Personality Types and Health Impacts

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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of individuals with low trait anxiety and high defensiveness?

They show high physiological arousal. (correct)

They exhibit high levels of emotional distress.

They tend to report lower happiness.

They avoid confronting difficult realities.

Which theory explains the behavior of individuals who either scan or ignore health information?

Behavioral engagement theory

Information processing theory

Cognitive dissonance theory

Vigilance-avoidance theory (correct)

What is a common finding regarding older adults and their emotional responses?

They commonly experience low defensiveness.

They generally report lower happiness levels.

They often show increased happiness. (correct)

They exhibit higher levels of anxiety.

How do monitors differ from blunters in processing health information?

Monitors actively seek out health information, while blunters tend to ignore it. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the perception of disease severity among monitors?

They perceive higher disease severity than blunters. Signup and view all the answers

What is one negative consequence of tD associated with cardiovascular disease?

Vulnerability factor in disease progression Signup and view all the answers

Which personality trait has NOT been associated with cancer risk according to the findings?

Enhanced immune function Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable finding from the study by Hansen et al. (2005)?

No association found between personality traits and cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of repressors in relation to their health outcomes?

Higher rates of myocardial infarction Signup and view all the answers

According to the studies presented, how does tD influence health-related quality of life?

It negatively impacts health-related quality of life Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is a potential impact of high arousal on health?

Reduction in immune system function Signup and view all the answers

What did Kissen & Eysenck (1962) hypothesize about anxiety and cancer?

Anxiety may act as protection against cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with tD according to the evidence provided?

Reduced risk of acute brain dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'idiographic approach' refer to in personality research?

Focus on the uniqueness of individuals using qualitative data Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the personality paradox?

Personality remains constant while behavior varies in different situations Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best represents Kluckhohn & Murray's perspective on personality?

Humans can be compared based on group differences but are unique individually Signup and view all the answers

What is a focus of personality theories according to the content?

Understanding how individual traits interact within situations Signup and view all the answers

What does the nomothetic approach emphasize in personality research?

Generalizations and patterns found across groups using numerical data Signup and view all the answers

How is personality related to psychopathology in the context provided?

Personality research originated from the study of abnormal behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does personality research NOT emphasize according to the given content?

Understanding the influence of genetic predispositions Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by personality research in regard to mental health and wellbeing?

Insights into personality can inform what constitutes healthy functioning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects the development timeline of personality theory?

Theories shifted from individual uniqueness in the 1930s to situational interactions in the 1980s Signup and view all the answers

What primarily differentiates qualitative data from quantitative data in personality research?

Qualitative data provides insights into phenomena and experiences, whereas quantitative focuses on numerical measurements Signup and view all the answers

What does Freud believe about dreams?

Dreams have significant meaning. Signup and view all the answers

Which model suggests that dreams result from brain stem activity in REM sleep?

Activation-synthesis model Signup and view all the answers

How does the mesolimbic-mesocortical dopamine pathway affect dreams?

It leads to the cessation of dreams while leaving REM sleep unaffected. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'bizarreness' in dreams refer to according to Hobson & Pace-Schott?

The loss of organizing capacity during sleep. Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what type of dreams may occur independent of REM sleep?

Vivid dreaming. Signup and view all the answers

Which emotional system is associated with the Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway (MMDP)?

Seeking. Signup and view all the answers

What did Hobson conclude about Freudian dream theory?

It is an obsolete framework. Signup and view all the answers

What is a central trait according to Allport's trait theory?

A general characteristic that defines an individual's personality. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'idiographic' refer to in trait approaches?

Understanding individual differences. Signup and view all the answers

What do drug dreams signify in the context of the biological drive frustration paradigm?

Yearning for the substance during withdrawal. Signup and view all the answers

Which trait is NOT associated with Psychopathy in the dark triad?

Grandiose self-view Signup and view all the answers

What is a proposed treatment for behavioral issues according to recent studies?

MDMA and oxytocin Signup and view all the answers

How do overt narcissists differ from covert narcissists?

Overt narcissists may display hypersensitivity Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects a similarity between narcissism and Machiavellianism?

Both involve manipulative behavior Signup and view all the answers

What limitation is noted concerning the assessment of dark triad traits?

Self-reporting bias Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with the dark tetrad?

Everyday sadism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is correlated negatively with agreeableness?

Narcissism Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about males compared to females regarding dark triad traits?

Males score higher on all dark triad traits Signup and view all the answers

What does the light triad measure?

