134 Questions
What is the importance of using personal protective equipment (PPE) when approaching a patient?
To protect oneself from exposure to diseases, chemicals, or poisons
What is recommended for protecting oneself from exposure to bodily fluids when approaching a patient?
Wearing gloves and eye protection
What action should be taken between patients to prevent infectious disease exposure?
Clean and disinfect all facility and vehicle surfaces and reusable equipment
When might decontamination be required for personnel and equipment?
After exposure to pesticides or other chemicals
What is recommended for protecting oneself from exposure to bodily fluids when approaching a patient?
Using gloves and eye protection
When might decontamination be required for personnel and equipment?
After exposure to pesticides or other chemicals
What should be done at the scene when hand washing is not immediately possible?
Carry an alcohol gel cleanser
What must be worn for decontamination after exposure to pesticides or other chemicals?
Appropriate PPE
What is the purpose of the ABCDE approach?
To systematically evaluate acutely ill patients and intervene for life-threatening conditions
When should the ABCDE approach be performed?
In the first 5 minutes and whenever a patient’s condition changes or worsens
What should be done if a problem is discovered in any of the ABCDE steps?
It must be addressed immediately before moving on to the next step
Why is it important to repeat the ABCDE approach whenever a patient’s condition changes or worsens?
To ensure that life-threatening conditions can be identified and treated early
What is the purpose of the ABCDE approach?
To systematically evaluate acutely ill patients and intervene for life-threatening conditions
When should the ABCDE approach be repeated?
Whenever a patient’s condition changes or worsens
What should be done if a problem is discovered in any of the ABCDE steps?
It must be addressed immediately before moving on to the next step
Why is it important to identify all injuries and environmental threats in the ABCDE approach?
To ensure comprehensive care and treatment of all patient conditions
What might indicate a partially obstructed airway in a patient who cannot talk normally?
Abnormal sounds such as stridor, grunting, or snoring
In a patient with a severely obstructed airway due to an allergic reaction, what might be observed?
Stridor and swelling or hives
What should be checked for in a patient with a potentially obstructed airway?
Foreign body or abnormal swelling around the airway
What might indicate a partially obstructed airway in a patient who cannot talk normally?
Stridor, grunting, or snoring sounds
In a patient with a severely obstructed airway due to an allergic reaction, what might be observed?
Stridor plus swelling and/or hives
When assessing the airway, what should be checked for to indicate a potential obstruction?
Fluid (such as blood, vomit) in the airway
What manoeuvre should be used to open the airway if there is no trauma involved?
Head-tilt and chin-lift manoeuvre
What should be done if a foreign body is suspected and the patient is unable to cough or make noises?
Use age-appropriate chest thrusts/abdominal thrusts/back blows
What should be considered if the patient has swelling, hives, or stridor?
Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)
When should the patient be placed in the recovery position?
If the rest of the ABCDE is normal and no trauma is suspected
What should be done if a patient is unconscious and not breathing normally, and there is concern for trauma?
Maintain cervical spine immobilization and open the airway using the jaw thrust manoeuvre
What action should be taken if a patient is choking and unable to cough or make noises?
Perform chest thrusts/abdominal thrusts/back blows
What should be done if a patient has swelling, hives, or stridor?
Administer intramuscular adrenaline
When should a patient be placed in the recovery position?
If the rest of the ABCDE is normal and no trauma is suspected
What should be assessed to determine if the patient is breathing normally?
Signs of increased work of breathing
What may be observed in a patient with severe wheezing during examination?
Limited/no breath sounds
In a patient with absent breath sounds on one side and hypotension, what should be checked to rule out tension pneumothorax?
Distended neck veins or shifted trachea
What should be assessed when determining if the patient is breathing normally?
Breathing rate and depth
What might be observed in a patient with severe wheezing during examination?
Limited/no breath sounds due to severe airway narrowing
In a patient with absent breath sounds on one side and hypotension, what should be checked to rule out tension pneumothorax?
Distended neck veins or shifted trachea
What should be done if a patient is unconscious with abnormal breathing and there is concern for tension pneumothorax?
Perform needle decompression immediately and give IV fluids and oxygen
If a patient is not breathing adequately, what action should be taken if oxygen is not immediately available?
Start ventilation while oxygen is being prepared
What action should be taken if a patient is wheezing?
Give salbutamol
What should be done if a patient is unconscious and not breathing adequately, and there is concern for tension pneumothorax?
