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Questions and Answers
Which part of the nervous system consists of the nerves and ganglia located outside the brain and spinal cord?
Which part of the nervous system consists of the nerves and ganglia located outside the brain and spinal cord?
- Central Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System (correct)
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Somatic Nervous System
Which cranial nerve is responsible for hearing and equilibrium?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for hearing and equilibrium?
- Vestibulocochlear nerve (correct)
- Facial nerve
- Olfactory nerve
- Glossopharyngeal nerve
Which division of the peripheral nervous system is utilized by the body for the 'flight and fight' response?
Which division of the peripheral nervous system is utilized by the body for the 'flight and fight' response?
- Somatic nervous system
- Sympathetic nervous system (correct)
- Parasympathetic nervous system
- Central nervous system
Which segment of the spinal cord do the sympathetic nerves originate from?
Which segment of the spinal cord do the sympathetic nerves originate from?
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Which system is associated with the 'Feed and Breed' response, also known as 'rest and digest'?
Which system is associated with the 'Feed and Breed' response, also known as 'rest and digest'?
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Which cranial nerves are part of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which cranial nerves are part of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Study Notes
Peripheral Nervous System
- Consists of nerves and ganglia located outside the brain and spinal cord
- Divided into two groups: Cranial Nerves (CN) and Spinal Nerves (SN)
Cranial Nerves (12 pairs)
- CN I: Olfactory, sensory, responsible for smell
- CN II: Optic, sensory, responsible for vision
- CN III: Occulomotor, motor, responsible for muscle of the eye
- CN IV: Trochlear, motor, responsible for superior oblique
- CN V: Trigeminal, mixed, responsible for face and mouth, mastication
- CN VI: Abducens, motor, responsible for lateral rectus
- CN VII: Facial, mixed, responsible for facial expression, lacrimal and salivary glands
- CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear, sensory, responsible for equilibrium and hearing
- CN IX: Glossopharyngeal, mixed, responsible for throat, swallowing
- CN X: Vagus, mixed, responsible for internal organs
- CN XI: Accessory, motor, responsible for head, neck, shoulders
- CN XII: Hypoglossal, motor, responsible for tongue
Spinal Nerves (31 pairs)
- Divided into: Cervical (8), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacral (5), Coccyx (1 fused vertebra)
Autonomic Nervous System
- Composed of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic systems
Sympathetic Nervous System
- Originates from T1-L2/L3 segments of the spinal cord (thoracolumbar)
- Utilized by the body for "Flight or Fight" response
Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Also known as the Cholinergic system
- Also known as the vegetative system
- Responsible for "Feed and Breed" (rest and digest)
- Cranial nerves involved: 3, 7, 9, 10 and S2-S4
- Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine
Sympathetic Response vs Parasympathetic Response
- Heart Rate: ↑ (Sympathetic), ↓ (Parasympathetic)
- Respiration Rate: ↑ (Sympathetic), ↓ (Parasympathetic)
- Blood Pressure: ↑ (Sympathetic), ↓ (Parasympathetic)
- Visual Acuity: ↑ (Sympathetic, pupillary dilation), ↓ (Parasympathetic, pupillary constriction)
- Sphincters: contracted (Sympathetic), relaxed (Parasympathetic)
- Vascular Response: Vasoconstriction (Sympathetic), Vasodilation (Parasympathetic)
- Metabolism: ↑ (Sympathetic, glucose and fatty acids), ↓ (Parasympathetic, glucose and fatty acids)
- Peristalsis: ↓ (Sympathetic), ↑ (Parasympathetic)
- Salivary Secretion: ↓ (Sympathetic), ↑ (Parasympathetic)
- Ejaculation/Erection: Ejaculation (Sympathetic), Erection (Parasympathetic)
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