Podcast
Questions and Answers
Reliability refers to the extent to which the personality assessment produces consistent results across various situations over time and _______ refers to which a test is truly assessing particular aspects of personality.
Reliability refers to the extent to which the personality assessment produces consistent results across various situations over time and _______ refers to which a test is truly assessing particular aspects of personality.
validity
A key advantage of personality questionnaires is that it is assumed that you are the expert about your own life, thoughts, behaviors and _______.
A key advantage of personality questionnaires is that it is assumed that you are the expert about your own life, thoughts, behaviors and _______.
feelings
According to Freud, personality develops from the efforts of our _______ to resolve tension between our id and the superego.
According to Freud, personality develops from the efforts of our _______ to resolve tension between our id and the superego.
ego
The _______ is the part of our personality driven to satisfy basic biological drives.
The _______ is the part of our personality driven to satisfy basic biological drives.
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Freud believed that significant experiences from our childhood, especially those involving our ________, shape who we become as adults.
Freud believed that significant experiences from our childhood, especially those involving our ________, shape who we become as adults.
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The unconscious is considered to be the biggest part of our consciousness and often leads a person to experience _______.
The unconscious is considered to be the biggest part of our consciousness and often leads a person to experience _______.
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In Freud's model, the sexual or biological energy resulting from the id is called the _______.
In Freud's model, the sexual or biological energy resulting from the id is called the _______.
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Freud emphasized both nature and _______ in his psychoanalytic theory, highlighting the importance of the environment.
Freud emphasized both nature and _______ in his psychoanalytic theory, highlighting the importance of the environment.
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The more 'gratified' the libido is, the more pleasure the person feels; the more frustrated the libido is, the more _____ the person experiences.
The more 'gratified' the libido is, the more pleasure the person feels; the more frustrated the libido is, the more _____ the person experiences.
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The id is driven by the _____ principle.
The id is driven by the _____ principle.
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The _____ develops around the ages of 4 or 5 and acts like a conscience.
The _____ develops around the ages of 4 or 5 and acts like a conscience.
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The _____ develops when we are about 2 years old and mediates between the id and the superego.
The _____ develops when we are about 2 years old and mediates between the id and the superego.
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Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies used by the ego to defend against _____ when it fails to mediate.
Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies used by the ego to defend against _____ when it fails to mediate.
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In regression, a little boy may revert to the oral comfort of thumb sucking as a form of _____ during stress.
In regression, a little boy may revert to the oral comfort of thumb sucking as a form of _____ during stress.
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Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites is known as _____ formation.
Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites is known as _____ formation.
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The term _____ refers to attributing one's own threatening impulses to others.
The term _____ refers to attributing one's own threatening impulses to others.
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A habitual drinker says she drinks with her friends 'just to be ______.'
A habitual drinker says she drinks with her friends 'just to be ______.'
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Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening ______ is known as displacement.
Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening ______ is known as displacement.
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Refusing to believe or even perceive painful ______ is known as denial.
Refusing to believe or even perceive painful ______ is known as denial.
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If children receive too much or too little ______ in any of the psychosexual stages, they are at risk of fixation.
If children receive too much or too little ______ in any of the psychosexual stages, they are at risk of fixation.
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The first stage of psychosexual development is the ______ stage, occurring from 0 to 18 months.
The first stage of psychosexual development is the ______ stage, occurring from 0 to 18 months.
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In the anal stage, which occurs between 18 to 36 months, the child starts to develop ______.
In the anal stage, which occurs between 18 to 36 months, the child starts to develop ______.
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During the phallic stage, children become aware of the difference between ______ and females.
During the phallic stage, children become aware of the difference between ______ and females.
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The desire of a girl for her father, realizing she doesn't have a ______, is referred to as the Electra Complex.
The desire of a girl for her father, realizing she doesn't have a ______, is referred to as the Electra Complex.
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Eysenck believed it is best to focus on a small number of uncorrelated or independent ______.
Eysenck believed it is best to focus on a small number of uncorrelated or independent ______.