Humanism and Kantianism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is associated with a lack of empathy?

Machiavellianism Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Trait Disposition and Health

There is an association between Type D personality and unhealthy lifestyles, pessimism, and poor treatment adherence.
Type D personality is a vulnerability factor in cardiovascular disease progression, including an association between Type D personality and major adverse cardiac events and a negative association with health-related quality of life.
There is some association between Type D personality and poor clinical and patient-reported outcomes in coronary heart disease.
Type D personality predicts longer acute brain dysfunction in coronary heart disease.
The pathways for these associations are unclear.

Cooperative Personality and Cancer

There is an inconsistent association between Type C personality and cancer outcomes.
Cooperative, unassertive, emotional suppression, compliance, helplessness, and hopelessness are traits associated with Type C personality.
There is a correlation between Type C personality and high arousal, which may reduce immune system function.
Anxiety and neuroticism may be protective against cancer.
There was no association between Type C personality and cancer in Swedish prospective twin study and epidemiological research in Sweden and Finland.

Repressive Defensiveness and Physical Health

Repressive defensiveness is associated with poor physical health.
The role of repression in causing or being caused by breast cancer development is not fully understood.
Repressive defensiveness is associated with an increased risk of death and myocardial infarction.
Repressors may be less likely to report distress, underestimate the impact of stress on the heart, and engage in noncompliance and physiological stress.

Basic Experimental Design

Understanding basic experimental design is vital in determining if researchers demonstrate what they claim.
Basic experimental design knowledge helps researchers conduct their own studies properly.
Basic experimental design knowledge helps inform a better understanding of personality and psychopathology.
Basic experimental design knowledge helps understand what mental health and well-being requires.

Trait Approaches to Personality

Nomothetic approach: traits are dimensions, measured qualitatively.
Allport (1937) proposed personality traits could be categorised as cardinal, central, and secondary.
Cattell (1946) proposed 16PF (personality factor questionnaire) to measure 16 source traits.
Costa and McCrae (1985) proposed the five-factor model (FFM) of personality.
Eysenck (1967) proposed a model with three dimensions: extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism.
The trait approach is widely criticised, for being too focused on stable traits without considering the impact of the situation.

Dark Triad/Tetrad

The Dark Triad consists of:
- Psychopathy
- Narcissism
- Machiavellianism
The Dark Triad traits are not equivalent but substantially intercorrelated.
Males score higher than females on all three traits.
All three traits are negatively correlated with the agreeableness trait from the five-factor model.

Dark Triad/Tetrad - Similarities and Differences

Similarities between Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy include having callous traits.
Differences between Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy include their motivations for engaging in manipulation and deception, the type of manipulation they engage in, and the timeframes in which they act.
Narcissism is associated with ego threat and resulting aggression.
Machiavellianism is associated with playing the long game using manipulation and deception to gain a benefit.
Machiavellianism is also associated with finding enjoyment in deception.
Psychopathy is characterised by impulsive behaviors with an immediate or short-term focus, possibly leading to bullying.

Dark Triad/Tetrad - Emotional Deficits

All three Dark Triad traits show a lack of cognitive and affective empathy.
All three traits are correlated with alexithymia, which is the inability to identify or describe one’s emotions and lack of awareness of body sensations.
Psychopathy is most associated with antisocial behaviour, aggression, and risky sexual behaviour.

Dark Triad/Tetrad - Assessment

Assessments of the Dark Triad are limited by reliance on self-reporting and potential ethnocentric biases.
People with Dark Triad traits are likely to disguise darker traits to others.
The Dirty Dozen and Short Dark Triad (SD3) are assessment tools for the Dark Triad.
Everyday sadism is a fourth trait that comprises the Dark Tetrad.

Dark Triad/Tetrad - Everyday Sadism

Everyday sadism is measured by the Varieties of Sadistic Experience scale.
High levels of everyday sadism are associated with enjoying hurting other people, engaging in unprovoked aggression, and showing amusement at the suffering of others.

Dark Triad/Tetrad - Light Triad

The Light Triad consists of:
- Kantianism
- Humanism
- Faith in Humanity
The Light Triad is the conceptual opposite of the Dark Triad.
People tend to score higher on the Light Triad rather than the Dark Triad.

Studying That Suits You

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Description

Explore the associations between Type D and Type C personalities with various health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease and cancer. This quiz delves into the vulnerabilities and traits related to these personality types and their implications for treatment adherence and clinical outcomes.