65 Questions
What is the purpose of psychological measurement?
To make an indirect assessment of latent attributes
What is the problem with representing neuroticism squared?
It is not clear how to represent it numerically
What is the purpose of standardisation in psychological measurement?
To transform scale scores into universal indexes for comparison
What is the main concern in sampling for psychological measurement?
Avoiding systematic and non-systematic biases
What does validity refer to in psychological measurement?
The degree to which an instrument measures what it claims to measure
Which personality trait is most linked with emotional deficits and greater difficulties with emotion regulation?
Psychopathy
Which model is used for job performance predictions and suggests that conscientiousness is an exception in predicting job performance?
6-2-1 Model
In the workplace, which combination of traits is associated with hard tactics such as threats?
Psychopathy and Machiavellianism
Which factor is correlated with differences in general factor of personality (GFP) due to varying reproductive strategies?
Evolutionary fitness of personality
Which trait is associated with low commitment and a fast strategy for reproductive success?
Dark Triad traits
Which type of validity assesses the degree to which a test correlates with a theoretical representation of the construct?
Criterion-related validity
What is the process of generating operational definitions for empirical assessment?
Operationalization
What does discriminant (divergent) validity demonstrate?
Low correlation between unrelated constructs
Which type of validity ensures that scores represent the content area they claim to represent?
Structural validity
What does reliability measure in psychological measurement?
The stability of measurement output across time or context
What are Cattell's trait classifications?
Ability traits, Temperament traits, Dynamic traits
What is the heritability index for Neuroticism?
0.31
Who developed the Five Factor Model (FFM)?
Costa and Mcrae
What are the sources of data for personality assessment according to the text?
L-data, Q-data, T-data
What are Cattell's 16 source traits/domains known as?
16 PF
Which type of measurement in factor analysis is related to the way questions are presented to the participants?
Format-related measurement
What is used to measure internal consistency reliability in psychometrics?
Cronbach’s alpha
Which factor analysis approach is used to identify or create latent constructs?
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA)
What does Gordon Allport's traits theory emphasize in factor analysis?
Retaining meaningful and interpretable factors
According to Allport, how is the self defined?
Integration of personal traits and the development of a sense of self
Which model aims to distill personality into a single number?
Cattell's Specification Equation
What does the Dark Triad encompass?
Narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism
Which approach in clinical and criminal screening involves population-based methods?
Nomothetic approach
Which personality model includes honesty/humility as an additional trait?
Big-6 HEXACO model
What is the purpose of back-translation in the etic approach?
To check for meaning equivalence
What is the Emic approach in the context of personality traits?
Culture-specific
What does Cattell's Specification Equation aim to achieve in personality assessment?
Distill personality into a single number
What is the Dark Triad in the context of personality traits?
Encompasses narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism
What additional traits are included in the Big-6 HEXACO model compared to the Big-5?
Honesty/humility
What is the primary focus of alternative lexical models in personality trait research?
Developed by factor analysis
What does validity refer to in psychological measurement?
The degree to which an instrument measures what it claims to measure
What is the primary concern in sampling for psychological measurement?
Representing the population while avoiding biases
What is the purpose of standardization in psychological measurement?
To transform scale scores into universal indexes for comparison
What does reliability measure in psychological measurement?
Consistency and stability of test scores
What is the main purpose of psychological measurement?
To make indirect assessments of latent attributes
Which model is used for job performance predictions and suggests that conscientiousness is an exception in predicting job performance?
The 6-2-1 Model
Which trait is associated with low commitment and a fast strategy for reproductive success?
Neuroticism
What does the General Factor of Personality (GFP) correlate with, leading to differences in reproductive strategies?
Evolving trait theory
Which model suggests that higher GFP is associated with K-strategy over R-strategy?
Evolved trait theory
What is the primary focus of the Dark Triad in the context of personality traits?
Workplace behavior and tactics for gaining power/reward
What are Cattell's trait classifications?
Erg, Sentiment, Attitude, Metaergs
What is the heritability index for Neuroticism?
0.31
What is the primary focus of alternative lexical models in personality trait research?