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Neuroticism refers to an individual's tendency to become upset, anxious, or ______.
Neuroticism refers to an individual's tendency to become upset, anxious, or ______.
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A person high in introversion might be quiet and reserved, while someone high in ______ might be sociable and outgoing.
A person high in introversion might be quiet and reserved, while someone high in ______ might be sociable and outgoing.
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______ refers to individuals who tend to have difficulty dealing with reality and may be antisocial.
______ refers to individuals who tend to have difficulty dealing with reality and may be antisocial.
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Eysenck suggested that most personality differences are attributable to one's genetic ______.
Eysenck suggested that most personality differences are attributable to one's genetic ______.
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Eysenck proposed that extroversion was caused by variability in cortical ______.
Eysenck proposed that extroversion was caused by variability in cortical ______.
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Trait anxiety, part of Gray's theory, consists mainly of neuroticism but also includes ______.
Trait anxiety, part of Gray's theory, consists mainly of neuroticism but also includes ______.
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Gray studied with Hans Eysenck and developed his theory further about the brain's susceptibility to ______.
Gray studied with Hans Eysenck and developed his theory further about the brain's susceptibility to ______.
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Extraversion, particularly ______, is linked to brain systems responsible for reward susceptibility.
Extraversion, particularly ______, is linked to brain systems responsible for reward susceptibility.
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McCrae and Costa expanded Eysenck's theory by developing the Big Five model of ______.
McCrae and Costa expanded Eysenck's theory by developing the Big Five model of ______.
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High levels of ______ can negatively impact communal living.
High levels of ______ can negatively impact communal living.
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People who score highly on ______ tend to prefer e-mail communication over face-to-face interactions.
People who score highly on ______ tend to prefer e-mail communication over face-to-face interactions.
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A trait theory approach can help explain compatibility issues in ______.
A trait theory approach can help explain compatibility issues in ______.
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The Big Five personality factors are generally supported by evidence showing their ______ relevance.
The Big Five personality factors are generally supported by evidence showing their ______ relevance.
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One criticism of trait theory is that traits may ______ over time.
One criticism of trait theory is that traits may ______ over time.
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Different ______ may lead to varying expressions of the same personality traits.
Different ______ may lead to varying expressions of the same personality traits.
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Self-worth depends on __________ positive regard.
Self-worth depends on __________ positive regard.
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According to Carl Rogers, a healthy personality is one where there is __________ between the perceived self and the ideal self.
According to Carl Rogers, a healthy personality is one where there is __________ between the perceived self and the ideal self.
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Children need an environment that provides them with genuineness and __________.
Children need an environment that provides them with genuineness and __________.
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The gap between the self-concept and the __________ self is examined in therapy.
The gap between the self-concept and the __________ self is examined in therapy.
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George Kelly's theories combined humanistic and __________ approaches to personality.
George Kelly's theories combined humanistic and __________ approaches to personality.
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To grow self-esteem, children must feel __________ and not think they are unworthy of love.
To grow self-esteem, children must feel __________ and not think they are unworthy of love.
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Psychologists using the humanistic approach aim to help clients achieve __________ by addressing their needs.
Psychologists using the humanistic approach aim to help clients achieve __________ by addressing their needs.
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Rogers developed the __________ method to assess self-concept and ideal self.
Rogers developed the __________ method to assess self-concept and ideal self.
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Study Notes
Personality
- Personality is the consistent, internal factors that make one person's behavior consistent over time and different from others in similar situations.
- Culture (especially individualistic vs. collectivistic) significantly impacts how personality is perceived and the expectations associated with it.
- Individualistic cultures prioritize independence and unique characteristics.
- Collectivistic cultures emphasize interdependence, family ties, and social harmony.
- Personality is assessed using various tools, including observations, interviews, and past records (medical, employment, or school).
- Standardized personality questionnaires provide a standardized method to measure personality traits, providing meaning to scores.
Personality Assessment Tools
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Psychologists use tools to assess personality traits.
