measures?
What results from applying herbicides according to label directions?
What results from applying herbicides according to label directions?
What does the signal word 'Caution' indicate about a pesticide's toxicity?
What does the signal word 'Caution' indicate about a pesticide's toxicity?
What is an exception to pesticide label instructions according to federal law?
What is an exception to pesticide label instructions according to federal law?
Which of the following best defines a pesticide formulation?
Which of the following best defines a pesticide formulation?
What is true about the lethality of pesticides categorized under 'Warning'?
What is true about the lethality of pesticides categorized under 'Warning'?
Which formulation type can be characterized by its ease of pouring and measuring, but potential to damage sensitive plants?
Which formulation type can be characterized by its ease of pouring and measuring, but potential to damage sensitive plants?
What do the signal words 'Danger-Poison/Danger' indicate about a pesticide?
What do the signal words 'Danger-Poison/Danger' indicate about a pesticide?
What is the potential risk when using pesticides at a dosage less than that listed on the labeling?
What is the potential risk when using pesticides at a dosage less than that listed on the labeling?
How can pesticides be more safely handled according to different formulations?
How can pesticides be more safely handled according to different formulations?
What is a characteristic of wettable powder (WP) formulations?
What is a characteristic of wettable powder (WP) formulations?
Which sprayer type is best suited for treating a small number of plants?
Which sprayer type is best suited for treating a small number of plants?
Which statement about soluble powder (SP) is true?
Which statement about soluble powder (SP) is true?
What is the main function of an anti-back siphon device in hose-end sprayers?
What is the main function of an anti-back siphon device in hose-end sprayers?
Which sprayer allows the user to treat individual plants or small groups effectively?
Which sprayer allows the user to treat individual plants or small groups effectively?
What type of formulation is specifically designed to control pests like snails and small ground insects?
What type of formulation is specifically designed to control pests like snails and small ground insects?
What is a disadvantage of using wettable powders (WP)?
What is a disadvantage of using wettable powders (WP)?
What are label instructions for spraying pesticides on plants primarily based on?
What are label instructions for spraying pesticides on plants primarily based on?
Why is sprayer calibration necessary for turf and soil applications?
Why is sprayer calibration necessary for turf and soil applications?
What is a characteristic requirement when using dry formulations like wettable powders?
What is a characteristic requirement when using dry formulations like wettable powders?
What could occur if more product per gallon than specified on the label is added when spraying plants?
What could occur if more product per gallon than specified on the label is added when spraying plants?
What does sprayer calibration involve for ensuring proper treatment of an area?
What does sprayer calibration involve for ensuring proper treatment of an area?
What can excessive wetting of foliage during pesticide application lead to?
What can excessive wetting of foliage during pesticide application lead to?
What is a recommended practice before the start of each growing season regarding sprayers?
What is a recommended practice before the start of each growing season regarding sprayers?
Which of the following is generally true about the application rates to treat turf?
Which of the following is generally true about the application rates to treat turf?
When calibrating sprayers, what is the effect of spraying at low pressure with a large nozzle opening?
When calibrating sprayers, what is the effect of spraying at low pressure with a large nozzle opening?
What is the result of mixing pesticides that leads to decreased effectiveness?
What is the result of mixing pesticides that leads to decreased effectiveness?
Which storage condition is crucial for preventing damage to pesticides?
Which storage condition is crucial for preventing damage to pesticides?
What should you never do with empty pesticide containers?
What should you never do with empty pesticide containers?
What must be done before disposing of empty pesticide containers?
What must be done before disposing of empty pesticide containers?
What is the recommended procedure before adding pesticides to application equipment?
What is the recommended procedure before adding pesticides to application equipment?
Which action is advised to minimize drift when applying pesticides?
Which action is advised to minimize drift when applying pesticides?
What is the responsibility of the applicator when mixing pesticides?
What is the responsibility of the applicator when mixing pesticides?
Why should pesticides be stored in their original containers?
Why should pesticides be stored in their original containers?
Insecticides can be either broad-spectrum or selective, affecting a wide range of species or a limited range respectively.
Insecticides can be either broad-spectrum or selective, affecting a wide range of species or a limited range respectively.
Contact insecticides require ingestion by the insect to be effective.
Contact insecticides require ingestion by the insect to be effective.
Pesticides can restore sick tissue to health after being applied.
Pesticides can restore sick tissue to health after being applied.
Applications of pesticides are only effective when turf is not actively growing.
