Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the significance of identifying the anatomical details of teeth in a clinical setting?
What is the significance of identifying the anatomical details of teeth in a clinical setting?
- It is only important for aesthetic purposes.
- It is not relevant to patient management.
- It allows for better management of oral health. (correct)
- It helps in diagnosing systemic diseases.
What is the correct order of tooth notation in the upper right quadrant (URQ) for permanent teeth?
What is the correct order of tooth notation in the upper right quadrant (URQ) for permanent teeth?
- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 7
- 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 1, 2
- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
- 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 (correct)
Which term refers to the pits or hollows found on the tooth surface?
Which term refers to the pits or hollows found on the tooth surface?
- Incisal edge
- Fossa (correct)
- Groove
- Cusp
What anatomical feature extends from the pulp chamber beneath the cusps of the tooth?
What anatomical feature extends from the pulp chamber beneath the cusps of the tooth?
Which anatomical feature can be found on the occlusal, buccal, palatal, lingual surfaces and even on roots?
Which anatomical feature can be found on the occlusal, buccal, palatal, lingual surfaces and even on roots?
What is the role of the mesial slope of a cusp?
What is the role of the mesial slope of a cusp?
Which of the following is true about the permanent incisors and canines?
Which of the following is true about the permanent incisors and canines?
Which notation system is used to identify the positions of permanent dentition?
Which notation system is used to identify the positions of permanent dentition?
Which cusp of the lower first molar is the largest?
Which cusp of the lower first molar is the largest?
What is the overall crown shape of the lower first molar when viewed occlusally?
What is the overall crown shape of the lower first molar when viewed occlusally?
Which cusp of the lower first molar is the smallest?
Which cusp of the lower first molar is the smallest?
What feature differentiates the mesial and distal walls of the lower first molar?
What feature differentiates the mesial and distal walls of the lower first molar?
How many roots does the lower first molar typically have?
How many roots does the lower first molar typically have?
What is the chronology for the crown completion of the lower second molar?
What is the chronology for the crown completion of the lower second molar?
Which of the following statements is true about the lower first molar's developmental grooves?
Which of the following statements is true about the lower first molar's developmental grooves?
Which cusp is the largest on the upper first molar?
Which cusp is the largest on the upper first molar?
At what age does root completion for the lower second molar typically occur?
At what age does root completion for the lower second molar typically occur?
What is the function of the oblique ridge on the upper first molar?
What is the function of the oblique ridge on the upper first molar?
Which cusp is typically the smallest on the upper first molar?
Which cusp is typically the smallest on the upper first molar?
What shape describes the crown of the upper first molar?
What shape describes the crown of the upper first molar?
What feature may sometimes be present on the mesio-palatal cusp of the upper first molar?
What feature may sometimes be present on the mesio-palatal cusp of the upper first molar?
Which groove runs from the occlusal to palatal surfaces, separating the disto-palatal cusp?
Which groove runs from the occlusal to palatal surfaces, separating the disto-palatal cusp?
How many roots does the upper first molar possess?
How many roots does the upper first molar possess?
Which wall on the upper first molar is more curved?
Which wall on the upper first molar is more curved?
What is the age range for the eruption of the upper central incisors?
What is the age range for the eruption of the upper central incisors?
What is the primary feature of the mesio-incisal angle of the upper central incisor?
What is the primary feature of the mesio-incisal angle of the upper central incisor?
At what age does root completion typically occur for upper central incisors?
At what age does root completion typically occur for upper central incisors?
Which surface of the upper lateral incisor is more pronounced with marginal ridges?
Which surface of the upper lateral incisor is more pronounced with marginal ridges?
How is the crown of the upper lateral incisor compared to the upper central incisor?
How is the crown of the upper lateral incisor compared to the upper central incisor?
What characteristic describes the palatal surface of the upper canine?
What characteristic describes the palatal surface of the upper canine?