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Assessment tools include observations, interviews, and past records (medical, employment or school).
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Standardized personality questionnaires are self-report measures where individuals report their thoughts, behaviors, and feelings.
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- Personality tests should possess both reliability and validity to ensure accurate results and assessments. Reliability refers to the consistency of the test results over time or across different situations, indicating that the same individual would receive similar scores if the assessment were repeated. Validity, on the other hand, measures whether the test accurately assesses what it claims to measure, ensuring the findings reflect true personality traits.
Theories of Personality
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
- Freud's psychoanalytic theory suggests the unconscious mind plays a significant role in shaping personality.
- Unconscious processes are thoughts, wishes, feelings, memories, that are hidden from awareness due to their unacceptable nature.
- Personality emerges from the interaction of the id (primal drives), ego (rational self), and superego (societal rules and morals), affecting behavior and decisions.
- The ego mediates between the id's demands and external pressures.
- Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies used by the ego to reduce anxiety arising from conflicts between the id and superego.
- Psychosexual stages(oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) are the five psychosexual stages proposed by Freud. Each stage represents a different focus of pleasure and conflict during a child's development. The oral stage occurs in infancy, emphasizing activities like sucking and biting. The anal stage focuses on toilet training and control. The phallic stage involves the child's discovery of their own genitals and familial relationships. The latency stage, during the school years, is characterized by a decrease in sexual urges and an emphasis on social interactions. Finally, the genital stage, which begins in adolescence, marks a mature sexual orientation and the potential for healthy adult relationships. describe the developmental stages that shape personality.
Trait Theories
- Trait theories in psychology aim to identify and measure consistent traits, such as temperament and personality, to gain insights into individual behavior and personality development.
- Cattell's 16 personality factors (16PF) provide a comprehensive framework for evaluating diverse human traits influencing social interactions. In contrast,
- Eysenck focused on three key dimensions: neuroticism, which reflects emotional instability; extraversion, indicating sociability and assertiveness; and psychoticism, associated with a disregard for social norms. Eysenck's model emphasizes a biological basis for these traits, enhancing our understanding of personality and informing psychological interventions.
- McCrae and Costa's Big Five model is a widely accepted psychological theory that outlines five broad dimensions of personality. These include Openness to Experience, which measures creativity and willingness to consider new ideas; Conscientiousness, reflecting self-discipline and organization; Extraversion, similar to Eysenck’s dimension; Agreeableness, denoting warmth and cooperativeness; and Neuroticism, which indicates emotional resilience and stability.
- Trait theories are concerned with how people differ from each other and the degree to which they're high on specific traits, rather than the development aspect.
Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura)
- Bandura's social cognitive theory emphasizes the interplay of personal factors, behaviours, and environment.
- Self-efficacy is a critical component of this theory.
- Self-efficacy is an individual’s sense of their ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish tasks.
- Self-efficacy is influenced by past successes and failures, observing others' successes and failures, social persuasion, and emotional and physical state.
- Self-efficacy influences motivation, goal setting, and persistence.
Humanistic Theories
- Humanistic theories emphasize free will and the inherent goodness of humans.
- Humanistic theories focus on the subjective experience and conscious choice of individuals.
- Key figures include Maslow and Rogers.
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs states that basic needs (physiological, safety, belonging) must be met before higher-level needs (esteem, self-actualization) can be addressed.
- Rogers emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard and congruence.
- Roger's idea of self-concept and the ideal self states that a person is striving for congruence between perceived self and the ideal self through unconditional positive regard.
- George Kelly suggested that individuals develop personal constructs to understand and predict the world and how these constructs influence how individuals make sense of their environment. His theory suggests how people may behave in similar circumstances due to how they perceive and understand the world.
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Description
This quiz explores various methods used to assess personality traits, focusing on the influence of culture on personality perception. You'll learn about individualistic versus collectivistic cultural frameworks and the standardized tools psychologists utilize to evaluate personality. Test your knowledge on these assessment techniques and their applications.
