Life Sciences Term 2 Test
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Questions and Answers

What symbols are typically used to represent individuals expressing a particular trait in pedigree diagrams?

  • Hexagons
  • Triangles
  • Squares (correct)
  • Stars

    • In pedigree diagrams, what do shaded symbols usually indicate?

  • Individuals without the trait
  • Females
  • Individuals expressing a particular trait (correct)
  • Males

    • How are males represented in pedigree diagrams?

  • Triangles
  • Circles
  • Squares (correct)
  • Stars

    • What convention helps to quickly identify the sex of individuals in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Connecting lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are males more frequently affected by a sex-linked recessive trait in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Males have only one X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of inheritance, which of the following correctly describes the genotype of a color-blind female?

    <p>XbXb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the blood type of an individual with the genotype IAIB?

    <p>Blood type AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept explains how alleles of different genes separate independently during gamete formation?

    <p>Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In paternity testing, why are blood groups not considered conclusive evidence for establishing paternity?

    <p>They are commonly shared among the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected phenotype of offspring if two pea plants with genotypes TtPp are crossed in a dihybrid cross?

    <p>Offspring will have varying phenotypes based on independent assortment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Males have only one copy of the X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason males with the Xh allele will manifest haemophilia?

    <p>They lack a second X chromosome for a protective dominant allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can females be carriers of haemophilia without showing any symptoms?

    <p>By inheriting a normal allele on their second X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of red-green color blindness?

    <p>Lack of proteins that make up the red or green cones in the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do males exhibit red-green color blindness more frequently than females?

    <p>Males have only one X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary control center for processing and transmitting information throughout the body?

    <p>Brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system of the nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions?

    <p>Sympathetic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do receptors do in the nervous system?

    <p>Detect stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is impulse defined in the context of the nervous system?

    <p>Electrical signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which components are responsible for transmitting impulses between neurons?

    <p>Synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of DNA is non-coding and does not affect the cell's structure or functioning?

    <p>98.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutations alter DNA responsible for producing specific proteins, leading to changes in the organism's physical appearance or functioning?

    <p>Harmful Mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic disorder is caused by a gene mutation leading to the production of faulty haemoglobin molecules?

    <p>Sickle Cell Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does biotechnology involve using for human needs or purposes?

    <p>Living organisms or their processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can stem cells be derived from for medical treatments?

    <p>Various sources including bone marrow, embryonic stem cells, and umbilical cord blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for controlling voluntary actions like walking and writing?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the central nervous system controls involuntary actions like heartbeat and breathing?

    <p>Medulla Oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the corpus callosum in the brain?

    <p>Connecting the left and right brain hemispheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain acts as a control center for autonomic functions such as hunger and sleep?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the spinal cord in the central nervous system?

    <p>Transmitting sensory information from the body to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a reflex action?

    <p>To protect the body from harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a reflex arc converts a stimulus into an impulse?

    <p>Receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In multiple sclerosis (MS), what does the immune system primarily attack?

    <p>Myelin sheath covering neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Memory loss and progressive brain cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the role of synapses significant in the reflex arc?

    <p>To ensure the direction and speed of the nerve impulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nervous system branch prepares the body for 'fight or flight' situations?

    <p>Sympathetic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sensory neurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Transmit impulses towards the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a neuron covers the axon, speeds up electrical impulse transmission, and provides insulation?

    <p>Myelin Sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of motor neurons?

    <p>Responding to stimuli by transmitting impulses to effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the autonomic nervous system, which branch restores the body to a normal state after an emergency has passed?

    <p>Parasympathetic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Males have only one X chromosome, making them more susceptible to X-linked disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of haemophilia in males according to sex-linked inheritance?

    <p>Inheritance of a recessive allele on the X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do females show symptoms of haemophilia only when they inherit two Xh alleles?

    <p>Recessive alleles on both X chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes red-green color blindness, a sex-linked disorder?

    <p>Deficiency in proteins for red cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are males more susceptible to expressing color-blindness compared to females?

    <p>Having only one X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutations do not affect the cell's structure or functioning because they do not involve protein production?

    <p>Non-coding mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic disorder is caused by a gene mutation resulting in the production of faulty haemoglobin molecules?

