Personality and Values Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following describes the dark triad of personality traits?

Self-esteem, anxiety, and resilience

Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy (correct)

Empathy, kindness, and altruism

Openness, conscientiousness, and extraversion

Values can be categorized into two types. What are they?

Contextual and stable values

Personal and societal values

Subjective and objective values

Instrumental values and terminal values (correct)

At which level does group dynamics fall under in organizational behavior?

Group level (correct)

Organizational level

Individual level

Team level

What is the main challenge associated with measuring personality?

Self-reports can be biased and subjective Signup and view all the answers

What do Hofstede’s dimensions primarily explain?

National culture and differences in values Signup and view all the answers

Which dimension examines the extent of inequality in power and wealth within a society?

Power distance Signup and view all the answers

In which component of attitude do we assess what we perceive or know?

Cognition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is generally considered a weak contributor to job satisfaction?

Pay Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Needs are satisfied in a strict sequence from lower to higher. Signup and view all the answers

Which theory categorizes people as either needing to be controlled and coerced or being self-motivated and responsible?

Theory X Signup and view all the answers

What impact do extrinsic rewards have on motivation according to cognitive evaluation theory?

They can diminish motivation if seen as coercive. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of variables in a conceptual model?

Reflex variables Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of attitude relates to how a person feels about gaining control or autonomy over their actions?

Affect Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason positive moods and emotions are important in organizational behavior?

They improve decision making and performance. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of consistency refer to in the context of emotions and moods?

Whether a person acts the same in similar situations over time. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the fundamental attribution error?

Attributing success to one's own efforts while blaming failures on external factors. Signup and view all the answers

What is selective perception?

Ignoring information that contradicts preconceived notions. Signup and view all the answers

Which decision-making method is characterized by having complete information and identifying all relevant options?

Rationality. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'bounded rationality' refer to?

Making decisions based on limited information and finding a 'good enough' solution. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that differentiates a team from a group?

Teams have a common purpose and mutual accountability. Signup and view all the answers

What is the escalation of commitment bias?

Continuing to invest in a failing project based on prior investments. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are essential requirements for effective goal setting?

Specific and measurable Signup and view all the answers

What does equity theory focus on regarding motivation?

Comparison of personal and others' input/output ratios Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes emotional labour?

Expression of emotions that align with organizational expectations Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is not typically mentioned as influencing moods and emotions?

Personal hygiene Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes emotions from moods?

Emotions are caused by specific events Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organizational justice relates to the fairness of the distribution process?

Procedural justice Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about job enrichment is correct?

It entails adding more responsibilities and autonomy Signup and view all the answers

Which emotion-related phenomenon can lead to burnout in service jobs?

Emotional dissonance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between groups and teams?

A group can exist without being a team. Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of group development involves establishing performance norms?

Norming Signup and view all the answers

What does the punctuated-equilibrium model suggest regarding group dynamics?

Inertia is broken only at the midpoint of group activity. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is characterized by expected behavior patterns in a social unit?

Roles Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of deviant behavior within a group?

Voluntarily violating group norms. Signup and view all the answers

Which team type refers to members working together from different departments?

Cross-functional teams Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the effectiveness of a team?

Contextual factors Signup and view all the answers

What are team players primarily developed through?

Selection, training, and rewarding Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Personality

Personality is defined as the sum of ways an individual interacts with others.
It’s a combination of genetics and environmental factors.
Difficult to measure, using self-reports like the Myers Briggs (MBTI) test and the Big Five personality traits.
Contains the Dark Triad: Machiavellianism (ends justify the means), narcissism (all about themselves), and psychopathy (lack of concern for others).

Values

Personal interpretation of what is right, good, and desirable.
Stable and enduring, varying among groups, influencing perception.
Comprises two parts:
- Content: What is important?
- Intensity: How important is it?
Instrumental values focus on how you accomplish goals, while terminal values focus on desired accomplishments.
Hofstede's dimensions (power distance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term/short-term orientation) showcase cross-cultural value differences.

Variables

Conceptual models use four types of variables:
- Independent variables
- Dependent variables
- Mediating variables
- Moderating variables

Attitude

An evaluation of objects, people, and events.
Expressing a degree of favour or disfavour.
Consists of three parts:
- Cognition: What you know, see, and hear.
- Affect: How you feel about it.
- Behaviour: How you respond.
Job satisfaction arises from factors like job content, social context, pay, personality, and corporate social responsibility (CSR).

