Περιβαλλοντική Χημεία - Μέρος 10

Environmental Chemistry - Part 10

• Environmental Chemistry studies the origin, reactions, transport, and final destination of chemicals in air, water, and soil, as well as their effects on human health and the environment.

Recommended Bibliography

• Environmental Chemistry by Colin Baird (2nd edition, ISBN: 0716731533)
• Basic Concepts of Environmental Chemistry by Des W. Connell (2005 edition, ISBN: 1566706769)
• Environmental Chemistry by Meredith E. Newman (January 2005 edition, ISBN: 1566705274)
• Environmental Chemistry by Stanley E. Manahan (8th edition, ISBN: 1566706335)
• Principles of Environmental Chemistry by Roy M. Harrison (2007 edition, ISBN: 0854043713)
• Bioinorganic Chemistry by R. W. Hay (1987 edition, ISBN: 085312200)
• Περιβαλλοντική Χημεία (Environmental Chemistry) (2016 edition, ISBN: 9789605244484)
• Οικολογία - Οικοσυστήματα και Προστασία του Περιβάλλοντος (2014 edition, ISBN: 9789602661215)

Environmental Chemistry I and II

• Environmental Chemistry I covers the chemistry of the atmosphere and air pollution.
• Environmental Chemistry II covers the chemistry of the hydrosphere and water pollution, the lithosphere and soil pollution, and the effects of pollutants on the biosphere.

Structure of the Atmosphere

• The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere, where temperature generally decreases with altitude.
• The stratosphere is the layer above the troposphere, characterized by an increase in temperature with altitude due to ozone formation.
• The mesosphere is the layer above the stratosphere, where temperature decreases with altitude again.
• The thermosphere is the outermost layer, characterized by a significant increase in temperature.

Atmospheric Structure – Details

• In the troposphere, temperature is controlled by the absorption of infrared radiation emitted from Earth's surface by atmospheric gases.
• Vertical temperature gradients in the troposphere (ranging from -5 to -6°C/km) influence the movement and dispersal of air and water vapor, playing a significant role in weather patterns and atmospheric pollution.
• In the stratosphere, the formation of ozone absorbs energetic ultraviolet radiation, resulting in a temperature increase with altitude.

Ozone (O3)

• It's a triatomic molecule of oxygen and a toxic gas, a pale blue gas with a pungent smell.

• Found primarily in the stratosphere (good ozone) and also at ground level (bad ozone), playing a protective role and a harmful one respectively.

• Ozone is formed through photochemical reactions involving oxygen molecules (O2) and UV light.

• Ozone depletion has a critical role in the Earth’s atmosphere because of dangerous UV radiation.

• Human activities are involved in ozone depletion.

Ozone Layer Depletion

• Ozone layer depletion is primarily caused by human-made chemicals, such as CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), halons, and other ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
• These substances break down ozone molecules in the stratosphere, leading to a thinning of the ozone layer and increased UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface.

Water, Pollution, and Solid Waste

• Water pollution
• Air pollution
• Solid waste

Atmospheric Pollution and Environmental Chemistry

• Study of organic and inorganic chemical pollutants
• Toxic substances, bioaccumulation
• Water Toxicology
• Biological molecules in the environment
• Analysis of natural and engineered systems

Other Chemicals/Pollutants

• CO (carbon monoxide)
• CO2 (carbon dioxide)
• SO2 (sulfur dioxide)
• NOx (nitrogen oxides, including NO and NO2)
• CH4 (methane)
• N2O (nitrous oxide)
• CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
• UFPs (ultra fine particles)
• PAN (peroxyacyl nitrates)

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