Applications of pesticides are only effective when turf is not actively growing.
Stomach poisons affect insects after they feed on treated plant tissue.
Stomach poisons affect insects after they feed on treated plant tissue.
Selective insecticides cannot help preserve beneficial insect species.
Selective insecticides cannot help preserve beneficial insect species.
Insecticides should be applied at lower rates during high disease pressure periods.
Insecticides should be applied at lower rates during high disease pressure periods.
Pesticide labels may provide treatment information and emergency contact numbers.
Pesticide labels may provide treatment information and emergency contact numbers.
It is a violation of Federal law to use a pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling.
It is a violation of Federal law to use a pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling.
The EPA registration number is unique for each pesticide product and indicates that it has not been approved for its listed uses.
The EPA registration number is unique for each pesticide product and indicates that it has not been approved for its listed uses.
The signal word on a pesticide label indicates its acute toxicity.
The signal word on a pesticide label indicates its acute toxicity.
A harvest interval refers to the period required before crops can be safely harvested after pesticide application.
A harvest interval refers to the period required before crops can be safely harvested after pesticide application.
Wettable powders (WP) typically have a lower use rate per gallon compared to 25% formulations.
Wettable powders (WP) typically have a lower use rate per gallon compared to 25% formulations.
All pesticide products must bear the statement 'Keep Out of Reach of Children'.
All pesticide products must bear the statement 'Keep Out of Reach of Children'.
The net contents on a pesticide label indicate the specific temperature conditions for storage.
The net contents on a pesticide label indicate the specific temperature conditions for storage.
Instructions for storage and disposal of pesticides typically advise against paying attention to temperature conditions.
Instructions for storage and disposal of pesticides typically advise against paying attention to temperature conditions.
Sprayer calibration is not necessary for turf applications.
Sprayer calibration is not necessary for turf applications.
Label instructions for spraying pesticides on plants are based on mixing specific volumes of product and water.
Label instructions for spraying pesticides on plants are based on mixing specific volumes of product and water.
Over-treating can occur if insufficient product is added per gallon compared to what the label specifies.
Over-treating can occur if insufficient product is added per gallon compared to what the label specifies.
Calibration for sprayers should be done at the end of the growing season.
Calibration for sprayers should be done at the end of the growing season.
Wetting foliage to the dripping point is a common practice when applying pesticides.
Wetting foliage to the dripping point is a common practice when applying pesticides.
Using a low pressure and a large nozzle opening is ineffective for successful sprayer calibration.
Using a low pressure and a large nozzle opening is ineffective for successful sprayer calibration.
Excessive wetting of foliage can potentially injure leaf tissue.
Excessive wetting of foliage can potentially injure leaf tissue.
Sprayer calibration is relatively complex and difficult to perform.
Sprayer calibration is relatively complex and difficult to perform.
Wettable powder (WP) formulations require no agitation in the spray tank.
Wettable powder (WP) formulations require no agitation in the spray tank.
Soluble powder (SP) does not dissolve in water.
Soluble powder (SP) does not dissolve in water.
Ready-to-use (RTU) products eliminated the need for mixing pesticides.
Ready-to-use (RTU) products eliminated the need for mixing pesticides.
Baits typically contain an active ingredient mixed with a non-edible substance.
Baits typically contain an active ingredient mixed with a non-edible substance.
Hand-pump sprayers are effective for treating large trees.
Hand-pump sprayers are effective for treating large trees.
Frequent agitation is unnecessary when using ready-to-use formulations.
Frequent agitation is unnecessary when using ready-to-use formulations.
The anti-back siphon device in hose-end sprayers is not critical for preventing pesticide contamination.
The anti-back siphon device in hose-end sprayers is not critical for preventing pesticide contamination.
Compressed air sprayers utilize a pump to supply pressure during application.
Compressed air sprayers utilize a pump to supply pressure during application.
Applying pesticides to plants with open flowers is recommended to protect pollinators.
Applying pesticides to plants with open flowers is recommended to protect pollinators.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) aims to eradicate pests completely.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) aims to eradicate pests completely.
Habitat loss is one of the reasons for the decline of honey bee populations.
Habitat loss is one of the reasons for the decline of honey bee populations.
Sub-lethal exposures to pesticides have no negative impact on insect pollinators.
Sub-lethal exposures to pesticides have no negative impact on insect pollinators.
It is acceptable to tolerate light to moderate damage when caring for landscapes.