    <p>Sickle cell anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do shaded symbols typically represent in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Individuals expressing a particular trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetic engineering, what is the primary focus when modifying the genetic makeup of an organism?

    <p>Introducing specific traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a sex-linked trait like color blindness usually represented in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>By using special symbols or shading patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which source of stem cells raises ethical concerns but has significant potential in medical treatments?

    <p>Embryonic stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pedigree diagram, what does a horizontal line connecting a square and a circle represent?

    <p>Mating between two individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of step 2 in analyzing pedigree diagrams?

    <p>To assign probable genotypes to individuals based on their phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during a chromosomal aberration like Down syndrome?

    <p>Non-disjunction during meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are males more frequently affected by sex-linked recessive traits in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Because they only have one X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary control center for processing and transmitting information throughout the body?

    <p>Central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are blood groups not considered conclusive evidence for establishing paternity?

    <p>Many men may share the same blood group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the more reliable method for establishing paternity between DNA profiling and blood grouping?

    <p>DNA profiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do effectors do in the nervous system?

    <p>Respond to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dihybrid cross involving two pea plants with genotypes TtPp, what is the probability of producing an offspring with the genotype TTPP?

    <p>0%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type can result from the genetic combination of two parents with genotypes IAi and IBi?

    <p>Blood type O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the O blood type less likely to be expressed compared to blood types A, B, or AB?

    <p>Because it requires the presence of both recessive alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic basis for a female being color-blind?

    <p>Having two color-blind alleles (XbXb)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic concept explains why males are more commonly affected by sex-linked recessive traits compared to females?

    <p>Presence of only one X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a reflex arc?

    <p>To provide a rapid and automatic response to a stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of synapses in the reflex arc?

    <p>They allow for directing nerve impulses through correct pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a reflex arc converts a stimulus into an impulse?

    <p>Receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Brain cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of grey matter in the central nervous system?

    <p>Consisting of cell bodies and dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does multiple sclerosis (MS) primarily affect neurons?

    <p>By attacking their myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements and maintaining balance?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hypothalamus in the brain?

    <p>Maintaining homeostasis with functions like hunger and emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sensory (afferent) neurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Detecting stimuli and transmitting impulses to the spinal cord and brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main responsibility of the spinal cord in the central nervous system?

    <p>Transmitting sensory information to the brain and motor commands from the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

    <p>Restores the body to a normal state after an emergency has passed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nervous system branch is responsible for preparing the body for 'fight or flight' situations?

    <p>Sympathetic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Link sensory neurons to motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a neuron is responsible for receiving signals from other neurons and transmitting them towards the cell body?

    <p>Dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Myelin Sheath in a neuron?

    <p>Provides insulation and speeds up electrical impulse transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the O blood type considered a recessive trait in humans?

    <p>It is expressed only when an individual lacks both IA and IB alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demonstrates the concept of co-dominance in blood type inheritance?

    <p>Genotypes IAIB resulting in Blood type AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dihybrid cross involving plant height and flower color, what happens if the genes are located on the same chromosome?

    <p>The characteristics will not be inherited independently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the genotype for blood type B differ from that of blood type O?

    <p>Lack of both IA and IB alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic basis for the AB blood type in humans?

    <p>Co-dominance between two different alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Because males have only one X chromosome, making any affected gene on the X chromosome more likely to be expressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation does not affect the cell's structure or functioning because it does not involve protein production?

    <p>Harmless mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a female is a carrier for haemophilia (XHXh) and has a daughter with a male who has no history of haemophilia?

    <p>All daughters will be carriers for haemophilia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of genetic engineering in creating GMOs?

    <p>Increase food security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the presence of a Y chromosome in males affect the expression of sex-linked traits?

    <p>The Y chromosome carries genes that suppress the expression of X-linked traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are stem cells unique based on their ability?

    <p>To develop into different body cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are females less likely to manifest haemophilia compared to males?

    <p>Females have two X chromosomes, providing a backup normal allele to compensate for the mutated allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic disorder results from a gene mutation causing the production of faulty haemoglobin molecules?

    <p>Sickle Cell Anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario would a female manifest haemophilia?