Perform needle decompression immediately and give IV fluids and oxygen
What action should be taken if a patient is wheezing?
Give salbutamol
What should be done if there is concern for large pleural effusion or haemothorax?
Give oxygen and plan for rapid handover/transfer
What signs indicate poor perfusion in a patient?
Cool, moist extremities and delayed capillary refill
What might indicate bleeding into the abdomen?
Distended neck veins
What should be looked for to indicate bleeding from pelvic or femur fracture?
Bleeding from wounds
What might indicate pericardial tamponade in a patient?
Hypotension, distended neck veins, muffled heart sounds
What signs might indicate poor perfusion in a patient?
Cool, moist extremities, delayed capillary refill greater than 3 seconds, low blood pressure
What should be looked for to indicate internal bleeding in a patient?
Bleeding into chest, abdomen, or from pelvic or femur fracture
What should be done if signs of internal bleeding or pericardial tamponade are suspected?
Refer rapidly to a centre with surgical capabilities
If the cause of poor perfusion is unknown, what possibility should be considered?
Trauma
What action should be taken for external bleeding?
Apply direct pressure or use other technique to control
What should be done for external bleeding?
Apply direct pressure or use other technique to control
What should be considered if internal bleeding or pericardial tamponade are suspected?
Refer rapidly to a centre with surgical capabilities
What action should be taken for cardiopulmonary arrest?
Follow relevant CPR protocols
What scale is used to assess level of consciousness in trauma cases?
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
What should be checked in a confused or unconscious patient?
Glucose level
What should be assessed when checking movement and sensation in all four limbs?
Muscle strength
What should always be checked in a confused or unconscious patient?
Glucose level
What scale is used to assess level of consciousness in trauma cases?
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
What should be checked to rule out seizure/convulsion in a patient?
Movement and sensation in all four limbs
What should be done if a patient's airway is completely obstructed by a foreign body?
Perform age-appropriate chest thrusts/abdominal thrusts/back blows
What should be done if a patient has burns to the head and neck with abnormal sounds from the airway?
Give oxygen even if signs of hypoxia are not present
How should the airway be opened in a patient with a decreased level of consciousness?
Use jaw thrust if there is concern for trauma
What should be done if there are mental status changes leading to airway obstruction from the tongue?
Open the airway using a head-tilt and chinlift manoeuvre
What might indicate airway obstruction due to burns in a patient?
Change in voice
What should be done if a patient has a decreased level of consciousness and the airway needs to be opened?
Perform a head-tilt and chinlift manoeuvre
What should be watched for in patients with a decreased level of consciousness to prevent aspiration?
Vomiting and aspiration
What should be given to ALL patients with suspected airway burn, even if they do not show signs of hypoxia?
Oxygen
What should be done if a patient has burns to the head and neck with abnormal sounds from the airway?
Administer oxygen to all patients with suspected airway burn, even if they do not show signs of hypoxia
What action should be taken for external bleeding?
Apply direct pressure to the wound
What should be done if a patient is unconscious and not breathing normally, and there is concern for trauma?
Plan for rapid handover/transfer to advanced provider capable of advanced airway management
What might indicate poor perfusion in a patient?
Decreased level of consciousness
What treatment is recommended for pericardial tamponade?
Drainage by pericardiocentesis
What is the purpose of giving IV fluids in pericardial tamponade?
To ensure as much volume as possible enters the heart
When should a tourniquet be used for bleeding?
Only for life-threatening bleeding
What is the purpose of a pelvic binder or femur splint in trauma cases?
To stabilize pelvic or femur fractures
What initial treatment is recommended for shock?
Laying the patient flat and giving oxygen
What is a sign of poor perfusion in a patient?
Decreased breath sounds on one side of the chest
What should be done for external bleeding that is not controlled?
Apply a tourniquet proximal to the wound
What is an initial step in managing severe bleeding?
Applying direct pressure on the wound
What is the initial treatment for shock?
Laying the patient flat and giving oxygen
What is a sign of internal bleeding in a trauma patient?
Bruising around the umbilicus (belly button)
What should be done if there are signs of infection in a patient in shock?
Giving antibiotics if available
What action should be taken for external bleeding that is not controlled?
Apply pressure to the wound and elevate the affected limb
What is the recommended treatment for pericardial tamponade?
Perform pericardiocentesis to drain the fluid around the heart
When should a tourniquet be used for bleeding?
Only for life-threatening bleeding
What is the purpose of giving IV fluids in pericardial tamponade?