What is a notable feature of the distal slope of the upper canine's cusp compared to the mesial slope?
What is a notable feature of the distal slope of the upper canine's cusp compared to the mesial slope?
Which feature of the upper central incisor is characterized by a hollow structure above the cingulum?
Which feature of the upper central incisor is characterized by a hollow structure above the cingulum?
What is the typical time range for initial calcification of the upper canine?
What is the typical time range for initial calcification of the upper canine?
What is the shape of the upper central incisor's root?
What is the shape of the upper central incisor's root?
What is the characteristic feature of the upper lateral incisor's root canal?
What is the characteristic feature of the upper lateral incisor's root canal?
What is the overall occlusal shape of the lower second molar?
What is the overall occlusal shape of the lower second molar?
Which cusp is higher in the lower second molar?
Which cusp is higher in the lower second molar?
What age do the upper lateral incisors typically erupt?
What age do the upper lateral incisors typically erupt?
How many roots are typically present in the lower second molar?
How many roots are typically present in the lower second molar?
Which description best fits the cingulum of the upper canine?
Which description best fits the cingulum of the upper canine?
What describes the distal root of the lower second molar?
What describes the distal root of the lower second molar?
What is a notable feature of the buccal view of the lower second molar?
What is a notable feature of the buccal view of the lower second molar?
What indicates the variability in the mandibular third molar?
What indicates the variability in the mandibular third molar?
At what age does the crown of the mandibular third molar typically complete?
At what age does the crown of the mandibular third molar typically complete?
What feature describes the buccal wall of the mandibular third molar?
What feature describes the buccal wall of the mandibular third molar?
Which cusp on the upper first molar is typically the largest?
Which cusp on the upper first molar is typically the largest?
What is the shape of the crown of the upper first molar when viewed occlusally?
What is the shape of the crown of the upper first molar when viewed occlusally?
Which ridge runs from the disto-buccal cusp to the mesio-palatal cusp on the upper first molar?
Which ridge runs from the disto-buccal cusp to the mesio-palatal cusp on the upper first molar?
How many roots does the upper first molar have?
How many roots does the upper first molar have?
Where do the tips of the palatal cusp lie compared to the buccal cusp tips on the upper first molar?
Where do the tips of the palatal cusp lie compared to the buccal cusp tips on the upper first molar?
What notable feature may be present on the mesio-palatal cusp of the upper first molar?
What notable feature may be present on the mesio-palatal cusp of the upper first molar?
What separates the occlusal surface into two distinct areas in the upper first molar?
What separates the occlusal surface into two distinct areas in the upper first molar?
Which groove runs from the occlusal to the palatal surfaces and separates off the disto-palatal cusp?
Which groove runs from the occlusal to the palatal surfaces and separates off the disto-palatal cusp?
How many cusps does the upper second molar typically have?
How many cusps does the upper second molar typically have?
What is the typical eruption age for the upper second molar?
What is the typical eruption age for the upper second molar?
Which root configuration is commonly found in the upper third molar?
Which root configuration is commonly found in the upper third molar?
What is the typical initial calcification age for the lower first molar?
What is the typical initial calcification age for the lower first molar?
What is the occlusal shape of the upper third molar?
What is the occlusal shape of the upper third molar?
At what age does root completion generally occur for the upper second molar?
At what age does root completion generally occur for the upper second molar?
How does the shape of the upper second molar's occlusal surface change compared to the upper first molar?
How does the shape of the upper second molar's occlusal surface change compared to the upper first molar?
What is the number of root canals typically present in the lower first molar?
What is the number of root canals typically present in the lower first molar?
Which cusp of the lower first molar is larger than the disto-buccal cusp?
Which cusp of the lower first molar is larger than the disto-buccal cusp?
What is the shape of the lower first molar's crown when viewed occlusally?
What is the shape of the lower first molar's crown when viewed occlusally?