It is acceptable to tolerate light to moderate damage when caring for landscapes.
Pesticide labels may include a 'pollinator protection box' to indicate restrictions for applicators.
Pesticide labels may include a 'pollinator protection box' to indicate restrictions for applicators.
Choosing the most hazardous pesticide is advisable for managing pest control.
Choosing the most hazardous pesticide is advisable for managing pest control.
Establishing a variety of flowering plants helps attract more pollinators.
Establishing a variety of flowering plants helps attract more pollinators.
Label instructions for spraying pesticides on plants are based on mixing specific volumes of product and ______.
Label instructions for spraying pesticides on plants are based on mixing specific volumes of product and ______.
Sprayer calibration is required for ______ and soil applications.
Sprayer calibration is required for ______ and soil applications.
Excessive wetting of foliage during pesticide application can injure ______ tissue.
Excessive wetting of foliage during pesticide application can injure ______ tissue.
Calibration should be done before the start of each growing ______.
Calibration should be done before the start of each growing ______.
To prevent over-treating, the applicator should decide how much ______ to spray.
To prevent over-treating, the applicator should decide how much ______ to spray.
The applicator needs to know both the sprayer output and the amount of time needed to treat a specific ______.
The applicator needs to know both the sprayer output and the amount of time needed to treat a specific ______.
Over-treating can occur if more product per gallon than specified on the label is added or if the foliage is wet ______.
Over-treating can occur if more product per gallon than specified on the label is added or if the foliage is wet ______.
Sprayer calibration involves spraying at a low pressure and using a large ______ opening.
Sprayer calibration involves spraying at a low pressure and using a large ______ opening.
The signal word 'Danger' indicates that a pesticide is highly toxic or harmful to __________.
The signal word 'Danger' indicates that a pesticide is highly toxic or harmful to __________.
Federal law allows pesticides to be used in some ways not specifically mentioned in the __________.
Federal law allows pesticides to be used in some ways not specifically mentioned in the __________.
A pesticide formulation is a mixture of __________ and inert ingredients that control a pest.
A pesticide formulation is a mixture of __________ and inert ingredients that control a pest.
Emulsifiable concentrates (EC or E) can be mixed with __________ for application.
Emulsifiable concentrates (EC or E) can be mixed with __________ for application.
The signal word 'Warning' indicates a pesticide that is __________ toxic.
The signal word 'Warning' indicates a pesticide that is __________ toxic.
Using a pesticide at a dosage greater than that listed on the __________ can lead to adverse effects.
Using a pesticide at a dosage greater than that listed on the __________ can lead to adverse effects.
Mixing two or more pesticides can be done if all the dosages are at or below the __________.
Mixing two or more pesticides can be done if all the dosages are at or below the __________.
Pesticides with a signal word of 'Caution' are considered to have low toxicity to __________.
Pesticides with a signal word of 'Caution' are considered to have low toxicity to __________.
A flowable formulation is easy to pour and measure accurately, but it does not dissolve in ______.
A flowable formulation is easy to pour and measure accurately, but it does not dissolve in ______.
Dusts are fine clay or talc-like products with a low percentage of active ______.
Dusts are fine clay or talc-like products with a low percentage of active ______.
Granules have an active ingredient that is on or in small clay ______.
Granules have an active ingredient that is on or in small clay ______.
Hose-End Sprayers are designed to be attached to a garden ______.
Hose-End Sprayers are designed to be attached to a garden ______.
Flowables require agitation regularly to keep the small particles from settling to the ______.
Flowables require agitation regularly to keep the small particles from settling to the ______.
Pesticide application equipment comes in all shapes, sizes, types, and ______.
Pesticide application equipment comes in all shapes, sizes, types, and ______.
A dust is ready to apply and requires no ______ or cleanup.
A dust is ready to apply and requires no ______ or cleanup.
With hose-end sprayers, a small amount of pesticide is mixed with ______.
With hose-end sprayers, a small amount of pesticide is mixed with ______.
You will use five cups, or ______, of water.
You will use five cups, or ______, of water.
Three tablespoons of pesticide must be mixed with ______ of water.
Three tablespoons of pesticide must be mixed with ______ of water.
Pesticide compatibility exists when two or more pesticides can be mixed together without causing adverse effects such as ______.
Pesticide compatibility exists when two or more pesticides can be mixed together without causing adverse effects such as ______.