To ensure that as much volume as possible enters the heart
What might indicate pericardial tamponade in a patient?
Distended neck veins and muffled heart sounds
What are common symptoms of hypoglycemia?
Sweating, altered mental status, seizures/convulsions
What is a potential indicator of hypoglycemia?
Confusion
What is a symptom commonly associated with hypoglycemia?
Seizures/convulsions
What is a common symptom of hypoglycemia?
Sweating (diaphoresis)
Which mental status change can be observed in hypoglycemia?
Confusion
What is a potential consequence of hypoglycemia?
Seizures/convulsions
What is the goal of managing snake bites?
To limit the spread of venom and its effects on the body
What is the recommended action regarding vital signs after the ABCDE approach?
Perform a full set of vital signs at the end of the ABCDE approach
How frequently should the ABCDE approach ideally be repeated?
At least every 15 minutes or with any change in condition
What action should be taken when managing snake bites if there is evidence of shock?
Give IV fluids
What is the goal of managing snake bites?
To limit the spread of the venom and the effects of venom on the body
What should be done with the extremity after a snake bite?
Immobilize it
How often should the ABCDE approach ideally be repeated in managing snake bites?
At least every 15 minutes or with any change in condition
When should a picture of the snake be taken and sent with the patient?
When possible
What are high-risk signs of airway conditions in children?
Excessive drooling, stridor, airway swelling, and unwillingness to move the neck
What should be looked for to indicate respiratory distress in children?
Nasal flaring, head bobbing, grunting and chest indrawing
What should be done if a child has a larger head compared to the rest of the body?
Watch closely for airway obstruction
What should be done if there is concern for airway obstruction in children with shorter necks?
Avoid over-extending or flexing the neck
What is a sign of severe respiratory distress in a child?
Chest indrawing when the lower chest wall goes in during inhalation
What is a sign of severe airway compromise in children?
Stridor
What is a sign of poor perfusion in children?
Sunken fontanelle
What is a characteristic of low blood pressure in children with shock?
Sign of severe shock
What should be given to children with suspected airway burns, even if they do not show signs of hypoxia?
Oxygen
What should be closely monitored as signs of poor perfusion in children?
Decreased urine output and altered mental status
What should be allowed for children with stridor while awaiting transfer to an advanced provider?
Staying in a position of comfort
What may be indicated by a silent chest when listening to the chest of a child?
Severe respiratory distress
What is the recommended position for a child with excessive drooling, stridor, and airway swelling?
Sniffing position
What is a danger sign indicating a lack of oxygen in children?
Cyanosis
What should be closely monitored as signs of respiratory distress in children?
Grunting and chest indrawing
What should be used if the airway of a child is not open?
"Jaw thrust" maneuver
What is a sign of severe respiratory distress in a child?
Chest indrawing when the lower chest wall goes in during inhalation
What is a sign of severe airway compromise in children?
Stridor
What should be closely monitored as a sign of poor perfusion in children?
Decreased urine output
In malnourished children, how does the rate and type of fluid administration differ?
Both the rate of fluid administration and the type of fluid are different
What does low blood pressure indicate in a child experiencing shock?
Severe shock
What should be given to children with suspected airway burns, even if they do not show signs of hypoxia?
Oxygen
What further treatment is often included for children with stridor?
Nebulized adrenaline
What signals severe airway compromise, and requires immediate transfer to an advanced provider?
Stridor
What is the recommended action when it is not possible to check the blood glucose level in a sick child with altered mental status?
Administer glucose without checking the blood glucose level
What should be done for hypothermic infants to help maintain their body temperature?
Cover infants’ heads and dry their skin thoroughly
What is the purpose of evaluating pediatric patients for danger signs?
To identify children in need of urgent attention and advanced care
What is the recommended approach for pediatric patients with altered mental status and no access to blood glucose testing?
Administer glucose and check for seizure/convulsions
What action should be taken if it is not possible to check the blood glucose level in a sick child with altered mental status?
Administer glucose
What should be done for hypothermic infants to help maintain their body temperature?
Cover infants' heads
What is the purpose of evaluating pediatric patients for danger signs?
Identify children needing urgent attention and referral
What should be done if there is concern for airway obstruction in children with shorter necks?
Use appropriate airway management techniques
Test your knowledge on the importance of using personal protective equipment (PPE) when approaching patients to prevent exposure to diseases, chemicals, and bodily fluids. Learn about the essential PPE including gloves, eye protection, gowns, and masks.
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