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Questions and Answers
What was a key criticism of the Stanford Prison Experiment regarding its scientific validity?
What was a key criticism of the Stanford Prison Experiment regarding its scientific validity?
- The guards were not properly briefed on their roles.
- The emotional impact on participants was not assessed.
- Guards received precise instructions regarding their treatment of prisoners. (correct)
- The sample size was significantly small.
Situationism primarily suggests that behavior is influenced more by _____ rather than due to personality traits.
Situationism primarily suggests that behavior is influenced more by _____ rather than due to personality traits.
- cultural norms
- biological factors
- cognitive processes
- situational contexts (correct)
What does the Fundamental Attribution Error suggest about how we perceive behavior?
What does the Fundamental Attribution Error suggest about how we perceive behavior?
- We accurately assess situational influences on behavior.
- We overestimate the influence of personality traits on behavior. (correct)
- We underestimate the influence of environmental factors.
- We ignore the role of biological influences.
What was a significant finding regarding rank-order stability of personality traits over time?
What was a significant finding regarding rank-order stability of personality traits over time?
What is the main idea proposed by Mischel’s concept of 'situational strength'?
What is the main idea proposed by Mischel’s concept of 'situational strength'?
Which of the following best describes the transition from situationism to interactionism in psychology?
Which of the following best describes the transition from situationism to interactionism in psychology?
What does the principle of aggregation refer to regarding personality consistency?
What does the principle of aggregation refer to regarding personality consistency?
What does the concept of behavior variability across situations imply about individual's actions?
What does the concept of behavior variability across situations imply about individual's actions?
Which of the following refers to the idea that people might misinterpret others' behavior as being purely the result of their personality rather than the situation they are in?
Which of the following refers to the idea that people might misinterpret others' behavior as being purely the result of their personality rather than the situation they are in?
How does situationism in personality psychology view the expression of personality traits?
How does situationism in personality psychology view the expression of personality traits?
Which of the following is an example of a strong correlation in psychology?
Which of the following is an example of a strong correlation in psychology?
In the context of personality psychology, which statement best represents behavior variability across situations?
In the context of personality psychology, which statement best represents behavior variability across situations?
What relationship was found between personality traits and perceived situations in daily life behaviors?
What relationship was found between personality traits and perceived situations in daily life behaviors?
Which trait is most likely associated with perceptions of negativity and challenges in a situation according to the DIAMONDS model?
Which trait is most likely associated with perceptions of negativity and challenges in a situation according to the DIAMONDS model?
What is the primary focus of the DIAMONDS model in personality psychology?
What is the primary focus of the DIAMONDS model in personality psychology?
During the experience sampling studies, what two aspects of participants were assessed to understand behavior?
During the experience sampling studies, what two aspects of participants were assessed to understand behavior?
Which statement best summarizes the claim made about behavior variability in different situations?
Which statement best summarizes the claim made about behavior variability in different situations?
According to Allport's perspective, how do personality traits function across different situations?
According to Allport's perspective, how do personality traits function across different situations?
How does the principle of aggregation relate to the reliability of personality traits?
How does the principle of aggregation relate to the reliability of personality traits?
What kind of behavior is least likely to exhibit cross-situational variability?
What kind of behavior is least likely to exhibit cross-situational variability?
What critique does situationism face according to personality psychology?
What critique does situationism face according to personality psychology?
Which statement effectively captures the concept of weak vs strong correlation in psychology?
Which statement effectively captures the concept of weak vs strong correlation in psychology?
In context to situational behavior, what does Widiger's example about church services suggest?
In context to situational behavior, what does Widiger's example about church services suggest?
What is the primary purpose of assessing single instances of behavior in personality psychology?
What is the primary purpose of assessing single instances of behavior in personality psychology?
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Study Notes
Situationism
- The claim that behaviour varies considerably over situations is not disputed by personality psychology.
- Personality psychology does not assume that behavior remains unchanged across different situations.
- Allport recognized that traits may not apply to all situations.
Cross-Situational Variability
- Behavioral variations can be accounted for by considering the additive effects of traits and situations.
- Traits and situations may both influence behavior.
Measuring Consistency
- Mischel's critique focused on single instance measures of behavior, which are susceptible to measurement error.
- Aggregation principle: consistency in behavior across multiple situations can be measured more reliably, and it relates to our personality.
Consistency Over Time
- Consistency over time is more relevant to the concept of a trait than consistency across situations.
- Personality traits demonstrate moderate-high rank-order stability over time, even over decades.
- Longitudinal studies demonstrate predictive validity of personality, for example, delay of gratification studies.
Debunking Situationism
- Trait-behavior correlations are comparable to the effects of situations.
- Consistency across situations is more robust when reliable measures are used.
- Meta-analysis of 173 studies disconfirms the "Fundamental Attribution Error".
- The Stanford Prison Experiment has been found to have questionable scientific validity due to research design and experimenter influence.
Interactionism
- Situationists revised their position from 'situationism' to 'interactionism', recognising the interplay of traits and situations influencing behavior.
- The “situational strength” hypothesis emphasizes that both traits and situations influence behavior, but “strong situations” can reduce the influence of traits.
Situation Perception
- The "DIAMONDS" model offers a comprehensive taxonomy for describing the structure of perceived situations.
- The model proposes five dimensions for understanding how people perceive situations: duty, intellect, adversity, mating, and deception.
- Individual differences in traits can predict perception of situations.
Situation Selection
- Individuals' traits can influence the situations they choose to be in.
- Studies have shown that individual perceptions of situations are stronger predictors of behavior than the average perception of the situation.
- Personality traits predict the places people visit, which can then influence their behavior in those situations.
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