    <p>If she inherits two Xh alleles (XhXh).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of cell division can chromosomal aberrations like Down syndrome occur?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of genetic lineages or pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Tracing inheritance of characteristics over generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pedigree diagrams, what do shaded symbols typically represent?

    <p>Individuals expressing a particular trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one determine if a trait is likely dominant in a lineage from a pedigree diagram?

    <p>If the trait shows up in every generation, it is likely dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a vertical line leading downwards to other symbols represent in a pedigree diagram?

    <p>The birth of new offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are special symbols or shading patterns used in sex-linked traits on pedigree diagrams?

    <p>To differentiate between affected males and females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in the body?

    <p>Maintaining body homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain transmits nerve impulses between the spinal cord and the brain?

    <p>Medulla Oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of sensory (afferent) neurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Detect stimuli and transmit to spinal cord and brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nervous system branch is responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements?

    <p>Somatic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the corpus callosum in the brain?

    <p>Facilitating communication between brain hemispheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the technique used in cloning that involves inserting the nucleus from a donor's body cell into an egg cell?

    <p>Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the nervous system is responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions?

    <p>Autonomic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In paternity testing, why is DNA profiling considered more reliable evidence than blood grouping?

    <p>Many individuals can share the same blood group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major concern raised regarding genetic engineering based on the text?

    <p>Potential harm to ecosystems and human health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nervous system branch prepares the body for 'fight or flight' situations?

    <p>Sympathetic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

    <p>Restores the body to a normal state after an emergency has passed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neuron carries impulses towards the central nervous system?

    <p>Sensory (Afferent) Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Adrenaline play in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Increases heart rate and dilates blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a neuron speeds up the transmission of electrical impulses and provides insulation?

    <p>Myelin Sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Sensory (Afferent) Neurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Sense stimuli and transmit impulses towards the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the interneuron in a reflex arc?

    <p>Carrying the impulse from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a reflex action considered an essential function for protecting the body?

    <p>To provide a quick and automatic response to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the reflex arc ensures that nerve impulses follow the correct pathway?

    <p>Synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Alzheimer's disease primarily affect individuals?

    <p>By inducing progressive brain cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes multiple sclerosis (MS) from Alzheimer's disease in terms of symptoms?

    <p>Loss of speech and vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type can be expressed when an individual has genotypes IAIB?

    <p>AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dihybrid cross involving Mendel's pea plants, if one parent is TtPp, how many different genotypes can be produced in the offspring?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genotype of a color-blind female?

    <p>XbXb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In blood grouping, which allele is co-dominant to allele IB?

    <p>IA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many possible blood types can be expressed based on the three alleles for blood grouping in humans?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a horizontal line connecting a square and a circle in a pedigree diagram represent?

    <p>Mating between two individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are unshaded symbols used in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>To represent individuals not expressing a specific trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can you determine if a trait in a pedigree diagram is likely dominant?

    <p>If it shows up in every generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetic lineages, what do shaded symbols typically represent?

    <p>Individuals expressing a particular trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are males more frequently affected by sex-linked recessive traits according to the text?

    <p>Because they have only one X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits and disorders like haemophilia more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Males have only one X chromosome, making it more likely for recessive traits to be expressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of the X chromosome makes it more commonly linked to genetic mutations and disorders?

    <p>Having more genes compared to the Y chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sex-linked inheritance, why can females be carriers of X-linked disorders without displaying any symptoms?

    <p>Females possess an extra X chromosome with a normal allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a female inherits two alleles for haemophilia (XhXh)?

    <p>She will manifest haemophilia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked disorders like color-blindness more common in males than in females?

    <p>Males have only one X chromosome, making it easier for recessive traits to be expressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between DNA profiling and blood grouping in paternity testing?

    <p>DNA profiling examines nucleotide sequences for similarities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the nervous system, what is the main function of effectors?

    <p>Respond to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the autonomic nervous system from the somatic nervous system?

    <p>The autonomic system controls heart rate, while the somatic system regulates muscle movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is genetic engineering a topic of ethical debate?

    <p>As it involves modification of genetic material across species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the central nervous system in the human body?

    <p>To act as the primary control center for processing information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hypothalamus in the body?

