Personality Development Theories
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of Sigmund Freud's theory of personality?

Psychosexual development

What are the three structures of personality according to Freud?

Id, ego, superego

What is the pleasure principle?

Seeking immediate gratification of needs to reduce tension

What is the reality principle?

<p>Assessing the reality of the external world and acting accordingly</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a biological instinctual impulse in humans, according to Freud?

<p>Thanatos (A), Eros (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the objective evaluation of an emotion or thought against real life?

<p>Reality testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe slips of the tongue, which Freud believed were indications of subconscious feelings or thoughts?

<p>Freudian slip</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

<p>The development of identity throughout the lifespan</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term Erikson coined to describe a period of uncertainty and exploration in identity formation?

<p>Identity crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

<p>The development of thinking and reasoning skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the stage of cognitive development characterized by the development of language and pre-logical thought?

<p>Pre-operational stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the stage of cognitive development characterized by the ability to think logically and concretely?

<p>Concrete operational stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the stage of cognitive development characterized by the ability to think abstractly and apply scientific methods?

<p>Formal operational stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

<p>The development of moral reasoning and ethical principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is an individual primarily motivated by avoiding punishment?

<p>Punishment and obedience orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is an individual primarily motivated by gaining rewards or favors?

<p>Instrumental relativist orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is an individual primarily motivated by maintaining good relationships and gaining social approval?

<p>Good boy – nice girl orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is an individual primarily motivated by upholding laws and social order?

<p>Society-maintaining orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what Stage of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development is an individual primarily motivated by upholding individual rights and recognizing the legal contract?

<p>Social contract orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is an individual primarily motivated by upholding universal ethical principles and their own conscience?

<p>Universal ethical principle orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Harry Stack Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development?

<p>The development of interpersonal relationships and social skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the stage in Sullivan's theory where individuals learn to accept authority figures outside the family?

<p>Juvenile stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Carl Jung's theory of analytical psychology?

<p>The unconscious mind and the archetype</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the personality type characterized by actively aggressive, ambitious, and enthusiastic behavior?

<p>Extrovert</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the personality type characterized by reserved, quiet, and contemplative behavior?

<p>Introvert</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the personality type characterized by possessing characteristics of both extroverts and introverts?

<p>Ambivert</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Alfred Adler's theory of individual psychology?

<p>The striving for superiority and overcoming feelings of inferiority</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the feeling of general inadequacy caused by actual or supposed inferiority?

<p>Inferiority complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the psychological defense mechanism that compensates for an inferiority complex?

<p>Superiority complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Ivan Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning?

<p>Learning through associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of B. F. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning?

<p>Learning through reinforcement and punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the self that knows who one is?

<p>I-self</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the empirical self, composed of our personal experiences and how we perceive ourselves?

<p>Me-self</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the part of the me-self that refers to the things that belong to a person?

<p>Material self</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the part of the me-self that refers to whom and how a person acts on social situations?

<p>Social self</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the part of the me-self that refers to the most intimate and important part of the self, including the person's values, motives, and moral behavior?

<p>Spiritual self</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the feelings, thoughts, and behavior that a person shows to others, according to Carl Rogers?

<p>Real self</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ideal image that a person wants to be, according to Carl Rogers?

<p>Ideal self</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the self that develops in infancy, according to Donald Winnicott?

<p>True self</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the self that develops in response to external pressures and demands, according to Donald Winnicott?

<p>False self</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Abraham Maslow's theory of the hierarchy of needs?

<p>The different levels of human needs, from basic physiological needs to self-actualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a level in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

<p>Existential needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Johari Window?

<p>Understanding and improving self-awareness, personal growth, and communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the part of the Johari Window that represents what is known by the person about themselves and is also known by others?

<p>Open area</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the part of the Johari Window that represents what is unknown by the person about themselves but which others know?

<p>Blind area</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the part of the Johari Window that represents what the person knows about themselves but others do not know?

<p>Hidden area</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a coping mechanism?

<p>An effort to decrease the stress response and manage anxiety, aggression, and hostility</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a coping mechanism that is considered unhealthy or maladaptive?

<p>Destructive coping mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defense mechanism?

<p>An unconscious, protective barrier that helps individuals cope with stress and avoid feelings of inadequacy or anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suppression?

<p>Consciously pushing unwanted thoughts or feelings out of awareness with the ability to recall them later</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is rationalization?

<p>Justifying unacceptable thoughts or feelings with logical but untrue reasons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is identification?

