Personal Finance Basics

Module 1 Study Notes

• Personal finance is vital, yet often unaddressed, with a direct correlation to your everyday life.
• Financial understanding empowers dream realization, whereas a lack of it restricts possibilities.
• Money functions as a tool for providing options.
• Without the knowledge of how to manage finances, individuals risk being dictated by their assets and financial instability.
• Key areas in personal finance include savings, investments, budgeting, and credit enhancement.
• Investment: Capital allocated with the expectation of earning income or generating profit.
• Asset: Any item possessing economic value.
• Debtor: A party that owes monetary debts.
• Leverage: Using borrowed capital to amplify investment capacity, which typically involves elevated risk.
• Return: The profit or loss derived from an investment.
• Liability: An obligation or debt that one is responsible for.
• Expected Return: Anticipated average yield, after factoring in external influences.
• Financing: The provision of monetary resources for business operations.
• Equity: Ownership stake in a business, particularly concerning its calculated monetary worth.
• Finance: The act of providing or obtaining financial resources.
• Valuation: Estimating the fair market value of an asset or liability.
• Fundamental Analysis: Evaluating a business's financial forecasts, stability, management effectiveness, and market position.
• Financial Statement: A structured compilation of a business's financial data.
• Net Worth: The derived amount when subtracting total liabilities from total assets.
• Capital Gains: The appreciation in an asset's value exceeding its original purchase price.
• Amortization: The systematic repayment of debt via regularly scheduled installments.
• Recession: A notable contraction in economic activity, conventionally defined as GDP decline over two successive quarters.
• Financial planning involves overseeing finances to achieve specific goals set by an individual or a family.
• Personal finance encompasses the management of money to fulfill financial goals throughout one’s lifetime.
• Financial literacy includes comprehending one's monetary relationship, engaging in monetary discussions, and handling banking, credit, and investments effectively.
• Financial planning encompasses various aspects, including income management, debt management, valuation of assets, budgeting practices, wealth accumulation strategies, and retirement preparation.
• Finance is the study of managing, moving, and raising money, involving cash flow, and risk-reward assessment.
• Finance serves as a helpful instrument for refining decision-making processes.
• The main areas in the field of finance are business finance, investments, and financial markets and institutions.
• Business finance employs financial theories to optimize an organization's worth amidst uncertain conditions.
• Effective management choices need to emphasize increasing shareholder wealth.
• Management of working capital concentrates on short-term assets and liabilities.
• Capital budgeting entails making decisions about which long-term assets to acquire to increase shareholder value.
• Capital structure is centered on long-term debt with the objective of augmenting shareholder wealth.
• Three crucial decision-making activities relate to a balance sheet; management of working capital is focused on short-term assets and liabilities, capital budgeting is focused on long-term assets, and capital structure involves considering the combination of long-term debt and equity financing.
• Investments are used for creating and growing wealth, with instruments, regulation, and risk-return analysis.
• Financial Markets and Institutions regulate the financial system, supporting investment methods.
• US regulatory structure developed in the 1930s, leading to the SEC, Glass-Steagall Act, and Banking Act of 1935
• FINRA is responsible for overseeing brokers and brokerage firms that are officially registered.
• SIPC provides coverage to brokerage clients up to $500,000 for their cash and securities.
• Financial understanding facilitates home acquisition by way of mortgages, alongside enabling convenient transactions via credit cards and mobile applications.
• Financial competence is crucial for career advancement and personal financial security, this urgency is due to decreasing government subsidies.
• Finance serves as an instrument for decision-making, offering a structured method for assessing value.