Synergism occurs when the mixing of two or more pesticides increases their ______.
Synergism occurs when the mixing of two or more pesticides increases their ______.
The best solution to the problem of what to do with excess pesticides is to avoid having ______.
The best solution to the problem of what to do with excess pesticides is to avoid having ______.
Do not dump the rinse water in a confined area where it may become a ______.
Do not dump the rinse water in a confined area where it may become a ______.
To achieve proper spray coverage, you must ensure that the pesticide is ______.
To achieve proper spray coverage, you must ensure that the pesticide is ______.
Never rinse pesticides down the ______!
Never rinse pesticides down the ______!
Wettable powder (WP) formulations require continuous ______ in the spray tank to maintain it in suspension.
Wettable powder (WP) formulations require continuous ______ in the spray tank to maintain it in suspension.
Soluble powder (SP) pesticides dissolve in ______ for application.
Soluble powder (SP) pesticides dissolve in ______ for application.
Ready-to-use (RTU) products do not require any ______ or cleanup after use.
Ready-to-use (RTU) products do not require any ______ or cleanup after use.
Baits (B) are used to control pests by adding the active ingredient to an ______ substance.
Baits (B) are used to control pests by adding the active ingredient to an ______ substance.
An anti-back siphon device is essential in hose-end sprayers to prevent pesticides from being drawn back into the ______ system.
An anti-back siphon device is essential in hose-end sprayers to prevent pesticides from being drawn back into the ______ system.
Compressed air sprayers have a small tank where the spray is mixed, typically ranging from one to three ______.
Compressed air sprayers have a small tank where the spray is mixed, typically ranging from one to three ______.
Wettable powders (WPs) are formulated by putting the active ingredient in a fine ______.
Wettable powders (WPs) are formulated by putting the active ingredient in a fine ______.
The applicator of a hand-pump sprayer can maintain uniform ______ concentration during application.
The applicator of a hand-pump sprayer can maintain uniform ______ concentration during application.
Study Notes
Herbicide Application and Natural Controls
- Herbicides need to make contact with plants and penetrate adequately for effectiveness.
- Factors affecting pest populations include climate, natural enemies, geographical barriers, and availability of food and water.
- Preemergent herbicides prevent germination and must be applied before seedlings emerge.
Herbicide Uptake and Activity
- Successful contact with germinating weeds typically requires rainfall or soil incorporation.
- Non-systemic herbicides cause symptoms only at the site of uptake, while systemic herbicides can move within plants after entering through the roots.
Pesticide Signal Words and Toxicity Levels
- Danger-Poison/Danger: Highly toxic, with a lethal dose of a few drops to a teaspoon.
- Warning: Moderately toxic, with a lethal dose of 1 teaspoon to 1 tablespoon.
- Caution: Low toxicity, lethal doses range from 1 tablespoon to over a pint.
Pesticide Uses and Legal Exceptions
- Federal law allows some uses of pesticides not specified on labels unless prohibited by state law.
- Applicators can use pesticides at lower dosages than specified and mix them with fertilizers unless prohibited.
Pesticide Formulations
- Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC): Easy to mix with water; however, solvents may damage sensitive plants.
- Wettable Powders (WP): Require constant agitation; high active ingredient percentage.
- Soluble Powders (SP): Dissolve in water, allow for consistent spraying concentration.
Ready-to-Use Products and Baits
- Ready-to-Use (RTU): No mixing or cleanup needed; efficient for small applications.
- Baits: Edible substances mixed with active ingredients to target pests like slugs and rodents.
Sprayer Calibration and Application
- Calibration ensures even distribution of pesticides, especially crucial for turf and soil applications.
- Overapplication can harm plants; hence, accurate knowledge of sprayer output is necessary.
Storage and Disposal of Pesticides
- Store pesticides in original containers, in a locked cabinet, and away from temperature extremes.
- Dispose of containers by rinsing them three times and following specific disposal guidelines.
Application Safety Precautions
- Check for leaks and worn equipment prior to application.
- Keep people and pets away from sprayed areas to minimize exposure.
Pesticide Application and Effectiveness
- Pesticides are most effective following an outbreak and during high disease pressure.
- Applications cannot revive already sick tissue but can protect healthy tissue and promote new growth.
- Effectiveness is contingent on the turf being actively growing.
Insecticide Types and Action
- Insecticides are classified as broad-spectrum (affecting various insects) or selective (targeting specific species).
