Personality tests RIASEC & Myers-Briggs

Holland's RIASEC Model

• Used for industrial-organizational assessment
• RIASEC: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional
• Standard Self-Directed Search allows users to thoughtfully evaluate interests and abilities

Myers-Briggs

• Determines a 4-letter profile
• Widely used in business and industry
• Based on Carl Jung's personality typology
• Two attitudes: extraversion (objective attitude), introversion (subjective attitude)
• Four functions of consciousness: thinking, feeling, sensation, intuition
• Judging and perceiving were added later
• Item response theory has been added to improve items

Criticisms of Myers-Briggs

• Categorical, lacks nuance
• Questionable test-retest reliability
• 5-factor model (5FM) could be used instead
• 4 of the 5 factors of the 5FM are in the Myers-Briggs
• Vague personality descriptions similar to horoscopes
• HOGAN test may be more reliable and valid
• Myers-Briggs costs about $90, physical scorers cost about $15
• Type differences can be used in the workplace
• 5FM correlates highly with Myers-Briggs and NEO-PI

Intelligence Tests: Operational Definition

• Defines a concept by how it's measured
• Example: verbal intelligence is defined by performance on a verbal test

Intelligence Tests: Conceptual Definition

• More abstract and complex
• Validating new tests is difficult due to reliance on pre-existing tests

Intelligence: Range of Definitions

• Eysenck: error-free transmission of information through the cortex
• Wechsler: aggregate or global capacity to act purposefully, think rationally, reason well

Two Themes in Defining Intelligence

• Capacity to learn from experience (crystallized intelligence)
• Capacity to adapt to the environment (fluid intelligence)

Approaches to Quantifying Intelligence

• Psychometric approach: examines test properties and underlying dimensions
• Info processing approach: examines processes underlying learning and problem-solving
• Cognitive tradition: focuses on human adaptation to real-world demands

Debunking IQ Mythologies

• High IQ societies range from MENSA to GIGA
• Practical skills are critical but not measured by IQ tests

Sternberg's Identification of Intelligence

• Analytical
• Creative (not in traditional IQ tests)
• Practical (not in traditional IQ tests)

The Engine of Folley Theory

• Self-organizing criticality patterns are common
• High IQ individuals can be foolish, interfering with their abilities

Galton's View of Intelligence

• Early view: intelligence as a perceptual quality
• Keener senses equated to higher intelligence

Spearman's General Intelligence ("G")

• General factor of intelligence ("G") and specific factors stem from it
• Three cognitive principles:
  • Apprehension of experience
  • Eduction of relations
  • Eduction of correlations

Cattell's Two Factors

• Fluid intelligence: nonverbal, declines with age
• Crystallized intelligence: learned, habitual, deteriorates slower
• Cultural considerations and applications must be considered

Cattell-Horn Model

• Domain-specific, visual-spatial, auditory processing, broad retrieval memory, and more IQ factors were identified

Guilford Structure of Intellect Model

• Convergent vs. divergent thinking
• Convergent: more logical, divergent is more creative
• Operations: cognition, memory, divergent, convergent, evaluation
• Contents: visual, auditory, symbolic, semantic, behavioral
• Products: unit, class, relation, system, transformation, implication
• 5 x 5 x 6 = 150 possible factors

Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

• Linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, inter- and intrapersonal intelligences
• Naturalistic, existential, spiritual, and pedagogical intelligences were added

MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

• Standard questionnaire by Hathaway and McKinley in 1943 in Minnesota hospitals
• Empirical criterion keying, visitors at the hospital were used as controls
• Determines if the test can effectively differentiate between psychiatric patients and non-psychiatric patients

MMPI Basic Scales

• ? cannot say scale: # of items are omitted
• L scale: measures naively perfectionistic view of oneself
• FBS scale: the “faking bad” scale
• K scale: "faking good" scale, corrects for people who want to make themselves look better when taking the test

Criticisms for MMPI

• Item overlap

IQ Tests Continued

• Absence of real distinct theory behind each test
• IQ scores can be mis-scored
• Individuals who do not speak English well and are given an English test is not culturally sensitive

IQ Myths

• Often misunderstood and misused
• Not a measure of personal worth or a fixed innate tendency
• Not a broad index of intellectual ability
• Only really measures analytical ability
• IQ tests are classist

Impacts of IQ

• Can put an individual in a box if they score low
• High scores can give advantages and opportunities in education
• IQ tests are all-encompassing mental and cognitive abilities
• IQ test does not fully encompass the range of human ability we can observe
• More tests the degree to which someone has acquired a certain vocabulary and style of thinking in the western world, but not necessarily inherited abilities of our whole cognitive systems
• IQ tests are normed off too narrow a sample to encompass all the abilities and intelligences people have

Cultural Bias in IQ Testing

• Minority individuals with low scores may be stereotyped
• Based on the "average" American child's life
• Used to classify people as canon-fodder or academic weapons during war
• Led to dangerous Eugenic ideas: those with high IQs should reproduce
• There is genetic interpretations of differences in IQ scores in black vs white populations

Separate IQ Tests For Ethnic Minorities

• May make more sense to some children culturally
• Some black psychologists don't see any more value in it
• Excluding ethnic children from traditional education and then testing them is biased

Coping Responses Inventory (CRI) & State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