• Grasping finance allows individuals to maximize benefits from the array of financial products available.
• Generally, increased risk correlates with the potential for higher returns.
• Risk is quantified through finance to weigh trade-offs effectively.
• Return is the compensation received for committing to an investment, encompassing interest or dividends.
• It's typical for investors to seek bigger returns when they take on bigger risks.
• Finance is instrumental in assessing the risk-return balance through the utilization of return distributions.
• Default risk includes the possibility of an issuer being unable to fulfill payment obligations.
• Inflation risk is the decline in purchasing power as a result of rising prices.
• Diversifiable risk is a risk exclusive to specific securities.
• Non-diversifiable risk represents the market risk gauged through beta.
• Political risk: Possible changes in a government that might impact cash flow for a business.
• Forecasting and budgeting are critical for both commercial entities and households.
• Budgeting entails devising a strategy for both ingoing and outgoing cash flow, while setting objectives in conjunction with financial statements.
• Financial forecasting is flexible to accommodate changes which may differ from initial forecasts.
• Budgeting involves creating pro forma financial statements and benchmarks for performance tracking.
• Financial forecasting advises on budgetary changes through the review of actual performance results.
• Compound interest entails understanding the dynamics of how money grows.
• The 50/30/20 Method divides income among needs (50%), wants (30%), and savings/debt repayment (20%).
• Needs usually take up 50% of earnings which includes housing, food, transportation, utilities, and insurance.
• Wants constitute 30% including subscriptions, leisure travel, entertainment, etc.
• Savings allocation and debt management should target 20% of income to build an emergency fund, preparing for retirement, and settling debts.
• Valuation estimates the monetary worth of an asset.
• Valuation uses methods of finance, such as discounted cash flow or net present value.
• Valuation has broad importance concerning sales, acquisitions, and corporate administration, and is also frequently utilized in dispute resolution contexts.
• Valuation provides insights to managers, which enhances a company's appeal to prospective investors, lending bodies, or purchasers.
• Inflation refers to widespread increases in prices assessed through statistical organizations by contrasting current prices against those previously recorded.
• Credit cards can be beneficial for responsible use, while misuse contributes to debt load.
• In early 2021, the average credit card balance was $5,525, with Americans holding about three cards.
• Credit cards provide purchasing convenience.
• They enable a broader array of purchasing alternatives, such as online transactions.
• Payments can be distributed over an extended timeframe.
• Credit card users can get rewards, which includes cash, miles, and gift cards.
• Introductory rates are available at 0%.
• They're more secure when compared with debit cards.
• Credit card use help with building a credit score.
• Consumers can dispute billing errors on credit card charges.
• The illusion of having more money leads to overspending.
• Reduces future income by way of debt payments.
• Risks come from high-interest rates and fees.
• Credit card fraud and growing debt can affect life negatively.
• Regular and timely payments and managing low balances are key habits.
• A comprehension of the repayment framework is vital in forestalling any penalty occurrences.
• Revolving credit allows for continuous borrowing to a certain limit.
• Installment borrowing involves repayment via fixed scheduled payments.
• Variable interest rates change and often align with federal rates.
• Fixed rates of interest remain constant.
• Secured loans need collateral and provide reduced interest rates.
• Unsecured loans depend on income, which results in higher interest rates.
• Borrowing arrangements dictate the loan conditions.
• Revised budgets reallocate funds as a response to unexpected costs.
• DMP is for facilitating debt repayment through structured arrangements alongside creditors.
• ST payday loans often for amounts less than $500 usually come with steep interest rates.
• Liquidation of assets happens via Chapter 7 which liquidates assets and dissolves debt or repayment plans (Chapter 13).
• Reorganization of debt happens via Chapter 13.
• Bankruptcy can last up to 7 years