Which developmental groove is deeper and longer on the lower first molar?
Which developmental groove is deeper and longer on the lower first molar?
Which root of the lower first molar is wider and often has a marked central groove?
Which root of the lower first molar is wider and often has a marked central groove?
In the lower second molar, how many cusps are typically present?
In the lower second molar, how many cusps are typically present?
Which cusp is the smallest on the lower first molar?
Which cusp is the smallest on the lower first molar?
How many roots does the lower second molar typically have?
How many roots does the lower second molar typically have?
What is the eruption age range for the lower second molar?
What is the eruption age range for the lower second molar?
Which cusp of the lower second molar is typically higher than the disto-buccal cusp?
Which cusp of the lower second molar is typically higher than the disto-buccal cusp?
What features characterize the mesial root of the lower second molar?
What features characterize the mesial root of the lower second molar?
How many roots can be typically observed in the lower second molar?
How many roots can be typically observed in the lower second molar?
What is a notable feature of the buccal surface of the lower second molar?
What is a notable feature of the buccal surface of the lower second molar?
In the mandibular third molar, how many cusps can typically be observed?
In the mandibular third molar, how many cusps can typically be observed?
At what age does root completion for the mandibular third molar typically occur?
At what age does root completion for the mandibular third molar typically occur?
Which anatomical feature is indicative of the buccal wall of the mandibular third molar?
Which anatomical feature is indicative of the buccal wall of the mandibular third molar?
At what age does the eruption of the lower central incisor typically occur?
At what age does the eruption of the lower central incisor typically occur?
Which feature describes the crown shape of the lower lateral incisor when viewed from the labial?
Which feature describes the crown shape of the lower lateral incisor when viewed from the labial?
What age range is typically associated with crown completion of the lower canine?
What age range is typically associated with crown completion of the lower canine?
What distinguishes the mesial side of the lower lateral incisor from the distal side?
What distinguishes the mesial side of the lower lateral incisor from the distal side?
Which of the following describes the chronological sequence for root completion of the upper first premolar?
Which of the following describes the chronological sequence for root completion of the upper first premolar?
What is a main characteristic of the buccal cusp of the upper first premolar?
What is a main characteristic of the buccal cusp of the upper first premolar?
How many root canals are typically present in the lower first premolar?
How many root canals are typically present in the lower first premolar?
What term describes the alignment of the cingulum on the lower canine?
What term describes the alignment of the cingulum on the lower canine?
Which tooth tends to have a development groove between its cusps?
Which tooth tends to have a development groove between its cusps?
What age range signifies the typical timeline for eruption of the lower second premolar?
What age range signifies the typical timeline for eruption of the lower second premolar?
What feature is commonly observed on the incisive edges of lower central incisors after eruption?
What feature is commonly observed on the incisive edges of lower central incisors after eruption?
What is the typical shape of the crown of the lower second premolar when viewed from the occlusal?
What is the typical shape of the crown of the lower second premolar when viewed from the occlusal?
At what age does the typical initial calcification for the lower first premolar occur?
At what age does the typical initial calcification for the lower first premolar occur?
What is the chronology for the eruption of the upper central incisors?
What is the chronology for the eruption of the upper central incisors?
What distinct feature is found on the palatal surface of the upper canine?
What distinct feature is found on the palatal surface of the upper canine?
What characteristic uniquely describes the disto-incisal angle of the upper central incisor?
What characteristic uniquely describes the disto-incisal angle of the upper central incisor?
At what age does root completion typically occur for the upper lateral incisors?
At what age does root completion typically occur for the upper lateral incisors?
Which anatomical feature is characteristic of the upper central incisor's crown?
Which anatomical feature is characteristic of the upper central incisor's crown?
What is the primary shape of the upper lateral incisor compared to the upper central incisor?
What is the primary shape of the upper lateral incisor compared to the upper central incisor?
What structure is present above the cingulum in the upper central incisor?
