Psychology condense 6 p-35-42  Peripheral Somatosensation and Muscle Stretch Reflex
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the midline of the cerebellum?

  • Coordinating middle body movement and walking (correct)
  • Processing sensory information
  • Regulating eye movement
  • Coordinating limb movements
  • Which structure is responsible for connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres?

  • Internal capsule
  • Basal ganglia
  • Corpus callosum (correct)
  • Thalamus
  • What important pathways does the internal capsule contain?

  • Pons pathways
  • Sensorimotor pathways
  • Cranial nerve tracts
  • Corticospinal tract (correct)
  • What is the role of the reticular formation located in the brainstem?

    <p>Controlling autonomic functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the basal ganglia?

    <p>Plays a major role in motor functions and cognition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are responsible for detecting pain and temperature?

    <p>Nociceptors (A), Thermoreceptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of mechanoreceptors in terms of their axon structure?

    <p>They have thick myelin sheaths. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do lower motor neurons (LMNs) play in muscle reflexes?

    <p>They control muscle contractions in response to reflexes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of muscle spindles?

    <p>Detecting stretch in muscles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is gray matter located in the spinal cord in comparison to white matter?

    <p>White matter surrounds gray matter. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the knee jerk reflex?

    <p>The upper leg muscles contract while the lower leg muscles relax. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes upper motor neurons (UMNs) from lower motor neurons (LMNs)?

    <p>UMNs regulate LMNs without directly contacting muscles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sensory modality is associated with mechanoreceptors?

    <p>Vibration (C), Position (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the corticospinal tract?

    <p>To carry motor commands from the cerebral cortex to lower motor neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT classified as an upper motor sign?

    <p>Hypotonia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the corticobulbar tract from the corticospinal tract?

    <p>It innervates muscles of the face and neck (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which response is characteristic of the extensor plantar response?

    <p>Toes extend upwards when a stimulus is scraped along the foot (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is considered the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

    <p>Glutamate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sensory information is primarily handled by the second category of somatosensory tracts?

    <p>Pain and temperature sensation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of GABA in the central nervous system?

    <p>Inhibitory neurotransmission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for releasing norepinephrine?

    <p>Locus ceruleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for somatosensory processing?

    <p>Parietal lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lesion involves cooling neurons to stop them from firing?

    <p>Cortical cooling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does injury to one side of the brain typically impact sensory processing?

    <p>It results in damage to the opposite side of the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to observe the structural anatomy of the brain?

    <p>CAT scan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is associated with the coordination of movement and receives position sense information?

    <p>Cerebellum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of excitotoxic lesions on neurons?

    <p>They cause an influx of calcium that excites neurons to death. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters is released by the raphe nuclei?

    <p>Serotonin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes neurochemical lesions from other lesioning techniques?

    <p>They selectively destroy specific neurotransmitter systems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of MEG over EEG?

    <p>Higher resolution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique provides information about blood flow in the brain?

    <p>fMRI (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes monozygotic twins from dizygotic twins?

    <p>They result from a single fertilized egg. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of twin studies in psychology?

    <p>Assessing genetic and environmental contributions to traits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of temperament, how is it different from personality?

    <p>Temperament relates to emotional reactivity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the influence of heredity is accurate?

    <p>Heredity involves the passing of traits through genes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about the environmental influences on identical twins?

    <p>They are always treated with identical care. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred from similar rates of schizophrenia in both monozygotic and dizygotic twins?

    <p>Environmental factors likely play a major role. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of ethology in the study of behavior?

    <p>Observation of overt behaviors in animals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines innate behavioral traits?

    <p>Genetically programmed behaviors encoded by DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do learned behavioral traits differ from innate traits?

    <p>Learned traits are acquired through observation or experience (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes reflex behaviors?

    <p>They occur without interruption upon stimulus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about negative feedback is true?

    <p>It acts to decrease the production of a product (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes complex behaviors from innate and learned behaviors?

    <p>Complex behaviors can evolve from a spectrum of innate to learned responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates a consummate behavior?

    <p>A newborn kitten instinctively kneading with its paws (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is positive feedback typically characterized?

    <p>It enhances or increases the production of a product (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Peripheral Somatosensation

    • Somatosensation includes five main types: position sense, vibration, touch, pain, and temperature.
    • Position, vibration, and touch are mechanoreceptors.
    • Pain is nociceptors.
    • Temperature is thermoreceptors.
    • Mechanoreceptors for position/vibration/touch have large-diameter axons with thick myelin sheaths, making them fast.
    • Other receptors (pain/temperature) have smaller axons, which are slower.

