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Questions and Answers
What is one of the primary objectives of cultural control methods in pest management?
What is one of the primary objectives of cultural control methods in pest management?
Which of the following practices can be classified as a cultural control method?
Which of the following practices can be classified as a cultural control method?
How can crop rotation help in pest management?
How can crop rotation help in pest management?
Which method involves using specific crops to attract or repel pests from the main crops?
Which method involves using specific crops to attract or repel pests from the main crops?
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What impact does tillage operation have on pest populations?
What impact does tillage operation have on pest populations?
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Why is the timing of sowing or planting important in pest management?
Why is the timing of sowing or planting important in pest management?
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What defines the practice of 'sanitation of fields' in pest management?
What defines the practice of 'sanitation of fields' in pest management?
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What role do trap crops play in pest management?
What role do trap crops play in pest management?
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Who acts as the licensing officer for the manufacture and formulation of pesticides in Maharashtra State?
Who acts as the licensing officer for the manufacture and formulation of pesticides in Maharashtra State?
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What is one of the main objectives of the regulatory framework for insecticides?
What is one of the main objectives of the regulatory framework for insecticides?
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Which chemical was the first synthesized organic insecticide discovered in 1925?
Which chemical was the first synthesized organic insecticide discovered in 1925?
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Which authority handles appeals against decisions made by licensing officers in Maharashtra?
Which authority handles appeals against decisions made by licensing officers in Maharashtra?
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Which of the following insects is NOT a predaceous insect used in biological control?
Which of the following insects is NOT a predaceous insect used in biological control?
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What was a primary use of arsenites in ancient times?
What was a primary use of arsenites in ancient times?
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What type of control method involves the mass culture and release of natural enemies?
What type of control method involves the mass culture and release of natural enemies?
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Which organism is specifically noted for its role as an egg-larval parasitoid?
Which organism is specifically noted for its role as an egg-larval parasitoid?
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Who can collect insecticide samples for purity checks in Maharashtra?
Who can collect insecticide samples for purity checks in Maharashtra?
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Which chemical was discovered in 1939 for its insecticidal properties?
Which chemical was discovered in 1939 for its insecticidal properties?
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Which predatory vertebrate is mentioned as effective in controlling pest populations in rice fields?
Which predatory vertebrate is mentioned as effective in controlling pest populations in rice fields?
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What is referred to as chemical control in pest management?
What is referred to as chemical control in pest management?
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What type of nematodes is used specifically for the control of Japanese beetles?
What type of nematodes is used specifically for the control of Japanese beetles?
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Which type of microorganism is NOT mentioned as causing diseases in insects?
Which type of microorganism is NOT mentioned as causing diseases in insects?
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Which bird is recognized for its ability to destroy crop pests?
Which bird is recognized for its ability to destroy crop pests?
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Which statement best describes microbial control?
Which statement best describes microbial control?
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What is the primary function of Herbicides?
What is the primary function of Herbicides?
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Which type of chemical is used specifically to kill nematodes?
Which type of chemical is used specifically to kill nematodes?
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What is a characteristic of stomach poisons in insecticides?
What is a characteristic of stomach poisons in insecticides?
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Which of the following is an example of a bactericide?
Which of the following is an example of a bactericide?
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How do contact poisons function?
How do contact poisons function?
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What type of chemical would you use to specifically control harmful fish?
What type of chemical would you use to specifically control harmful fish?
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Which type of insecticide is characterized by its gaseous state that penetrates through the tracheal system?
Which type of insecticide is characterized by its gaseous state that penetrates through the tracheal system?
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Which of the following is used to control algae?
Which of the following is used to control algae?
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Which part of the neem tree is most effective for insecticidal activity?
Which part of the neem tree is most effective for insecticidal activity?
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What is the main active ingredient found in neem?
What is the main active ingredient found in neem?
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Which of the following pests is neem known to be effective against?
Which of the following pests is neem known to be effective against?
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Which chemical is primarily derived from the roots of bean legumes?
Which chemical is primarily derived from the roots of bean legumes?
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What characteristic is common among all pyrethroids?
What characteristic is common among all pyrethroids?
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Which synthetic pyrethroid was developed first?
Which synthetic pyrethroid was developed first?
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What is the effect of azadirachtin as mentioned in its functions?
What is the effect of azadirachtin as mentioned in its functions?
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Which of the following statements about rotenone is true?
Which of the following statements about rotenone is true?
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Study Notes
Pest Control Methods
- Pest control focuses on reducing or eliminating pest populations to protect crops and human health.
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Cultural Control: This method involves manipulating the environment to make it less suitable for pests.
- Tillage operations: Ploughing and other tillage expose pests to the surface, making them vulnerable to predators like birds or heat.
- Crop rotation: Rotating crops helps break the continuous food supply for pests, reducing their populations.
- Trap cropping: Using specific crops to attract pests away from the main crop. For example, okra can attract Jassids and spotted bollworms away from cotton.
- Sanitation of field: Removing and destroying unwanted plants, plant debris, and weeds to reduce pest habitats.
- Timing of sowing/planting: Can prevent pest infections by avoiding their egg-laying periods and allowing young plants to establish.
Biological Control
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Biological control uses natural enemies to control pest populations.
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Predaceous insects:
- Green Lace Wing: Feeds on aphids, jassids, and whiteflies.