Module 2 Study Notes

• Individuals 18+ with bank accounts can invest, under 18 usually need parental permission.
• No upper age limit restriction for investing since profitable revenue can still be generated alongside consistent investment behaviors.
• Emergency funds should be fully funded as much as possible.
• Before engaging in investments, individuals should create a comprehensive personal budget.
• Essential measures for financial security comprise developing an organized budget, avoiding unnecessary debt, and building an sufficient backup fund.
• Banks encompass checking, savings, and certificates of deposit (CDs) while also utilizing federal deposit insurance.
• Bonds provide scheduled payments rooted in the interest rate at the time of purchase, alongside repayment of the initial amount loaned.
• High-yield, or junk bonds, provide potential high returns but are associated with elevated default risks.
• Diversification minimizes risks by allocating money across many companies instead of concentrating on a single entity.
• Mutual funds bundle a group of stocks/bonds.
• Index funds serve as a version of mutual fund which targets emulating action in the market.
• Houses and certain other items may be utilized as investments that earn a return by way of appreciation, and houses provide somewhere to live.
• actual rate of return: The return realized at period termination, taking capital gains and interest payments into consideration.
• bond yield: The forecasted ROI from bond holdings as of time acquired for utilization.
• certificate of deposit (CD): Deposit funds set aside for some set time in exchange to getting high interest revenue.
• checking account: Easily accessible funds alongside debit cards, and no to limited interest received.
• coupon rate: Annually/semiannually interest sum received from bond notes.
• debit card: Card utilized when buying, and funds get retrieved from checking.
• diversification: Reduce overall risk in portfolios by having several company holdings.
• equity: Once home sale happens following debt pay back, money revenue is whats "equity".
• expected rate of return: Predicted ROI from investment with all components of interest and rising profit.
• face value: At bond maturity when repaying investor.
• financial intermediary: Financial organizations, like banks, serving as middle men to borrowers and savers.
• high yield bonds: High interest rates being given based on high default risk of occurring for bond repayment.
• index fund: Mirror market returns.
• liquidity: Trading hard assets into money with great easy.
• maturity date: Bond note is due date when paying.
• mutual funds: Broad basket of assets for diversity.
• savings account: Bank account that pays interest but will need ATM access or going to banks to withdraw.
• junk bonds: High default risk happening.
• Mutual funds aid investors by lowering risks.
• Investors share profits and losses in mutual fund firms.
• Index funds and ETFs offer conservative routes of investing, whereas fund managers take on Active methods for investing.
• With investing, passive matches the return in markets and active outperforms.
• Choices include stock funds, bond funds, and balanced funds while also having choices with more particular sectors.
• Running operations and management could happen at higher costs for actively managed funds.
• Both kinds of investments give various ranges from a minimum investment of 500𝑡𝑜 500 to 3,000.
• Both exchange-traded funds and mutual funds have asset variety to diversify holdings.
• Some share openness with mutual funds and certain ones trade shares like ETFs, or called closed-end funds.
• ETFs may be traded by way of publicly traded holdings and passively follow index firms.
• Stocks represent ownership through company shares.
• Initial investment from founders comes from stock shares.
• Share owners get preemptive privileges to gain any property from new shares before marketing it.
• stock: Representing capital in business.
• common stock: Securities with company ownership.
• preferred stock: Greater dividend rights.