- Stomach poisons require insects to ingest treated tissue, while contact insecticides must enter the body directly.
Pesticide Label Sections
- Directions for Use: Outlines proper application methods, rates, and restrictions.
- Net Contents: Indicates the amount of product contained.
- EPA Registration Number: Identifies and verifies product safety and compliance with regulatory standards.
- Signal Word: Communicates the acute toxicity level of the pesticide.
- Storage and Disposal Directions: Instructions on how to safely store and dispose of pesticides.
Formulations of Pesticides
- Wettable Powder (WP): Requires continuous agitation in water to remain suspended; used for spraying.
- Soluble Powder (SP): Dissolves in water for even distribution.
- Ready-to-Use (RTU): Packs in aerosol or hand-pump sprayers, requiring no mixing.
- Baits: Incorporate active ingredients into attractive substances for pest control.
Sprayer Calibration
- Calibration is essential when treating turf and soil to ensure uniform application.
- Instructions for plant treatments focus on proper ratios without excessive coverage that could harm foliage.
Protecting Pollinators
- Advocate for not applying pesticides to flowering plants to protect beneficial insects.
- Pesticide exposure can harm pollinators, exacerbated by habitat loss and disease.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
- IPM uses a combination of techniques: cultural practices, resistant varieties, and selective pesticide application.
- Focused on minimizing environmental impact while managing pest populations effectively.
- Encourages only treating pests when they exceed acceptable damage levels.
- Aims to reduce pest populations sustainably, rather than complete eradication.
Pesticide Label Signal Words
- Danger-Poison/Danger: Indicates high toxicity; a few drops to a teaspoon can be lethal.
- Warning: Moderately toxic; can be lethal in doses of 1 teaspoon to 1 tablespoon.
- Caution: Low toxicity; lethal doses may range from 1 tablespoon to 1 pint or more.
Exceptions to Label Instructions
- Federal law permits using pesticides in ways not explicitly stated on the label if not violating state law.
- Pesticide can be applied at doses lower than those on the label.
- Allowed to apply against unlisted target pests if site-specific instructions are available.
- Mixing pesticides with fertilizers is permissible unless prohibited by the label.
- Can mix multiple pesticides, provided all dosages are below recommended rates.
Pesticide Formulations
-
Liquid Formulations:
- Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC): Combine active ingredient with a solvent and emulsifier for mixing in water; can cause leaf damage.
- Flowables (F): Contain fine particles; do not dissolve in water but require agitation to maintain suspension; less leaf burn risk.
-
Dry Formulations:
- Dusts (D): Fine products with low active ingredient; easy application but prone to drift; not ideal for thorough coverage.
- Granules (G): Active ingredient on or in clay particles; applied to soil; minimizes leaf adherence.
- Wettable Powders (WP): High active ingredient in fine powder; requires mixing with water and continuous agitation.
- Soluble Powders (SP): Dissolve in water for application.
-
Other Formulations:
- Ready-to-Use (RTU): Pre-measured products; no mixing needed.
- Baits (B): Edible formulations used for controlling specific pests like slugs or rodents.
Pesticide Application Equipment
- Application equipment varies in design and suitability for different situations.
- Hose-End Sprayer: Simple sprayer attached to a hose; can mix pesticides with water easily but may lead to distribution issues.
- Compressed Air Sprayer: Hand-operated, portable sprayer; provides good coverage for small areas.
- Hand-Pump Sprayer: Suitable for treating individual plants; allows for more controlled applications.
Calibration and Application
- Calibration is important for turf and soil applications to ensure even treatment.
- For plants, label instructions provide mixing ratios but over-application can harm foliage.
- Maintenance of spray equipment is vital; clean thoroughly after use to avoid residue contamination.
Mixing Pesticides
- Compatibility is crucial to prevent adverse reactions when mixing pesticides.
- Synergism: Can enhance effectiveness of mixed pesticides but may also pose increased risks to non-target organisms.
- It is recommended to calculate pesticide needs accurately to minimize excess and potential hazards.
Storage and Disposal
- Store pesticides away from children and animals.
- Minimize excess pesticide purchase; ideally only buy what is needed for a specific period to reduce waste.
- Proper disposal and rinsing practices should be followed to avoid environmental pollution.
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Description
Test your knowledge on herbicide and pesticide application, effectiveness, and safety metrics. This quiz covers important concepts regarding toxicity levels and factors affecting pest populations. Enhance your understanding of agricultural practices and regulations.