- Australian Ladybird beetle: Feeds on mealy bugs.
- Ladybird beetle: Feeds on aphids.
- Syrphid fly: Feeds on various insects.
- Vedalia beetle: Feeds on cottony cushion scale.
- Dipha (Conobathra) aphidivora: Feeds on sugarcane wooly aphids.
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Parasitic insects (Parasitoids):
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Egg Parasitoids:
- Trichogramma japonicum: Parasite of stem borer in paddy.
- Trichogramma chilonus: Parasite of cotton bollworms and sugarcane stem borers.
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Larval Parasitoid:
- Bracon kirkpatrickii and Apanteles angaleti: Parasite of cotton bollworms.
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Egg-Larval Paranoids:
- Capidosoma koeheleri and Chilonus blackberni: Parasite of potato tuber moth.
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Nymphal & Adult Parasitoid:
- Epiricania meloneuca: Parasite of sugarcane pyrilla.
- Aphelinus mali: Parasite of Apple wooly aphids.
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Egg Parasitoids:
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Predatory Vertebrates:
- Birds: King-crow and myna are useful birds that consume crop pests.
- Ducks: Used in rice paddies to control bugs.
- Fishes: Destroy mosquito larvae.
- Frog: Eats paddy stem borers.
- Toad and wall lizard: Consume termites, crickets, grasshoppers, bugs, etc.
- Snake: Feed on rats.
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Nematode parasites:
- Over 46 nematode species parasitize various insects, such as beetles, grasshoppers, cockroaches, and moths.
- Neoaplectana glaseri: Used for control of Japanese beetles.
- Rhabditids: Symbiotic relationship with bacteria, forming disease complexes. For example, DD-136 association between the nematode Neoplanctana caprocapsi and bacterium Acromobacter nematophilus against Codling moth of apple.
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Pathogens:
- Microbial control uses microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoa, rickettsia, and nematodes to control pest populations.
Legal Control
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In Maharashtra, India:
- The Chief plant protection officer is responsible for issuing licenses for the manufacture and sale of pesticides.
- Divisional Superintending Agriculture Officer acts as licensing officer for the sale and stock of pesticides.
- Joint Director of Agriculture (Extension) acts as the Appellate Authority for appeals against licensing decisions.
- District Agricultural Officer collects insecticide samples to ensure their purity.
Chemical Control
- Chemical control: Uses chemical pesticides to control insect pests.
- Pesticides: Chemicals used for insect pest control.
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Types of pesticides:
- Avicides: Chemicals used to repel birds. Example: Anthraquionone.
- Molluscicides: Chemicals used to kill snails and slugs. Example: Metaldehyde.
- Nematicides: Chemicals used to control nematodes. Example: Ethylene dibromide.
- Fungicides: Chemicals used to control plant diseases caused by fungi. Example: Copper oxychloride.
- Bactericide: Chemicals used to control plant diseases caused by bacteria. Example: Streptomycin sulfate.
- Herbicide: Chemicals used to control weeds. Example: 2,4,D.
- Algicides: Chemicals used to control algae.
- Arboricides: Chemicals used to control trees or shrubs.
- Piscicides: Chemicals used to control harmful fishes.
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Classification based on mode of entry:
- Stomach poison: Insecticides ingested by insects, affecting their digestive system. Examples: Bt, organochlorine, and organophosphates.
- Contact poison: Insecticides cause death through direct contact with the insect's body. Examples: Nicotine, Pyrethrum, Quinolphos, Malathion, synthetic pyrethroids.
- Fumigants: Pesticides in gaseous form that enter insects through their respiratory system. Examples: Methyl Bromide, Hydrogen cyanide (HCN), ethylene dibromide, DDVP, Lindane.
Neem
- Neem contains insecticidal properties in all its parts, but seeds are the most effective source.
- Active ingredient: Azadirachtin, along with other alkaloids like limonoids and protolimonoids.
- Activities: Repellent, antifeedant, and insecticidal.
- Effective against insects like: American bollworm, leaf-eating caterpillar, diamondback moth, armyworm, leaf hoppers, and thrips.
Pyrethroids/Pyrethrums/Pyrethrins
- Extracted from chrysanthemum flowers.
- Active ingredients: Pyrethrin I and II, cinerin I and II.
- Pyrethrums are dried flower powder.
- Pyrethrins are active toxins of Pyrethrum.
- Pyrethroids are synthetic derivatives of pyrethrins.
- Lipophilic (fat-loving) compounds, insoluble in water.
- More toxic to insects but safe to mammals.
- Synthetic Pyrethroids: Cypermethrine, permethrin, deltamethrin, decamethrin, and fenvalerate. Effective against soft-bodied insects.
Rotenone
- Derived from roots of bean legumes, Derris eliptica.
- Used against leaf-eating caterpillars in 1848.
- Active ingredient: Rotenone, isolated in 1882.
- Contact and stomach poison.
- Inhibits respiratory metabolism.
- Extremely toxic to fish; used as a piscide.
Scilliroside
- Obtained from the bulb of red squill, Urginea maritime.
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Description
This quiz explores various pest control methods, focusing on cultural and biological controls that help manage pest populations effectively. Learn about tillage operations, crop rotation, trap cropping, and sanitation in the field, along with the role of natural enemies in biological control. Test your knowledge to ensure sustainable crop protection and human health.