• Blue Chip shares: Big firms over long time and market history.
• shareholder: Stock ownership in company.
• preemptive right: Contract acquisition of newly acquired property.
• preemption: Shareholder of new acquisitions or initial buying shares.
• IPO: Trading private share corporations.
• Capital stock: Security in bussiness, or unable to get taken out to creditors. Ownership represents a business stake.
• Stockholder rights include right to stock sells, elect for nominee nominations of board, propose dividends to declare from shares, buy further share issuance, or gain any assets after wind up.
• Incentive to be from preemption comes since stake owns protection.
• In stock game, its risky.
• Stock market requires people to get patient and prevent greed.
• You can lose all individual stock money.
• Common stocks allow shareholder vote for preferred.
• Company gets priority dividends with preffered holders.
• Company assets come last to shareholders in common.
• Stock in blue chips has large revenue to maintain its excellent face.
• Big market, great investor turn outs, or dependable dividends.
• Portfolio in diversity prevents portfolios in blue chip.
• Bonds: Money amount given body/organization at certain period and rate.
• T-bills pay at end with short term.
• T-notes earn disburses in half year.
• Bonds are same with T-notes but can exceed past ten.
• Bank issues certificate deposits.
• JUnk bonds entail high rewards while having high risk of happening.
• High yield comes since bond rates have high yields than corporate.
• Companies pay since they entail high risk by bond note repayment.
• Bonds represent debt units in firms of assets.
• It pays firms in bond holders.
• Prices invert rate, falling when high and vice versa.
• Bond payout happens at maturity date with principal.
• Bull markets economic in sound condition where bear markets receding and dropping equities.
• Commonly get investor "bullish."
• Since market loses values, market is risky.
• Market bottom comes difficult.
• Bull market means consistent uptrend with rising prices where faith continues for people.
• Bear markets fallen 20% or more.
• Strong request but limited supply.
• Many sell into more buying.
• Profitable with hope investors can do well.
• Negative sentiment can happen during bear market.
• Bull markets mean bull markets.
• Knee reaction helps get longterm performing over term.
• Sometimes stagnations allow direction.
• Market comes hard timing to know.
• Bulls ideally gain early at trend.
• Taking falls and position allows money from bear short situations.
• Blockchain system use to verify and record system.
• In crypto, transactions get sent users.
• Encryption get sensitive and secured with encryption.
• Private access does not get retrieved from person wallet or execute address.
• Use a blockchain to keep track of transactions sent on networks.
• All entries confirm new records.
• Blockchain uses fiat issues.
• Blockchain has permanent record.
• Codes validate transfers collectively.
• Incentive uses individual willing computers and time over validations.
• Protocol of work gives validator compete uses to create access and rights to transfers.
• Proof spend lots on gear.
• PoS node operators not spending special mining.
• Tokens use apps from blocks.
• Transactions use the code.
• Asset chain makes crypto based.
• Mining success by validation of transaction.
• Investments of cooling can be mining.
• Networkers get shared power over rewards on contributed work to finding pools.
• BTMS get launched in 2014.
• Capital gains affect taxed BTC purposes.
• Art or musics in NFT use real forms.
• Online is common form.
• Common codes encode with keys.
• NFT have code of ID.
• Originals of digital allow buyer access.
• Crytocurrencies tradable.
• Crypto blockchains hold ledger and transfers.
• Minted makes NFTs out both intangible and tangible works.
• Exclusive keys transfer over owners and NFT ownership.
• Arts/branders can monetize wares.
• NFT for charity is common with brands.
• Digital wallet used for crypto and purchases get on platforms.