Importance of word frequency and cross-cultural presence
Who developed the Five Factor Model (FFM)?
Costa and Mcrae
What does reliability measure in psychological measurement?
Consistency and stability of measurement
Which type of factor analysis is used to validate identified constructs?
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA)
What does Cronbach’s alpha measure in reliability coefficients?
Internal consistency reliability
In factor analysis, what do orthogonal factors refer to?
Factors that are uncorrelated
What does Gordon Allport's traits theory emphasize in factor analysis?
Retaining meaningful and interpretable factors
What is the primary influence on the structure of personality according to the text?
Psychobiological characteristics influenced by biology, genetics, and environment
Which type of validity assesses the degree to which a test correlates with a theoretical representation of the construct?
Criterion-related validity
What does discriminant (divergent) validity demonstrate?
Lower levels of correlation between unrelated constructs
What is the primary focus of alternative lexical models in personality trait research?
Describing and categorizing personality traits based on natural language
What is the purpose of standardization in psychological measurement?
To provide a common frame of reference for interpretation and comparison
What does reliability measure in psychological measurement?
The stability of measurement output across time or context
Which model involves using back-translation to check for meaning equivalence?
Emic approach
Which personality model aims to distill personality into a single number?
Cattell's Specification Equation
Which model includes facets like honesty/humility as an additional trait?
Five Factor Model (FFM)
Which personality model encompasses narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism?
Dark Triad
Which approach in clinical and criminal screening involves population-based methods?
Nomothetic approach
Study Notes
Personality Traits and their Cross-Cultural Replication
- Openness to experience includes facets like fantasy, aesthetic appreciation, and creativity.
- Emic approach is culture-specific, while etic approach is expert-driven and back-translation is used to check for meaning equivalence.
- Agreeableness and conscientiousness were added later to the Big-5 personality traits.
- Clinical and criminal screening involves nomothetic (population-based) and ideographic (individual-based) approaches.
- Cattell's Specification Equation aims to distill personality into a single number.
- Alternative lexical models were developed by factor analysis.
- The abridged Big-5 dimensional circumplex is a circular model that maps facets onto two dimensions.
- The Big-6 HEXACO model includes honesty/humility, explaining unaccounted variance in the Big-5.
- The Big-5 has comprehensive coverage, but dimensions are not entirely orthogonal and need theoretical updating.
- The Dark Triad encompasses narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism, with subclinical levels existing in the general population.
- Narcissism includes grandiose and vulnerable facets, measured using tools like NPI and PNI.
- Psychopathy consists of primary and secondary traits, measured using Levenson’s Self-report Psychopathy Scale and MACH-4.
Personality Traits and their Cross-Cultural Replication
- Openness to experience includes facets like fantasy, aesthetic appreciation, and creativity.
- Emic approach is culture-specific, while etic approach is expert-driven and back-translation is used to check for meaning equivalence.
- Agreeableness and conscientiousness were added later to the Big-5 personality traits.
- Clinical and criminal screening involves nomothetic (population-based) and ideographic (individual-based) approaches.
- Cattell's Specification Equation aims to distill personality into a single number.
- Alternative lexical models were developed by factor analysis.
- The abridged Big-5 dimensional circumplex is a circular model that maps facets onto two dimensions.
- The Big-6 HEXACO model includes honesty/humility, explaining unaccounted variance in the Big-5.
- The Big-5 has comprehensive coverage, but dimensions are not entirely orthogonal and need theoretical updating.
- The Dark Triad encompasses narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism, with subclinical levels existing in the general population.
- Narcissism includes grandiose and vulnerable facets, measured using tools like NPI and PNI.
- Psychopathy consists of primary and secondary traits, measured using Levenson’s Self-report Psychopathy Scale and MACH-4.
Test your knowledge of psychometrics, personality theories, and cross-cultural replication of personality traits with this quiz. Explore topics such as factor analysis, reliability coefficients, Big-5 personality traits, HEXACO model, and the Dark Triad. Challenge yourself with questions on the measurement of personality, trait theories, and the influence of culture on personality traits.
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