Motivation

The process explaining direction, intensity, and persistence of effort toward a goal.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Once a lower need is met, a person pursues a higher need.
McGregor's Theory X (people dislike work, need coercion) and Theory Y (people enjoy work, seek responsibility).
Cognitive Evaluation Theory: People prefer autonomy, extrinsic rewards lessen motivation when perceived as coercive.
Goal Setting Theory: Goals need to be specific, difficult, but realistic, and have feedback.
Equity Theory: Individuals compare their input/output ratio to others, motivating them to adjust their output/input if there's a discrepancy.
Different types of organizational justice:
- Distributive justice: Fairness of resource allocation.
- Procedural justice: Fairness of allocation process.
- Interactional justice: Respectful and fair treatment.
Motivation methods: job rotation (different tasks at the same level), job enrichment (more responsibility, autonomy).
Pay structures can also motivate employees.

Emotions vs Moods

Emotions are intense, specific event-driven, short-lived, and have distinctive facial expressions.
Moods are less intense, general or unknown cause, last longer, and have less specific expressions.

Influences on Moods and Emotions

Personality, weather, stress, social activities, sleep, physical exercise, age, gender, and time of day.

Emotional Labor

Expressing organizationally desired emotions, especially in service jobs.
Can lead to emotional dissonance (conflicting felt and displayed emotions).
Emotional dissonance contributes to burnout.

Importance of Emotions and Moods

Positive emotions and moods lead to better decision making, creativity, self-efficacy, credibility, and overall performance.

Perception

Assessing the consistency of actions in similar situations over time (consistency).
Evaluating whether everyone facing the same situation reacts similarly (consensus).
Analyzing whether an individual behaves similarly in diverse situations (distinctiveness).
Fundamental Attribution Error: Attributing good results to one's own effort, bad results to external factors, while doing the opposite for others.

Shortcuts in Judging People

Selective perception: See what you want to see.
Halo effect: General impression based on a single characteristic.
Contrast effects: Evaluating people relative to others.
Stereotyping: Categorizing someone based on a single characteristic.

Decision Making

Rationality: Complete information, all options identified, selecting the option with highest utility.
Bounded rationality: Limited information, but enough to make a "good enough" decision.
Intuition: Based on experience and learning.

Biases and Errors in Decision Making

Overconfidence bias: Exaggerated belief in one's abilities.
Confirmation bias: Favoring confirming information, ignoring disconfirming information.
Escalation of commitment: Justifying current actions based on past investments.

Groups and Teams

Group: Interacting individuals, psychologically aware of each other, and perceiving themselves as a group.
Team: Small group with complementary skills, committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and mutual accountability.

Reasons for Groups

Security and protection.
Affiliation and status.
Power.

Stages of Group Development

Forming: Initial stage.
Storming: Conflicts and tension arise.
Norming: Establishing performance and social norms, group identification.
Performing: Effective work toward goals.
Adjourning: Dissolving the group.

Punctuated-Equilibrium Model

Periods of inertia followed by a burst of energy at the midpoint leading to final completion.

Group Processes

Roles: Expected behaviors associated with a position.
Norms: Acceptable standards of behavior within the group.
Conformity: Following group norms.
Deviant behavior: Violating group norms, decreasing commitment.
Status: Position in a group, influencing identity and differentiation.
Cohesiveness: Group members "clicking," influenced by group size and social loafing.
Diversity: Variety within a group.
Group decision making: Collaborative decision-making process.

Types of Teams

Problem-solving teams: Addressing specific issues.
Self-managed work teams: Taking responsibility for their work processes.
Cross-functional teams: Members from diverse departments.
Virtual teams: Collaborating remotely.

Factors Contributing to Effective Teams

Contextual factors: Resources, leadership, structure, climate, trust, and performance evaluation.
Composition: Member characteristics and team size.
Process variables: Purpose, goals, mental models, conflict, and social loafing.

Creating Team Players

Selection: Choosing the right individuals.
Training: Developing team skills.
Rewarding: Recognizing and valuing team contributions.

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Description

Test your understanding of personality traits, values, and their implications in interactions with others. Explore concepts such as the Dark Triad and Hofstede's dimensions. This quiz delves into both psychological and cultural perspectives.