• Trait is relatively stable, and individual differences in anxiety proneness
• Differences between people in the tendency to perceive stressful situations as dangerous and to respond to situations with state anxiety
• Correlations have been found between state and trait anxiety, they appear to be positively correlated, which makes good common sense
• The higher your trait anxiety is, the higher your state anxiety is likely to be

Intelligence Testing: Bias

• Bias is just a statistical characteristic of the test scores/predictions
• Bias occurs when a test makes a systematic error
• Fairness is a question of morals, ethics, and values
• Test bias comes down to different validity for different groups

Homogenous Regression

• In an unbiased test, a single regression line can or equation can predict the outcome

Intercept Bias

• Y-axis intercept is different for the 2 groups
• One group might be overestimated, one group might be underestimated

Slope Bias

• Bias in Construct Validity
• May have either a) different factor structure or b) different rank order in the difficulty of the items

IQ and Race Controversy

• Jensen (1969): believed the differences in IQ scores between racial groups are due to genetic factors
• Richard J. Hernstein (1994)

Heretability

• Applies to populations, NOT individuals
• Within-group variability is significant, while between-group variability tends to be small; this is often ignored
• In an interaction between G and E, H2 implies a simple partialling out of variance
• Hertiability is 0.7 for higher SES, hertiability is 0.10 for lower SES

Robert Sternberg: Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

• Componential = planning, performance, and knowledge acquisition
• Experiential = novelty and automatic processing, e.g. musical scale
• Contextual = adaptation, selection, and shaping of your environment

Sternberg's Theory of Successful Intelligence

• IQ is a narrow measure that looks at analytical skills, knowledge acquisition, and application
• Successful intelligence is primarily about LIFE success, not just school success
• Should teach how to capitalize on strengths rather than making everyone achieve the same

Critism of IQ Tests

• Overall, judging and planning is important
• More intelligent subjects spend more time planning to solve a problem
• Traditional IQ tests focus on speed
• Diff abilities are considered intelligent in diff cultures

Group Tests

• Culture Fair Intelligence Test
  • Non-verbal measure of fluid intelligence
  • Test of analytical and reasoning ability in abstract and novel situations
  • The idea is to take culture out of the test as much as possible
  • Solid reliability and validity
  • Correlates strongly with other intelligence tests
  • Involves classification, pattern recognition, and more
• Not been found to be fairer than the traditional tests
• Competition, speed, abstract vs concrete reasoning, doing well in artificial situations = these are all culturally based ideas of intelligence

Raven's Matrices

• Non-verbal test of inductive reasoning
• Intended to measure spearman's G
• Education of correlates, relationships between stimuli
• Has 3 factor analysis for coloured to children
• Measures to see to abstract reasoning by analogy
• Standard
• Advanced has 2 factor analysis see the ability for something progressing
• Reliable and valid, good test of nonverbal figural reasoning

Age Changes in Intelligence

-Looks at dif groups and cohorts right now

• Showed a slow decline aft 15, and a sharp decline after 60 in a nonverbal test of intelligence
• Crystallized intelligence goes up with age, while fluid intelligence decreases with age -Average scores rise until 60-70 EXCEPT for highly speeded tests, the decrease happens more around 75-80

Post-Formal Thought

-knowledge is relative -contradiction is natural

• practical intelligence and knowledge base

The Flynn Effect

• Notes that scores on some IQ tests were increasing across generations, while scores on other tests were hardly changing
• better nutrition, prenatal care, educational level, and a more complex environment = result in higher test scores

GRE & NEO PI-3

• Graduate Record Exam measures verbal, quantitative, analytic, analytic writing (2002)
• Morrison and morrison (1995) found weak correlations with grad school grades Factor analysis is used, and Cronbach's alpha
• High internal reliability and Correlates with many of the CPI scales
• Five factor model plus honesty-humility

Wechsler Tradition of Intelligence Testing

• WISC-4 = children, WAIS-4 = adults
• There is a WISC-5, which incorporates computer and iPads into it
• Has verbal, visual-spatial, fluid reasoning, working memory, and processing speed (more emphasis on speed in this one)
• Has complementary scales

- Subtests: 10-15

• Includes information about how well you retain measure and have so far
• Vocabulary measures and tests
• Has best single measure of overall intelligence with full scale IQ

WAIS-IV

• Attention, freedom from distraction, forward auditory code, Backward is more complex
• Timed simple math test, involves short-term memory
• Comprehension has questions related to cultural social thinking and abstract thinking
• Similarities test for concept formation.

WAIS-IV for Adults

• New test, orally
• Tested Tests attention, concentration, freedom from distractions and Digit span,
• Attention to visual detail and practical is what is missing
• Sequential relations of an object assembly
• Is designed performance, test where new and new test is tested , very solid reliability high , full tested IQ

IQ Tests

• fact knowledge, persons, places, common phenomena
• One practical test where people test people and is now modern cognitive test

Kaufman's Tests

• Sequential scales
• The test include test research with brain-damaged where processes processing tests

Projective Testing Techniques include

• The assumption that responses to ambiguous stimuli are a reflection of unconscious needs, conflict, and motives

Herman

That made test had his test into popular , but his test a clinic in 1980's

Berneuter Personality& Vold & Rorschach's test

Popular 30's badly constructed

Vold & Rorschach test

Is involves test to thought

• Experience In test

Ratio the test is responses

• That the high M compared to C
• Extraversion test is high C compared to M
• In a test Both M to C
• Whats wrong with the Rorschach?*

-The popularity of it, can give False result