What structure is present above the cingulum in the upper central incisor?
Which statement describes the root canal of the upper canine?
Which statement describes the root canal of the upper canine?
What is the characteristic of the mesial slope of the upper canine's cusp?
What is the characteristic of the mesial slope of the upper canine's cusp?
At what age does initial calcification of the upper canine begin?
At what age does initial calcification of the upper canine begin?
Which of the following is a notable feature of the upper lateral incisor's palatal view?
Which of the following is a notable feature of the upper lateral incisor's palatal view?
What is the primary feature of the crown enamel margin of the upper central incisor?
What is the primary feature of the crown enamel margin of the upper central incisor?
What is true about the root of the upper lateral incisors?
What is true about the root of the upper lateral incisors?
How do the marginal ridges of the upper canine compare to those of the upper central incisor?
How do the marginal ridges of the upper canine compare to those of the upper central incisor?
Flashcards
Permanent Teeth Notation
Permanent Teeth Notation
A system for identifying specific teeth in the upper and lower jaws using numbers from 1 to 8 on each quadrant (URQ, ULQ, LRQ, LLQ).
Upper Central Incisor (11/21)
Upper Central Incisor (11/21)
A tooth with a large, smooth labial surface, a sharp mesio-incisal angle, a rounded disto-incisal angle, and a concave palatal surface.
Upper Lateral Incisor (12/22)
Upper Lateral Incisor (12/22)
A tooth similar to the central incisor, but smaller and narrower cervically.
Upper Canine (13/23)
Upper Canine (13/23)
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Cusps (Teeth)
Cusps (Teeth)
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Pulp (Teeth)
Pulp (Teeth)
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Pulp Horns (Teeth)
Pulp Horns (Teeth)
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Fossae (Teeth)
Fossae (Teeth)
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Developmental Grooves (Teeth)
Developmental Grooves (Teeth)
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Lower Central Incisor (31/41)
Lower Central Incisor (31/41)
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Lower Lateral Incisor (32/42)
Lower Lateral Incisor (32/42)
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Lower Canine (33/43)
Lower Canine (33/43)
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Upper First Premolar (14/24)
Upper First Premolar (14/24)
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Upper Second Premolar (15/25)
Upper Second Premolar (15/25)
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Upper First Molar (16/26)
Upper First Molar (16/26)
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Lower First Molar (36/46)
Lower First Molar (36/46)
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Lower Second Molar (37/47)
Lower Second Molar (37/47)
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Third Molar (Mandibular)
Third Molar (Mandibular)
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Mamelons
Mamelons
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Cingulum
Cingulum
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Cingulum Pit
Cingulum Pit
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Mesial Marginal Ridge
Mesial Marginal Ridge
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Distal Marginal Ridge
Distal Marginal Ridge
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Cervical Undulation
Cervical Undulation
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Root Canal
Root Canal
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Pulp Horns
Pulp Horns
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Distal Root Groove
Distal Root Groove
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Mesial Root Groove
Mesial Root Groove
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Fossa
Fossa
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Lower Central Incisor
Lower Central Incisor
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Lower Lateral Incisor
Lower Lateral Incisor
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Lower Canine
Lower Canine
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Upper First Premolar
Upper First Premolar
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Upper Second Premolar
Upper Second Premolar
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Lower First Premolar
Lower First Premolar
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Lower Second Premolar
Lower Second Premolar
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Upper First Molar
Upper First Molar
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Marginal Ridge
Marginal Ridge
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Upper First Molar Cusp
Upper First Molar Cusp
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Upper First Molar Shape
Upper First Molar Shape
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Oblique Ridge
Oblique Ridge
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Central Groove
Central Groove
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Palatal Wall
Palatal Wall
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Upper First Molar Roots
Upper First Molar Roots
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Cusp of Carabelli
Cusp of Carabelli
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Distal Groove (Upper First Molar)
Distal Groove (Upper First Molar)
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Lower First Molar Cusp Size
Lower First Molar Cusp Size
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Lower First Molar Distal Cusp
Lower First Molar Distal Cusp
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Lower First Molar Occlusion
Lower First Molar Occlusion
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Lower First Molar Root Canals
Lower First Molar Root Canals
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Lower First Molar Mesial Root
Lower First Molar Mesial Root
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Lower Second Molar Cusps
Lower Second Molar Cusps
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Disto-buccal
Disto-buccal
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Distal View
Distal View
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How many cusps and roots does the upper second molar have?