<p>Unconsciously adopting the traits and behaviors of an admired person to gain a sense of security or self-worth</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is compensation?

<p>Overcoming a perceived weakness by excelling in another area to maintain self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is reaction formation?

<p>Acting in the opposite way of one's true feelings or impulses to suppress them</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is substitution?

<p>Unconsciously replacing an unacceptable goal or desire with a more acceptable one</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is displacement?

<p>Redirecting unacceptable emotions or impulses towards a less threatening target or object</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is restitution or undoing?

<p>Engaging in behavior that is opposite of a previous unacceptable action to alleviate guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is projection?

<p>Unconsciously attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or impulses to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is denial?

<p>Refusing to acknowledge or accept reality, especially if it is painful or threatening</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is humor?

<p>An adaptive strategy for coping with stress by expressing ideas or feelings in a way that is amusing or lighthearted</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social comparison?

<p>Comparing oneself to others to gain a better understanding of one's own strengths and weaknesses, or to improve one's self-image</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is avoidance?

<p>Avoiding stressful or anxiety-provoking situations to escape discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are personality disorders?

<p>Enduring patterns of maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that cause significant distress or impair functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is characterized by suspicion, distrust, and a belief that others are trying to harm or deceive them?

<p>Paranoid personality disorder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is characterized by a disregard for social norms and rules, a lack of empathy, and a tendency to exploit others?

<p>Antisocial personality disorder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is characterized by a fear of criticism and rejection, social isolation, and a reluctance to engage in new activities?

<p>Avoidant personality disorder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is characterized by a pattern of instability in relationships, self-image, and emotions, and a tendency towards impulsive behaviors?

<p>Borderline personality disorder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is characterized by a detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression?

<p>Schizoid personality disorder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is characterized by a need to be taken care of, a fear of separation, and a tendency to be submissive?

<p>Dependent personality disorder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality, attention-seeking behavior, and a need for approval?

<p>Histrionic personality disorder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for others?

<p>Narcissistic personality disorder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is characterized by a pattern of odd thoughts and behaviors, social isolation, and difficulties with interpersonal relationships?

<p>Schizotypal personality disorder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is characterized by a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control, often leading to difficulties with flexibility and relaxation?

<p>Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Personality

The sum total of inherited and acquired traits in an individual.

Id

The part of personality present at birth, operating on the pleasure principle.

Pleasure Principle

The driving force of the id, seeking immediate satisfaction of needs.

Ego

The part of personality that develops later, operating on the reality principle.

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Reality Principle

The ability to assess reality and act accordingly.

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Superego

The part of personality that develops last, based on morality.

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Psychosexual Stages

Stages of development focused on erogenous zones.

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Oral Stage

First stage of psychosexual development (0-18 months), focused on the mouth.

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Anal Stage

Second stage (18 months - 3 years), focused on bowel control.

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Phallic Stage

Third stage (3-6 years), focused on the genitals and developing gender identity.

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Latency Stage

Fourth stage (6-12 years), a period of low sexual activity.

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Genital Stage

Fifth stage (12-18 years), focused on heterosexual relationships and sexual activity.

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Conscious Mind

The part of the mind you are currently aware of.

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Preconscious Mind

The part of the mind containing stored memories and experiences.

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Unconscious Mind

The largest part of the mind, containing hidden memories.

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Thanatos

The death instinct in Freud's theory, representing aggression and destructive urges.

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What is the main role of the Ego?

The Ego acts as a mediator between the id's desires and the superego's moral rules, trying to satisfy both in a realistic way.

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Adaptation to reality

The Ego's ability to adjust behavior to suit the external world and its demands.

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Modulation of anxiety

The Ego's ability to manage and reduce feelings of fear and worry.

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Problem solving

The Ego's ability to find solutions to challenges and obstacles.

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Reality testing

The Ego's ability to assess the validity of thoughts or emotions against the real world.

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Conscience

The part of the superego that punishes us for wrong actions, based on internalized moral standards.

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Ego ideal

The part of the superego that rewards us for good actions, based on idealized self-image.

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What is the difference between conscious and unconscious mind?

The conscious mind is what we are currently aware of, while the unconscious mind holds hidden memories and feelings.

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What is the main purpose of the preconscious mind?

It acts like a watchman, blocking unacceptable or painful memories from reaching the conscious mind.

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Oedipal complex

A Freudian concept describing a boy's unconscious attraction to his mother and rivalry with his father.