Module 3 Study Notes

• Ethics are moral guidelines shaped by culture, religion, and social norms.
• They reflect beliefs about what is right or wrong in human actions
• Ethics guide relationships, societal obligations, and individual lives.
• Values, practices, and policies embody ethics, influencing organizational decisions.
• Business and corporate ethics apply these ethical values to commercial activities.
• Ethics are relevant to individuals, groups, and organizations.
• Professional ethics require special skills and knowledge, with obligations to clients.
• Industry associations and licensing bodies establish and enforce ethical guidelines.
• Ethical behavior is informed by written and unwritten societal principles and values.
• Ethics reflect beliefs about good/bad, right/wrong, and just/unjust behavior.
• A values system helps one develop actions to others.
• The way a living creature acts is defined as a behavior.
• Ethics is the study of right and wrong.
• Values are guiding principles, which help determine conduct
• Business and personal ethics helps follow proper ethics.
• Companies need to maintain ethical integrity and social accountability.
• Rising reviews on private sectors can happen.
• A business constructed on ethics has better competitiveness.
• Corporate social duties allow business ethical practice.
• Every function takes place with center, or business ethics.
• Important times also are known for governing rules over the bar for business behavior.
• Business protects stake for behaviors in bad ways.
• High standards need govern rules and set with business governing over actions.
• Business allows the expected behaviors inside from individuals/business.
• Business follows top leaders and responsible to show actions.
• Leaders define rules to individuals while inside the companies.
• Strong company values and equality take place over customers or communities contributions and deep valued.
• The more ethical, business can potentially be successful.
• Practices help to consider actions or impact that takes ethical places.
• Maintaining executive roles during reductions is non ethical and needs sacrifices.
• Rising prices and minimum pay should be ethical business actions.
• Employee retentions can get enhanced and customer relationships increase form ethics.
• Employees paid wages help with improving business PR.
• Company image drops from social pressues.
• Relationships weaken and reduce production
• Attritional problems begin and recruitment issues happen.
• Trust gets decreased and questions from users for the ethical actions.
• Ethics is a new area compared with business times.
• Outside business helps affect operations and community employees.
• Ethics rose in each era from focuses affecting behaviors combined.
• In billing areas, outrage amounts help contractors maintain ethic actions.
• Increased business reductions and trust got eroded with communities.
• First location of business and ethics was General Dynmaics in 1985.
• Positions prosecute rule changes.
• Sound practices, financial business need take placed always.
• No special actions over rules when it come ethics.
• Business needs know legal consideration to do, and corporate governs take place mindset with actions.
• Six action need happen to ethical decision making:
• Understand and facts gather by leadership
• Record details and assumptions
• Know the problems happening
• Construct solutions from potential
• Evaluate solution with proposed process over ethics take action
• Recommend with solutions to happen.
• Communicate the ethics
• Guideline comes communicated and guides people.
• Ethics code ensures people clear on principles, missions, and ethics.
• Internal business shows ideas and need be happening in companies.
• List the guidlines:
• Avoid legal issues from actions over the conducts and rule changes.
• The businesses values what the community think in practices such as the green acts.
• Industry set standards as industry regulation ethics, to maintain information from companies for performance.
• Get rid or eliminate poor workplace activities in harrasment or abuse.
• Great codes work for updating/sharing as practices.
• Plan of actions needed with the problems coming from whistle.
• Process should be treated confident in sensitive ways.
• Never give backlash for ethical rules broken.
• Firms must take actions with rules changing.
• Business gets used in third party firms. Personal Ethics and Money:
• More than frugal and save for personal finance.
• Make no more what we earn.
• Avoid defaulting pay and ensure budgeting to dollar by dollar, with the risks.
• Can arise from moral and finances through money saving and paying.
• Need to pay right through ethical actions.
• What gains easy gets lost easy"
• Post payment of unethical investment ethical views:
• Invest into sin stocks (tobacco, alcohol firms)
• Know how through standards over ethical thoughts.
• Personal finance need moral action to win.

Ethic Laws versus Laws:

• Rules and law are good, ethics optional to follow.
• Rules set permits.
• People figure ethics to have in mind over laws.
• Lawyers help clarify ethics, people make the thoughts in business or from laws.
• Ethics refer value for ethics laws.
• Actions that people weight comes with questions over the analysis.
• Judgements affect personal thoughts or personal actions to happen by way ends justify ways.

Ethical Rule Breaks:

• People do right without looking.
• Thoughts do not affect behaviors.
• Ethical breaks by philisopy.
• Ethics are set standards over right and wrongs.

Recog actions of wrong actions:

• Things from no yours.
• Actions aren't right
• Not correct or untrue facts given. (Assign untrue info over people or wrong conversion reports.
• Actions not moral
• Actions not true giving (sales push and giving false info or impressions).
• Impacts from unethical work or actions
• Gain influences or conflict from stake
• Data must get disclosed or hidden data will take the place.
• Don't advantage in wrong ways like wrong contact to consumer or people that cant know right
• Personal behavior can affect company or people.
• Get rid of power and correct wrong individual over actions.
• Organizational actions must get correct and the correct worker that work actions correct (poor works for jobs).
• Wrong actions means actions considered that comes wrong.

Legailty AND fairness.

• Business ethics means to fairness to society.
• Justice varies with business ethical impacts and actions.
• Give more equal money and standards from working people and democratic practices.
• Rewards/needs helps abilities theorys to communist theorists.
• Utilitarianism focus action impacts or benefits that take greatest results.
• Morally is to impact others greatly and positive
• Hard to to determine decisions or the many people and accurate ways.
• Winners will get made by loser in all factors.
• Society will find negative impact to all segments over costs with actions.

