Personality Differences Across Cultures in International Business

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Questions and Answers

What is the concept that describes the extent to which a person believes that power and status differences are appropriate within social hierarchies?

Stereotyping

Authoritarianism (correct)

Self-efficacy

Self-esteem

Which theoretical approach to motivation focuses on identifying the specific need or set of needs that result in motivated behavior?

Process-based models of motivation

Cultural background stereotyping

Need-based models of motivation (correct)

Reinforcement model of motivation

What is the concept that represents the set of processes by which an individual becomes aware of and interprets information about the environment?

Stereotyping

Self-efficacy

Process-based models of motivation

Perceptual process (correct)

Which model of motivation deals with how people assess the consequences of their behavioral choices and how that assessment affects the future choice of behaviors?

Reinforcement model of motivation Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept that describes the extent to which a person believes that he or she is a worthwhile and deserving individual?

Self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes personality?

A set of psychological attributes that distinguishes one person from another Signup and view all the answers

The 'nature versus nurture' debate in psychology involves the extent to which personality attributes are:

Biologically inherited or shaped by the social and cultural environment Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Locus of Control'?

The extent to which people believe that their behaviour really affects what happens to them Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Self-efficacy'?

A person's beliefs about his or her capabilities to perform a task Signup and view all the answers

'Internal locus of control' refers to individuals who believe that:

They are in control of their lives Signup and view all the answers

In the context of trade policy, which approach involves minimal government influence on exporting and importing decisions of private firms and individuals?

Free trade Signup and view all the answers

According to the national defence argument for trade intervention, what does a nation need to be dependent on to avoid vulnerability to threats from other countries?

Critical raw materials Signup and view all the answers

Which trade policy approach involves government intervention to balance exports and imports, ensuring exports receive a fair share of foreign markets and controlling imports to minimize job loss and market share decline in specific industries?

Fair trade Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of an import-substitution strategy in the context of economic development programs?

Encouraging growth of domestic manufacturing industries Signup and view all the answers

In the context of trade policy debates, what kind of broad policies may governments implement according to the national defense argument for intervening in the market?

Policies considering the needs of the economy and society as a whole Signup and view all the answers

What is the rationale behind the infant industry argument?

To protect industries during their infancy and adolescence through comparative advantage Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of export tariffs?

To raise revenue for the national government Signup and view all the answers

What does a quota act as a barrier to in international trade?

Imported goods Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of embargoes in international trade?

To absolutely ban the export or import of goods to a particular location Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of voluntary export restraints (VERs) in international trade?

A promise by a country to limit its exports of a good to another country to a pre-specified amount or percentage of the affected market. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The concept of social dominance orientation describes the belief in the legitimacy of power and status differences within hierarchies.

Motivation Theoretical Approaches

Needs theory focuses on identifying specific needs that drive motivated behavior, such as Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Awareness and Interpretation of Environment

Perception involves processes by which individuals become aware of and interpret information about their surroundings.

Behavioral Choice Assessment

The rational choice model examines how individuals assess the consequences of their actions and how these assessments influence future behavior choices.

Self-Worth and Deservingness

Self-esteem reflects an individual's belief regarding their worthiness and deservingness as a person.

Understanding Personality

Personality is best described as a set of enduring behavioral and psychological traits that influence an individual's interactions and reactions.

Nature vs. Nurture Debate

This debate centers on the extent to which personality traits are influenced by genetics (nature) versus environment and upbringing (nurture).

Locus of Control

Locus of control refers to a person's belief system regarding the extent of control they have over events affecting them, categorized as internal or external.

Self-Efficacy

Self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations, greatly impacting motivation and behavior.

Internal Locus of Control

Individuals with an internal locus of control believe that their efforts and actions directly influence outcomes in their lives.

Minimal Government Influence in Trade

The laissez-faire approach advocates for minimal government intervention in the export and import decisions of private entities.

National Defense Argument for Trade Intervention

This argument suggests that a nation must avoid dependence on crucial resources from other countries to mitigate vulnerability to external threats.

Government Intervention in Trade

The mercantilism approach involves government measures to balance exports and imports, support domestic jobs, and protect local industries.

Import-Substitution Strategy

The primary objective of an import-substitution strategy is to encourage domestic production of goods previously imported to stimulate economic growth.

National Defense Trade Policies

Governments may implement broad policies that protect vital industries for national security purposes under the national defense argument.

Rationale Behind Infant Industry Argument

The infant industry argument supports protecting emerging industries until they gain the competitiveness needed to thrive in a global marketplace.

Purpose of Export Tariffs

Export tariffs are levied to generate revenue for governments and regulate the flow of goods to foreign markets.

Quotas as Trade Barriers

A quota limits the quantity of a specific product that can be imported or exported, acting as a barrier to trade.

Purpose of Embargoes

Embargoes prohibit trade with specific countries, often employed for political reasons to apply economic pressure.

Voluntary Export Restraints (VERs)

VERs are agreements where exporting countries limit the quantity of goods exported to another country, often to avoid harsher trade restrictions.

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Description

Test your knowledge of personality differences across cultures in the context of international business with this quiz based on the 8th Edition of Griffin & Pustay's book. Explore the debate on 'nature versus nurture' and the influence of biologically inherited traits versus environmental factors on personalities in different cultural settings.