    <p>Regulating involuntary bodily functions like hunger and sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain facilitates communication between the left and right hemispheres?

    <p>Corpus Callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sensory (afferent) neurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Detecting stimuli and transmitting impulses from sense organs to the spinal cord and brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nervous system component coordinates all voluntary movements and helps maintain balance?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the central nervous system, which part controls involuntary actions like heartbeat and breathing?

    <p>Medulla Oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do harmless mutations differ from harmful mutations?

    <p>Harmless mutations involve changes to non-coding DNA, while harmful mutations alter DNA responsible for producing specific proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of haemophilia, colour-blindness, sickle cell anaemia, and albinism?

    <p>They are sex-linked gene mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do useful mutations differ from harmless mutations?

    <p>Useful mutations always involve protein production, while harmless mutations do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the process of genetic engineering in creating GMOs?

    <p>Genetic engineering in GMO creation focuses on altering an organism's genetic material to express desired traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes stem cells used in medical treatments from other body cells?

    <p>Stem cells can develop into various types of body cells to replace damaged cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

    <p>Restoring the body to a normal state after an emergency has passed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a neuron is responsible for speeding up the transmission of electrical impulses and providing insulation?

    <p>Myelin Sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of Sensory (Afferent) Neurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Sense stimuli and transmit impulses towards the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of Interneurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Processing information and determining the appropriate response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which system do the two main branches work antagonistically to each other to maintain internal balance?

    <p>Autonomic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a reflex arc essential for protecting the body?

    <p>To produce a quick and automatic response without conscious thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the effector in a reflex arc?

    <p>Produces the response by muscles or glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Alzheimer's disease primarily differ from Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

    <p>Alzheimer's disease involves memory loss, while MS affects speech and vision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the reflex arc ensures the speed and efficiency of the response?

    <p>Synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is synapse function crucial in the reflex arc?

    <p>To direct nerve impulses through the correct pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type is expressed due to co-dominance between two alleles?

    <p>AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a man is color-blind, what is his genotype likely to be?

    <p>XbY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dihybrid cross involving Mendel's pea plants, what genotypes are possible for the offspring of two heterozygous parents?

    <p>TTPP and TtPp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor that differentiates the AB blood type from the A and B blood types?

    <p>Presence of two co-dominant alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome if a color-blind woman (XBXb) has a child with a normal vision man (XBY)?

    <p>All children will be carriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pedigree diagram, what do shaded symbols typically represent?

    <p>Individuals expressing a particular trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are males more frequently affected by sex-linked recessive traits in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Because males have only one X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do unshaded symbols typically represent in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Individuals not expressing the trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one deduce whether a trait is likely dominant or recessive in a pedigree diagram?

    <p>By examining the phenotype distribution across generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using pedigree diagrams in genetics?

    <p>To identify carriers of recessive traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA profiling in paternity testing?

    <p>Analyzing nucleotide sequences to confirm paternity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system acts as the primary control center for processing and transmitting information throughout the body?

    <p>Central nervous system (CNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is blood grouping considered less definitive compared to DNA profiling in paternity testing?

    <p>Many individuals may share the same blood group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are receptors and effectors responsible for in the nervous system?

    <p>Detecting stimuli and responding to impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a neuron is responsible for transmitting impulses between neurons?

    <p>Axon terminals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Males have one X chromosome and are more likely to inherit the recessive allele responsible for the disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic basis for a female to be a carrier of haemophilia without showing symptoms?

    <p>Having two X chromosomes with one carrying the normal allele and the other the recessive allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes why males with haemophilia will manifest the disorder?

    <p>The presence of a single recessive allele (Xh) on their X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason females with two Xh alleles will manifest haemophilia?

    <p>Both X chromosomes contain the recessive allele (Xh).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes males from females in terms of their susceptibility to X-linked disorders like haemophilia?

    <p>Having one X chromosome with no second copy to mask recessive alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements and helping maintain balance and muscle tension?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation does not affect the cell's structure or functioning because it does not involve protein production?

    <p>Harmless mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in the brain?

    <p>Control autonomic functions like hunger and body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic concept explains why organisms with traits that allow them to survive are more likely to pass on their genes?

    <p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a neuron is responsible for transmitting impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands?