How many cusps and roots does the upper second molar have?
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Upper Second Molar Occlusal Shape
Upper Second Molar Occlusal Shape
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Upper Second Molar Fissure Pattern
Upper Second Molar Fissure Pattern
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Upper Third Molar
Upper Third Molar
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How many roots and canals does the upper third molar have?
How many roots and canals does the upper third molar have?
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Mesial Root (Lower Second Molar)
Mesial Root (Lower Second Molar)
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Distal Root (Lower Second Molar)
Distal Root (Lower Second Molar)
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Lower Second Molar Root Canals
Lower Second Molar Root Canals
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Mandibular Third Molar (Wisdom Tooth) Variations
Mandibular Third Molar (Wisdom Tooth) Variations
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Distal Inclination (Wisdom Tooth)
Distal Inclination (Wisdom Tooth)
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Buccal Wall (Wisdom Tooth)
Buccal Wall (Wisdom Tooth)
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Roots of Wisdom Teeth
Roots of Wisdom Teeth
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Study Notes
Permanent Dentition Tooth Morphology
-
Permanent Teeth Notation:
- 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
- 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
- URQ refers to upper right quadrant
- ULQ refers to upper left quadrant
- LRQ refers to lower right quadrant
- LLQ refers to lower left quadrant
-
Tooth Anatomy:
- Cusps:
- Found on the biting surface
- Each cusp has a cusp tip, a mesial slope, a distal slope, and cusp inclines
- Developmental Grooves:
- Found on all surfaces of the tooth
- Formed during tooth development
- Fossae:
- Pits or hollows on the tooth surface
- Often associated with grooves
- May be enclosed by ridges
- Pulp:
- Pulp chamber: Within crown of tooth
- Root Canals: Extensions of the pulp within the roots
- Pulp Horns: Extensions of the pulp chamber that extend under cusps
- Cusps:
Upper Permanent Incisors and Canines
- Upper Central Incisors (11; 21)
- Chronology:
- Initial calcification: 3-4 months after birth
- Crown Completion: 4-5 years
- Eruption: 7-8 years
- Root Completion: 10 years
- Labial View:
- Large crown
- Smooth, slightly convex labial surface
- Mesio-incisal angle is sharp
- Disto-incisal angle is rounded
- Mamelons often present when newly erupted
- Palatal View:
- Concave palatal surface
- Mesial and distal marginal ridges
- Cingulum located in the center of the palatal surface
- Cingulum pit above the cingulum
- Mesial View:
- Crown enamel margin undulates mesially and distally
- One tapering root
- One root canal with 2 pulp horns, mesial and distal
- Chronology:
- Upper Lateral Incisors (12; 22)
- Chronology:
- Initial Calcification: 10-12 months after birth
- Crown Completion: 4-5 years
- Eruption: 8-9 years
- Root Completion: 11 years
- Labial View:
- Smaller than the central incisor
- Narrower cervically (gingivally) than incisally
- Pronounced rounding of the distal-incisal angle
- Palatal View:
- Pronounced mesial and distal marginal ridges
- Palatal cingulum with a more marked cingulum pit than the central incisor
- Mesial View:
- Cervical undulation mesially and distally
- One tapering root
- One root canal with 2 pulp horns, one mesial and one distal
- Chronology:
- Upper Canine (13; 23):
- Chronology:
- Initial Calcification: 4-5 months after birth
- Crown Completion: 6-7 years
- Eruption: 11-12 years
- Root Completion: 13-15 years
- Labial View:
- One cusp incisally