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Electra complex

A Freudian concept describing a girl's unconscious attraction to her father and rivalry with her mother.

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Jocasta complex

Describes a mother's unhealthy attachment or sexual desire towards her son.

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What happens in the latency stage?

A period of low sexual activity, where energy is channeled towards friendships, social skills, and learning new things.

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What is the goal of the superego?

To guide behavior according to societal and moral standards, striving for perfection.

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What is the driving force behind the Id?

The pleasure principle – seeking immediate satisfaction of basic needs and avoiding pain.

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What is the difference between the id and the superego?

The id is purely instinctual and driven by pleasure, while the superego is moral and driven by ideals.

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What is the main function of the Ego?

To mediate between the id's desires and the superego's demands, adapting to reality and managing anxiety.

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Why are early childhood experiences important to Freud?

According to Freud, early experiences shape our personality, especially in the psychosexual stages.

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What is the main difference between the oral and anal stages?

The oral stage focuses on pleasure from the mouth, while the anal stage focuses on pleasure from bowel control.

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Why is the phallic stage considered important?

It's crucial for developing gender identity and resolving the Oedipal or Electra complex.

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What are some examples of orally fixated behavior?

Behaviors like smoking, overeating, and chewing gum, often associated with seeking oral gratification.

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What is the main difference between conscious and unconscious memories?

Conscious memories can be easily accessed, while unconscious memories are difficult to recall and may be emotionally charged.

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Why is the unconscious mind important according to Freud?

It contains hidden memories and motivations that can influence our behavior and thoughts.

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How can the unconscious mind affect our behavior?

It can influence our actions, emotions, and thoughts, even if we are unaware of the source.

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What are some examples of defense mechanisms?

They are unconscious strategies we use to protect ourselves from anxiety, like repression, denial, and projection.

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What is the purpose of defense mechanisms?

To protect us from anxiety and maintain our sense of self-worth.

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Study Notes

Personality Development Theories

  • Personality is the sum total of acquired and inherited traits of an individual, encompassing physical and mental qualities interacting with the environment.

Freud's Psychosexual Theory

  • Id: Present at birth, operates on the pleasure principle (reducing tension through immediate gratification of needs). It seeks pleasure and avoids pain, essential for basic biological and psychological needs. It is irrational and not based on reality, representing instinctive human drives like aggression (Thanatos) and sexuality (Eros).

  • Ego: Develops in the 4th-5th month of life, operates on the reality principle (assessing the external world). It mediates between the person and the environment, adapting to reality, modulating anxieties, solving problems, controlling instinctual drives, mediating id impulses and reality demands, evaluating and judging the external world, testing reality (objective evaluation). stores experiences in memory, direct motor activities, uses defense mechanisms, and balances the id and superego.

  • Superego: Develops last (3-6 years of age), driven by the morality principle (social responsibility). It represents internalized values and moral training from early childhood, internalizing parental and societal moral standards, acting as a critical and censoring part of the self. It includes conscience (criticism, prohibitions, inhibitions) and ego-ideal (positive aspirations/ideals). The ego-ideal rewards good behavior and punishes wrongdoing.

Freud's Psychosexual Stages

  • Oral stage (0-18 months): Gratification centered around the mouth. Orally fixated behaviors may manifest.

  • Anal stage (18 months-3 years): Gratification from bowel movements.

  • Phallic stage/Oedipal stage (3-6 years): Interest in genitals, development of gender identity. Boys experience castration fears; girls experience penis envy. Oedipal complex involves competition with the same-sex parent for the opposite-sex parent's attention. Electra complex parallels this in girls.

  • Latency stage (6-12 years): Low sexual activity, energy focused on skills, knowledge, and play activities. Socialization outside the home is emphasized.

  • Genital stage/Adolescence (12-18 years): Heterosexual relationships, sexual activity increase, identity formation occurs. Increased concerns about physical appearance.

Levels of Consciousness

  • Conscious: Awareness of ongoing events. This includes thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and environmental awareness when awake.

  • Subconscious/Semiconscious/Preconscious: Contains partly remembered and partly forgotten experiences easily recalled. Acts like a watchman, preventing unacceptable unconscious memories from entering consciousness.

  • Unconscious: Largest segment of the psyche, encompassing unpleasant or emotionally painful memories from the past, difficult to recall under normal circumstances.

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

  • Erikson's theory emphasizes social development, with eight stages of psychosocial crises. Each stage introduces a virtue (or positive outcome) to develop.

  • Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy)

  • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddlers)

  • Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool)

  • Industry vs. Inferiority (Childhood)

  • Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence)

  • Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood)

  • Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood)

  • Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Seniors)

Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory

  • Sensorimotor (0-2): Development progresses from reflexive actions to sensorimotor solutions to problems.

  • Preoperational (2-7): Language development, pre-logical thought. Intuitive thought emerges around 4-7 years of age, including the ability to think in terms of class and understand that people have distinct roles

  • Concrete operational (7-12): Development shifts from pre-logical to logical concrete thought. Unable to solve complex verbal problems.

  • Formal operational (12-adulthood): Ability for abstract thinking and application of scientific methods.

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning

  • Level I: Preconventional:

  • Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience. Actions are driven by the avoidance of punishment.

  • Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist. Rules are followed for personal gain.

  • Level II: Conventional:

  • Stage 3: Good Boy-Nice Girl. Actions are driven by seeking approval from others.

  • Stage 4: Society-Maintaining. Rules are obeyed to maintain social order.

  • Level III: Postconventional:

  • Stage 5: Social Contract. Rules are followed as part of a contract benefiting society; concern for individual rights.

  • Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle. Actions are based on conscience; universal ethical principles.

Sullivan's Stages of Interpersonal Development

  • Infancy: Experiencing maternal tenderness and anxiety, striving for security and avoiding anxiety.

  • Childhood: Modifying actions to meet social demands at home and in peer groups; developing language and movement skills.

  • Juvenile: Accepting authority figures outside the family; developing self-status and role concepts.

  • Preadolescence: Developing same-sex relationships and considering others' needs.

  • Early Adolescence: Developing heterosexual relationships and integrating sex into personal relationships.

  • Late Adolescence: Developing social productivity and achieving mastery of social expression.

Jung: Analytical Psychology - Types of Temperaments

  • Extrovert: Actively aggressive, ambitious, enthusiastic, uninhibited. Expresses emotions easily and engages in social activities.

  • Introvert: Reserved, quiet, shy, contemplative, serious, studious, sensitive. Limits social relationships and feeling expression. Often interested in scientific pursuits and creative arts.

  • Ambivert: Possesses a mix of extrovert and introvert traits; balanced personalities.

Adler: Individual Psychology

  • Inferiority Complex: Unrealistic feeling of inadequacy caused by real or perceived weakness. This arises when the individual experiences discouragement and failure, leading to a pessimistic attitude and inability to overcome challenges.

  • Superiority Complex: A defense mechanism that compensates for feelings of inferiority. This involves acting superior, which conceals actual feelings of inferiority and failure.

.

Other Defense Mechanisms/Coping Mechanisms

  • Suppression: Consciously putting unwanted thoughts or feelings out of your mind, but retaining the ability to recall them later.

  • Repression: Automatically and involuntarily burying painful or unpleasant thoughts and feelings in the unconscious.

  • Rationalization: Making excuses to justify an unacceptable idea, action, or feeling.

  • Identification: Unconsciously patterning oneself after the personality of an admired person.

  • Compensation: Overcoming a real or imagined weakness by becoming proficient in a different area.

  • Reaction Formation: Engaging in a behavior opposite to one's true feelings.

  • Substitution: Unconsciously replacing a blocked goal with a more acceptable one.

  • Displacement: Transferring feelings from the appropriate person or object to a less threatening substitute.

  • Restitution/Undoing: Negating past behavior or experiencing to reduce guilt or alleviate unpleasant feelings.

  • Projection: Transferring internal conflicts to others; blaming others for one's shortcomings/feelings.

  • Sublimation: Channeling forbidden impulses into acceptable activities.

  • Denial: Disowning intolerable thoughts or impulses.

  • Fantasy: Gratification through imaginary achievements.

  • Anticipation: Realistic planning for future discomforts to prepare mentally.

  • Humor: Adaptively expressing unpleasant feelings in a way that gives others enjoyment.

  • Social Comparison: Comparing oneself to others, potentially using this to boost self-image.

  • Avoidance: Avoiding situations causing anxiety as a means of coping with mental distress, offering only short-term relief.

  • Personality Disorders: Maladaptive traits that affect relationships and emotional stability. The traits are pervasive, inflexible, and stable over time.

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Description

Explore key concepts in personality development, focusing on Freud's Psychosexual Theory. This quiz covers the Id and Ego, their functions, and how they interact with the environment. Dive deep into the essentials of personality traits and human drives.

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