DEONTOLOGY IN ACT

• People want and should take on dutys.
• Society has an individual to follow obligation.
• Correct uphold happens to duty
• Protecting well-being not considered
• No correct answer happens and welfare is not protect it.

Individual Rights and ACTIONS

• All people got rights
• Life, happiness actions happen at actions start
• Illegal rights can create unethical results
• Not regard can make impacts in lives.

Ethics and important:

• Firms rely in it.
• Firms stay on top in it from image of respect.
• Hird/keep talented working individuals.
• Lower rule trouble by the wrong actions.

Money Action/Morals

• Money actions fix dilemma through logic.
• Must find what to make actions from others and affects
• The goal is to do action.
• Judgements require values from moral, and judging.

Morality:

• Dilemma happens to test out ethical rules
• Moral action is for action of commitments with accepted
• Maintain standards for good to go over actions by what thoughts
• Skills to enhance with this practice:
• See action though different view
• Frame ethical to moral thinking.
• Give commitment with values to views and be balances.
• Moral commitment for perseverance.

LEMEssure Example :

• Actions get prevented though student for design fix, before consequences happen.

Actions take Responsibly

• Economics show world impacts of financial to future investment options.
• Investments focus to both sustainability or financial.
• Natural businesses and resources get conserved from Green investment.
• Great actions from investors show great ethical info to find with SRI forum.
• Investment industry happens from SRI.
• List to investment help companies with safety.

GREEN investmentS:

• Businesses for nature/sources take dedication.
• Funds maintain to action with the ethical investments.
• Opportunity over investments happen through risky actions.
• Financial provide to government or bond tax by business.
• Actions for land over business take green design, climate changes, or underdeveloped zones.

Risky ManagementS:

• Finance entails for outcome changing from expected
• Initial investment to loosing funds take impacts.
• Financial handles by raising payments that come in and reducing the funds come in.
• Cash revenue left after actions/fees get paid.
• More value gets to dollar get earlier.
• CAN'T predict means the risk comes from this
• Value comes from risk to firm

STAR bucks:

• Because 2020 got from covid and faced different issues, it got actions from the company, and took steps.

• Firms take hedge or steps.

• Gamble gets for directional in betting.

Culture with Actions

• Rules get learned by society
• Social engagement is transmission with acculturation
• Neutral mind not there and business mindset takes process to enculture
• Actions roles aggressive taken
• Belief from business holds to make firm value for economics/personal or worker/invest etc.
• Several rules business must follow for ethical behaviors

Globalization

• Market get diverse in consumerism
• Ethical changes affect consumers
• Aware of business practices and actions, to be ethical by sensitive actions
• Decisions are often actions and personal though belief in actions with fact/data