- Convex labial surface
- Distal slope of cusp is longer than the mesial slope
- Distal surface more bulbous than mesial surface
- Palatal View:
- Concave palatal surface
- Pronounced mesial and distal marginal ridges
- Large cingulum with mesial and distal fossae
- Distal View:
- Cervical undulation
- One long, tapering root
- One root canal with no pulp horns
- Distal root groove more prominent than mesial root groove
- Chronology:
Comparison of Upper Incisors and Canines
- Labial View
- Central Incisor: Mesio-incisal angle is sharp, disto-incisal angle is rounded
- Lateral Incisor: Disto-incisal angle is more rounded
- Canine: One cusp incisally, distal slope of cusp is longer than mesial slope
- Palatal View:
- Central Incisor: Cingulum pit is small and may be absent
- Lateral Incisor: More prominent cingulum pit
- Canine: Large cingulum with mesial and distal fossae
Lower Incisors and Canines
- General features:
- 2 buccal cusps of similar size
- Mesio-palatal cusp is the largest
- Disto-palatal cusp is the smallest
- 4 cusps are designated as follows:
- Mesio-buccal (mb)
- Disto-buccal (db)
- Mesio-palatal (mp)
- Disto-palatal (dp)
Lower Central Incisor (31;41)
Labial view
•Flat labial surface
•Fairly symmetrical labial surface
•Distal incisal angle very slightly more rounded than mesial incisal angle
•Mamelons initially present on eruption – quickly worn away
Lingual View
•Concave lingual surface
•Small marginal ridges
•Small cingulum
Mesial View
•Crown is wedge-shaped from the side view
•Cervical undulation
•One root, one root canal and mesial & distal pulp horns
Lower Lateral Incisor (32;42)
Labial view
•Looks more fan shaped than central incisor from the labial
•Mesio-incisal angle is sharp & disto-incisal angle is rounded
•Mesial side slightly longer than distal
Lingual View
•Concave lingual surface
•Small cingulum
•One root with more pronounced distal groove than mesial groove
•One root canal, mesial & distal pulp horns
Lower Canine (33;43)
Labial View
••Less bulky than upper canine & the crown is taller than it is wide
•Convex labial surface, with one cusp which inclines distally
•Mesial slope of cusp shorter than distal slope
•Distal surface more bulbous than mesial
Lingual view
•Lingually there are mesial & distal marginal ridges and a cingulum as in the upper canine, but all less pronounced
•Mesial & distal lingual fossae of which the distal is larger
•One root, one root canal & no pulp horns
Upper Molars
Upper First Premolar (14;24)
buccal view
•2 cusps – one buccal & one palatal
•Buccal cusp is larger
•Mesial slope of buccal cusp is longer than distal slope
•Crown is oval – wider bucco-palatally than mesio-distally
Palatal view
•Palatal cusp is smaller and narrower
•Tip of palatal cusp is displaced mesially when viewed from the palatal side
•One central groove, and 2 fossae inside the marginal ridges
Mesial View
•Mesial root surface has a developmental groove between the 2 cusps
•Canine fossa – hollow concavity on mesial root surface which houses the bulge distally on the canine
Distal View
•2 roots – one buccal & one palatal
•Sometimes the 2 roots are partly fused
•2 root canals (buccal & palatal) and 2 pulp horns
Upper Second Premolar (15;25)
Buccal View
•2 cusps - one buccal & one palatal
•Buccal cusp slightly larger than palatal cusp
•Mesial slope of buccal cusp shorter than distal slope
•Crown is oval – wider bucco-palatally than mesio-distally
Palatal view
•Palatal cusp displaced mesially as in the first premolar
•Single root, flattened mesio-distally
•One or two root canals, and two pulp horns
•Root may bend distally at apex
Distal View
•One central groove, and 2 fossae inside the marginal ridges
•The root often has a more prominent groove distally
Upper First Molar (16;26)
-
Features a prominent and angular crown shape, making it easily identifiable.
