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Questions and Answers
What concept describes the scenario when members of society maintain similar values and beliefs?
Which of the following best describes manifest functions in society?
Which sociological perspective emphasizes the struggle over scarce resources?
What signifies the interdependence of individuals in a society with diverse values and types of work?
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Which example illustrates the concept of latent functions?
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What is the term for the diverse social practices observed in different cultures?
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According to class conflict theory, which class is described as owning the means of production?
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What is meant by social change in a sociological context?
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Which of the following best describes political identities?
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What is the process called that involves the diffusion of one culture to another?
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Which element of culture refers to a set of symbols that enables communication?
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What distinguishes achieved status from ascribed status?
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Which aspect of culture emphasizes that it cannot be owned by an individual?
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How is culture best described in terms of its continuity?
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Which of the following elements of culture pertains to the rules governing behavior?
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What is a key feature of culture that reflects its variability across different societies?
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What is the primary focus of secondary socialization?
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Which part of Freud's Tripartite Psyche is primarily concerned with instant gratification?
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What is an example of a possible outcome of fixation during the oral stage of development?
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What key concept is associated with the Phallic Stage according to Freud's theory?
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In the context of nature vs. nurture, what does 'nurture' refer to?
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During which stage does a child primarily focus on controlling bladder and bowel movements?
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Which part of the psyche is defined as the rational and pragmatic element of personality?
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What occurs during the resocialization process?
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What is the main focus of the genital stage in Freud's psychosexual development?
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What cognitive skill is primarily developed during the preoperational stage?
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During which stage of psychosocial development do children compare themselves to their peers?
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What ability do children develop during the concrete operational stage?
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In Erikson's theory, what is the main conflict during the identity vs. role confusion stage?
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What do infants learn about objects during the sensorimotor stage?
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Which stage follows the autonomy vs. shame/doubt phase according to Erikson's psychosocial development?
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What characteristic of thinking is most developed during the formal operational stage?
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What developmental challenge is faced by people in their 40s during middle adulthood?
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According to Cooley’s Looking Glass Self, which of the following is NOT one of the three steps in developing self-image?
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What is the primary focus of Erikson's stage of integrity vs. despair?
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What type of deviance involves violating formally enacted laws?
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Which term is used to describe societal measures that regulate behavior to limit deviance?
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What psychological task is associated with early adulthood as described in Erikson's theory?
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In Merton's Strain Theory, what does conformity refer to?
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What does the term 'deviance' generally refer to?
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Study Notes
Structural Functionalism
- Society is portrayed as a complex system where each element interrelates to maintain stability and social order.
- Social cohesion is derived from a consensus among members working together for mutual benefit.
- Mechanical Solidarity: Found in societies with similar values and occupations (e.g., agricultural families).
- Organic Solidarity: Characterizes interdependent societies with diverse values and occupations (e.g., urban populations).
- Robert Merton: Distinguished between Manifest Functions (intended outcomes) and Latent Functions (unintended outcomes) in social actions.
Symbolic Interactionism
- Focuses on the meanings of symbols and interactions in daily life, giving significance to social interactions.
- Emojis serve as a modern example of symbols with specific meanings in today's context.
Social Conflict Theory
- Views society through the lens of struggle among groups over scarce resources such as power, wealth, and status.
- Highlights educational inequality and the influence of economic structures.
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Karl Marx's Class Conflict: Divides society into two classes under capitalism:
- Bourgeoisie: Owners of production.
- Proletariat: Laborers for survival.
Cultural Variation and Social Change
- Cultural Variation: Diverse practices among different cultures (e.g., customs in urban vs. rural settings).
- Social Change: Refers to significant shifts in behavior patterns and cultural norms over time (e.g., Industrial Revolution, Feminism).
Aspects of Culture
- Culture encompasses beliefs, values, practices, and knowledge learned and shared within a society.
- Enculturation: The process of learning and adopting one's culture through various means.
- Identity Formation: Developing an individual's identity through social interactions and cultural influences.
Elements of Culture
- Beliefs: Ideas and conceptions about the environment.
- Symbols: Representations with specific meanings (e.g., signs, language).
- Language: A symbol system used for communication and thought formulation.
- Values: Conceptual ideals deemed desirable within a culture.
- Norms: Established rules guiding behavior within a culture.
- Law: Formal regulations governing conduct.
Status in Society
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Status: Positions occupied by individuals, characterized as either:
- Ascribed: Assigned at birth (e.g., age, ethnicity).
- Achieved: Gained through personal effort (e.g., academic success).
Nature vs. Nurture
- Nature: Biological and genetic predispositions affecting personality and behavior.
- Nurture: External influences, such as experiences and learning, that shape development.
Theories of Personality
-
Tripartite Psyche (Freud):
- Id: Primitive urges and desires.
- Superego: Moral constraints and societal standards.
- Ego: Balances id and superego, operating in reality.
- Psychosexual Stages: Structured development phases in childhood, emphasizing different sources of pleasure.
Cognitive Development Theory
- Sensorimotor Stage: Infants learn through senses and actions; realization of object permanence.
- Preoperational Stage: Development of symbolic thought but egocentric perspective.
- Concrete Operational Stage: Logical thinking about concrete objects; understanding conservation.
- Formal Operational Stage: Abstract reasoning and ethical thinking become prominent.
Psychosocial Development Stages (Erikson)
- Trust vs. Mistrust: Critical for infants trusting caregivers.
- Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt: Toddlers seek to assert control over their actions.
- Initiative vs. Guilt: Children take initiative and control in social settings.
- Industry vs. Inferiority: School-age children compare themselves to peers.
- Identity vs. Role Confusion: Adolescents explore their identity.
- Intimacy vs. Isolation: Young adults seek deep emotional connections.
- Generativity vs. Stagnation: Middle-aged adults contribute to society and future generations.
- Integrity vs. Despair: Older adults reflect on their lives, seeking fulfillment or lamenting failures.
Social Interaction Theories
- George Herbert Mead: Self emerges through social interaction.
- C.H. Cooley's Looking Glass Self: Self-image is shaped by perceptions of others’ evaluations.
Deviance and Social Control
- Deviance: Actions violating societal norms (formal or informal).
- Types of Deviant Activities:
- Formal Deviance: Involves breaking laws (e.g., theft, assault).
- Informal Deviance: Breaking social norms not codified into law (e.g., inappropriate attire).
- Sanctions: Society’s methods to control behavior; can be punitive or regulatory.
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Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance:
- Conformity: Acceptance of societal goals and means.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the key perspectives in sociology, particularly focusing on structural functionalism. Explore how different aspects of society interconnect and contribute to its overall stability and order. This quiz will challenge your understanding of social consensus and cohesion.