    Muscle Stretch Reflex

    • Reflexes have two parts: afferent (stimulus) and efferent (response).
    • The muscle stretch reflex causes a muscle to contract when it is stretched as a protective response.
    • Example: Knee-jerk response. The hammer hitting the tendon below the knee cap causes the leg to kick out. Muscle spindles are neurons in the muscles that sense stretch. The reflex is an involuntary response.
    • Somatosensory neurons (afferent) in muscle spindles excite motor neurons (efferent) in the spinal cord, and these excite the muscle causing the muscle to contract.

    Gray and White Matter

    • Gray matter contains most of the neuron cell bodies (somas).
    • White matter contains myelinated axons.
    • In the spinal cord, gray matter is located inside and white matter is outside.

    Upper Motor Neurons (UMNs)

    • Control muscles in the limbs and trunk.
    • Cranial nerve LMNs control head and neck muscles.
    • Located in the cerebral cortex and synapse on lower motor neurons (LMNs) in the brainstem or spinal cord.
    • Axons that go to the brainstem form the corticobulbar tract.
    • Axons that go to the spinal cord form the corticospinal tract.

    Upper Motor Signs

    • Hyperreflexia: Increased muscle stretch reflexes without periodic stimulation of LMNs by UMNs, causes hypersensitive LMNs.
    • Clonus: Rhythmic contractions of antagonist muscles, caused by hyperflexia.
    • Hypertonia: Increased muscle tone.
    • Extensor plantar response: A normal response to sole stimulation is flexing the toes. If the toes extend, it is an abnormal sign.

    Somatosensory Tracts

    • Information travels in two big pathways:
      1. Position, vibration, and fine touch
      2. Pain, temperature, and gross touch

    Cerebellum

    • Coordinates movement.
    • Receives position sense information.
    • Sends feedback.
    • Involved in movements of the limbs, arms and legs, speech and eye movements.

    Brainstem

    • Connects parts of the brain together, including cranial nerves.
    • Contains the reticular formation (neuron somas scattered throughout brainstem) playing a major role in autonomic responses such as respiration and digestion.

    Spinal Cord Tracts

    • Cranial nerves are important for motor functions and somatosensory information to/from the brain.
    • Collections of axons connecting the cerebrum and brainstem.
    • Two important tracts are motor (UMNs) and somatosensory.

    Subcortical Cerebrum

    • Deep structures in the cerebrum.
    • Internal capsule: Contains important pathways, including the corticospinal tract.
    • Corpus collosum: Connects right and left cerebral hemispheres.
    • Basal ganglia: Plays a major role in motor functions and cognition/emotion.
    • Thalamus: Receives sensory information and involved in higher brain functions.
    • Hypothalamus: Controls the pituitary gland, which controls other glands in the body.

    Neurotransmitter Anatomy

    • Glutamate: Most common excitatory neurotransmitter.

    Reticular Activating System (RAS)

    • Required for consciousness.
    • Projections of glutamate to the cerebral cortex.
    • GABA and Glycine: Most common inhibitory neurotransmitters.
    • Acetylcholine: Released from basilis and septal nuclei for LMNs and the ANS.
    • Histamine: Released from hypothalamus.
    • Norepinephrine: Released from the locus ceruleus (pons) for ANS.
    • Serotonin: Released from raphe nuclei (midbrain/medulla).
    • Dopamine: Released from VTA and substantia nigra.

    Lesion Studies

    • Deliberately damaging brain areas to observe behavior changes. (Not done with humans)

    Tissue Removal

    • Surgical removal, surgical aspiration (sucking out tissue), or nerve cuts.
    • Radiofrequency lesions: Use of high-frequency current to destroy brain tissue.

    Neurochemical Lesions

    • Excitotoxic lesions: Cause influx of calcium, killing neurons. Example: kainic acid.
    • Oxidopamine: Selectively destroys dopamine and NE neurons.

    Modern Brain Studying Methods

    • EEG
    • MEG
    • fMRI
    • PET scans

    Behavior and Genetics

    • Temperament: Emotional reactivity; sociable; persistent.
    • Heredity: Passing traits from parents/ancestors.
    • Twin Studies: Compare monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins. Identical twins share 100% genetics, dizygotic 50%. Used to determine if traits are due to genes or environment.
    • Nature vs. Nurture: Debate about how significant genetics and environment are in determining traits.

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    Description

    Explore the intricacies of peripheral somatosensation and the muscle stretch reflex in this quiz. Learn about different types of somatosensory receptors and how reflex actions protect the body. Test your understanding of mechanisms involved in sensation and reflex pathways.

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