-
The occlusal surface exhibits a characteristic "H" pattern formed by the grooves separating the cusps, enhancing its ability to grind food.
-
The mesiobuccal cusp is typically the largest and most prominent, followed by the mesiolingual cusp.
-
The anatomical design accounts for various developmental grooves, such as the central groove and the buccal groove, which can influence the occlusion and natural wear of the tooth.
-
Root canals are often found within the mesiobuccal root, which can present clinical challenges during endodontic treatment due to its curvature and complexity.
-
Upper First Molar (16; 26)
- Palatal View:
- Cusp of Carabelli may be present on the mesio-palatal cusp
- Buccal View:
- Crown is an equilateral rhomboid
- Mesio-distal dimension roughly equal to the bucco-palatal dimension
- Occlusal View:
- Oblique ridge runs from the disto-buccal cusp to the mesio-palatal cusp
- Oblique ridge divides the occlusal surface into 2 parts
- Central groove often is divided into 2 by the oblique ridge
- Palatal groove is present
- Palatal wall is more curved than the buccal wall
- Roots:
- 3 roots:
- Large single palatal root
- Mesio-buccal root
- Disto-buccal root
- Distal cusp displaced onto the distal surface
- 3 roots:
- Palatal View:
Lower Molars
- Lower First Molar (36; 46)
- Buccal View:
- Mesio-buccal cusp is larger than the disto-buccal cusp
- 2 developmental grooves buccally between the cusps, the mesial one is deeper and longer
- Lingual View:
- Mesio-lingual cusp is larger than the disto-lingual cusp
- Cusps interdigitate occlusally, forming a zig-zag central groove
- Overall crown shape viewed occlusally is oval
- Small lingual groove
- Mesial View:
- Buccal wall is curved, and lingual wall is straight
- 2 roots: Mesial and distal
- 3 or 4 root canals, 5 pulp horns
- Wide mesial root with a marked central groove
- Distal View:
- Distal cusp is visible
- Very short marginal ridge to the lingual side of the distal cusp
- Narrower distal root, usually without a groove
- Fossae
- Buccal View:
- Lower Second Molar (37; 47)
- Chronology:
- Initial calcification: 2 ½ - 3 years
- Crown Completion: 7-8 years
- Eruption: 11-13 years
- Root Completion: 14-15 years
- Buccal View:
- 4 cusps: 2 buccal and 2 lingual: mesio-buccal, disto-buccal, mesio-lingual, disto-lingual
- Mesio-buccal cusp is higher than the disto-buccal cusp
- Lingual View:
- Mesio-lingual cusp is higher than disto-lingual cusp
- Overall occlusal shape is rectangular
- Buccal and lingual cusp tips are opposite each other
- Cross-shaped groove pattern
- Mesial View:
- Wider mesially than distally
- 2 roots: Mesial and distal
- Mesial root is wider and often grooved
- Buccal surface is curved, and lingual surface is straighter
- Distal View:
- Distal root is narrower
- 3-4 root canals, 4 pulp horns
- Buccal and lingual grooves
- Fossae
- Chronology:
Mandibular Third Molar (38; 48)
- Chronology:
- Initial calcification: 8-10 years
- Crown Completion: 12-16 years
- Eruption: 17-21 years
- Root Completion: 18-25 years
- General features:
- Very variable size and form
- 4, 5, or 6 cusps
- Roots: Variable number, may be fused, and often have a marked distal inclination
- Buccal View:
- Curved, convex buccal wall
- Mesial View:
- Bulbous crown
- Broader mesial root
- Distal View:
- Narrower distal root
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