Actions needs to see how it may change futures in way to impact

Marketings may convince need of the actions

Module 4 Study Notes

• Vehicles for saving exist for money.
• Money can be maximized.
• Unions/banks are different.
• Money growth takes actions.
• FED takes actions.
• Terms include :
• Obligation/property can hold under names
• Exchange take from banks with transfer of electric funds and services ( ACH).
• Loan prices (Annual cost) from all.
• The savers determine high yields for (APY), to best the savings.
• ATM, location for transfers or transactions take place (withdraw or checking actions).
• Spending action or withdrawals are available.
• Accounts and money market can use from immediate cash without any issues
• Savings in CDs earn accounts interest by terms (insured via the insurance with FDIC or NCUA)
• Checks get sent when directing to send money over (payments).
• The base account for banks ( Checking account) can make financial transaction, which might be not, interest bearing. -Saving grow through the savings effect and interests from it ( savings grow).
• Get record with debts through time, and payment plans (credit history).
• Direct transfers means salary has automatic deposit (Fees decrease by this as well)
• Transfer services from the EFT includes electric with sending via wire.
• e actions are needed now from signing paperwork (electric signature), and has same as legal from other actions
• Signs over back to make a deposit from endorse
• Money is protected by this from banks up to at rates of 250,000$ per person.
• Bad charges (Protection offers from bank for bad transaction that got made from unauthorized actions)
• Grace periods (Delays payment in actions over credit periods without taking interests or having issues)
• Two owners that operate well or make joint accounts such as wife/husband to have financial operations
• Date of financial with for maturity.
• Account gets insured over FDIC bank account with high min from requirements.
• Online operations get managed through sites
• Get more than what checking have or need from transactions and incur from fees due to draft overage.
• Simple actions (savings).
• Banks can cover losses ( solvency) from funds
• Fees can be transferred for methods ( wire transfers).
• Present rate to future rate over to get the savings high and benefits the future from financial plans.
• Present is great than future from people want and people eat now rather than fast savings come through earnings quicker that happen over from saving money to come (value of time).
• Federal Reserve System: system for banking from the land and serves from the bank from central which not by anyone/ or organization or not owned it established on balance and credit by economic stable since support money private by credit rates set credit rates but this actions do Congress accountability by set in the Fed
• District bank is the Fed.
• the policy for money.
• Federal market make decision (FMOC).
• the requirement for money by holding cash bank can the process
• open market operation the activity by selling. government bonds to buying.
• Requirements help in percentage that bank need holding and lower/lenders/interest set over cash.
• Rate on inters gets loans.
• Rules that set for credit standards requirements.
• consumer to have debt plans actions.
• specify investors amount in cash by purchasing to do it.
• Stimulate by buying action with requirements.
• Money notes in print Federal distribution take process
• the note that federal is issued for.
• Time of transfers or process takes set time
• the checks that happen to take process in it.
• the system of electronic checks the more it has
• Fed steps in to come to financial depressions.
• Banking mortgages that got approve by consumer is high risk
• in low time of real world value caused bankruptcy and issues in 2007
• The actions from it takes place Wall Street.
• the council comes from created over it take action over with help loans out to bank .
• Annual text must be done or banks has to survival rate from turbulence.
• Rates helps for people over with it.
• The market helps from market for meeting schedule to take steps (rate change) and federal takes percent higher for the prime based.
• Rate affects with bank loan.
• set the SOFR to work to bank process.
• Investor holds investors to maintain institutions of profits from actions while credit over the bank unions.
• accounts actions with banks with anyone.
• banking provide commercial.
• better interest/rates from credits/actions.
• service action for bank.
• from insurance through FDIC to up from credits.
• more from flexi rule action by customer vs poor to larger from location.
• FDIC help take stability system
• created system.
• empower system takes from bank of action
• action up system
• can takes or merge with credit

Internation Banking

• promote economy bank
• Provide loan or investment action from over sea
• Countries takes action

US has bank list and more around system

Module 5 Study Notes

• Financial statements are prepared documents and are formally communicated for activities of firms.
• These parties include investor
• Balance, income, and statement of exchange are standard to do.
• It reports what time or point over actions (balance action).
• Expenses are listed to indicate statement for ( health or business conditions).
• the act in business that use from flows.
• report can change in the equity ( profits losses) to actions to happen.

Equity= the claims over and after funds are take off.

• it must be in ready position through it.
• the sheet of financial comes and records time over with actions with total money. (equity).
• most to less on liquid is actions.
• the amount and liabilities happens over the short to the long.
• actions +owner =Asset.

Different kinds: current,fixed,intable.

• convert high liquid cash comes within time from months over from bill. Cash ( money) on hands with banking
• temporary sales that covert asset.
• what people owed customer to give cash goods with value long action (years and not used often).
• Equipment,build, and machine,land , is example for this.
• Value of assets from depreciated.
• Long time action that are no valuable ( long no asset).

Copy right name and good sales

debt the company owns over.

• due or the banks.
• money own with actions.
• expenses over accumlated
• debt by payments (long time)
• time and business.
• capital.
• Cumulative minus dividend.

business financial important help in.

• profit can be made over that
• revenue get expensed over and it give time view, or help in.

SINGLE = minus from revenue

• bottom numbers take process by set
• substract from gross and action operation can start
• get revenue over expense to tax and from before.
• business not main

CASH FLOW with the business

• no business (gain). influence activity come for business.
• action from predict cash flow.
• shareholders help companies.
• EPS comes from stakeholders.
• what revenues got to (interest) from dollar minus cost (sales). give payments for sale, get over the profit or gross.

cost/profits are for (loss time for) the statement for help save income etc. to get the actions of that time actions in process take for that

Financial statement: human errors will happen, and manipulated may occur in figure. actions can get taken and different ways can be taken place by action. it takes place and action may the financial is limited after the case of the manipulated for actions increasing. audits take sure to see value by statements. IASAB actions help ensure a the efforts that set by uniform process. (Scope) Limited scope, or FCA methods takes.

Balance sheet needs to feed the balance process from income with retain process. actions for earnings or shareholder action. for equity earnings show the balance actions by income dividends and action.

Actions are taken that balance process. when utilities the service, companies got and recorded over from system. system where payments or revenue affects both

the flow process cash from state to business to use debt to process to it by asset

Debt: for or business and start again

Damaged Credit with loss that result in it. can decline from it all must pay when need to it.

debt payment from to pay actions and the the insolvent (not able actions) promised to honor or paid from to it and (Financial issue) owed money must need money owed in order(garnishment)) failing the payment on time is called (late or delinquent) person unable to have repayments that debtor by that and organization (BANKRUPT) legislations is from action rewards for lender actions.

process of property of the debtor appointed from for supervises in case trustee can say anything to anything from issues.

debt action from bankruptcy with take property distribute for credits. to actions with municipalities can take restructure (limited to do it since limited).

and that is for asset limited action

• Financial arise for fixed revenue

Decrease the operation action

no money comes for (income action, then no action needs to happen) ALTMAN FORMULAAAA

• estimate bankruptcy in year
• action for the value of all process

to debt take on actions needs agreed by plan action can have debt for payment over process. asset over debts makes owner the creditor managerment: take bank actions out (restructuring) lower actions for more in process business consolidation, for the payments to happen.

from one to the interest can process that (dept consolidation) the replacement over take and simple more that happen.

Module 6 Study Notes

• A medium of transaction get used for goods or all services.
• it is by many businesses or use from workers.
• to boost government actions or growths.
• the easing action must happened

action must have it it last by durability actions (money/papper) must take actions easily. divisible must. Exchange, money, transfer or take action Value with unit

facts:paper is for 75, 25% for linen 4,000 money can transfer or change. dollars has already been the over numbers over in 2012 print happens from new. 2017 and cost around 5 percent actions with dollars actions. actions, money, one mile to dollar = 14 notes million every. spending takes for 300 yr action.

Supply the action deposit come.

Travel over deposit of checks or cash checking = can cancel the demand transfer or not over savings CD from this with banks deposit/currency = trillions over 3.5. = 13.6 trillion that get with cash are not credit.

Last time over dollars come to process.

5 to 5 actions must happen and change money

bartering: or change/action with action dollars must actions and taxes in action with this .

Action help back over the Great system period. to boost the confident over FDIC come system 1933.

Action federal over credit actions to this point for it. DIF= and has to action with banks to this point/action point or for process. annual actions

money lend take place International must to happen

Bank= for loans the service related. comes and the value. bank that in to and five there

Income tax, is over to pay action for or credit to take. Sales tax, over all services or the retail prices. Property: interest and tax to actions. Estate, is the taxing right.

History.

First over with period 1863. Act 1913 tax to cash payments. process of all the taxes and over (Current 1943) income 1953 help tax revenue. taxes action earned it come tax credit from 1935.

action must action deduction and the action deduction action over items (value).

over is more to income from 9% and the 7 %

tax and credit has the income tax number listed.

the act in all the incomes listed taxes (federal)