    <p>Motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetic engineering, what is the subset of biotechnology that focuses on modifying the genetic makeup of an organism?

    <p>Genetic engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the central nervous system?

    <p>Processing neural signals throughout the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of stem cells used in medical treatments to replace damaged cells in the body?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of white matter in the nervous system?

    <p>Comprises myelinated axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition arises when there is non-disjunction of chromosome pair 21 during meiosis, leading to an abnormal number of chromosome 21 in the resulting zygote?

    <p>Down syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' situations?

    <p>Sympathetic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

    <p>Restore the body to a normal state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of motor neurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Respond to stimuli by transmitting impulses to effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of interneurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Link sensory neurons to motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of myelin sheath in a neuron?

    <p>Speeds up the transmission of electrical impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Interneuron in a reflex arc?

    <p>Carries the impulse from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of synapses in a reflex arc?

    <p>Ensuring speed and efficiency of response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder involves progressive brain cell death over time, leading to symptoms like memory loss and confusion?

    <p>Alzheimer's Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the autoimmune disease that affects the myelin sheath covering neurons, resulting in symptoms like vision loss and memory problems?

    <p>Multiple Sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a reflex arc, what is the role of the Motor Neuron?

    <p>Transports the impulse from the spinal cord to the effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inheritance pattern best describes the blood type AB?

    <p>Co-dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of blood grouping, why can't a person with blood type A (IAIA) have a child with blood type O?

    <p>Multiple alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic concept explains the inheritance of two independent characteristics like plant height and flower color in dihybrid crosses?

    <p>Law of Independent Assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the condition where two alleles are equally expressed in an individual resulting in the blood type AB?

    <p>Codominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't a person with blood type B (IBIB) have a child with blood type A?

    <p>Mutual exclusivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using pedigree diagrams in genetics?

    <p>Tracing the inheritance of characteristics over multiple generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do males with hemophilia more frequently manifest the disorder?

    <p>They receive an X chromosome with the hemophilia gene from their mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic concept explains why organisms with survival traits are more likely to pass on their genes?

    <p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one deduce whether a trait is likely dominant or recessive in a pedigree diagram?

    <p>By observing if the trait shows up in every generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symbols are typically used to represent individuals expressing a particular trait in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Shaded symbols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation involves changes to non-coding DNA and does not affect the cell's structure or functioning?

    <p>Harmless Mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic disorder caused by a gene mutation that leads to the production of faulty haemoglobin molecules and abnormally shaped red blood cells?

    <p>Sickle Cell Anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetic engineering, what subset focuses on modifying the genetic makeup of an organism to introduce specific traits?

    <p>Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are pivotal in medical treatments as they can replace damaged cells in the body?

    <p>Embryonic Stem Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during chromosome aberrations such as Down syndrome?

    <p>Non-disjunction of Chromosome Pair 21 during Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Males have one X chromosome, making them more susceptible to X-linked disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of haemophilia in individuals?

    <p>A recessive allele (Xh) on the X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do carriers of haemophilia exhibit the disorder?

    <p>They show no symptoms but can pass on the disorder to their offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the expression of color-blindness in females?

    <p>Both X chromosomes must carry the recessive allele for color-blindness to be expressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to males being more prone to expressing sex-linked disorders such as color-blindness?

    <p>Males lack a protective second X chromosome against recessive mutations on the X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is responsible for coordinating all voluntary movements and helping maintain balance and muscle tension?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of white matter in the central nervous system?

    <p>Comprise myelinated axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Connect sensory and motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system plays a key role in maintaining the body's homeostasis by controlling functions like hunger, thirst, sleep, and body temperature?

    <p>Central Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes diseases like Alzheimer's and multiple sclerosis in terms of their effects on the nervous system?

    <p>Causing dysfunction in memory, physical, and mental capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between DNA profiling and blood grouping in paternity testing?

    <p>DNA profiling compares nucleotide sequences, while blood grouping compares blood group alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main ethical concern associated with genetic engineering?

    <p>Potential long-term impacts on ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the autonomic nervous system differ from the somatic nervous system?

    <p>The autonomic system regulates involuntary functions, while the somatic system controls voluntary movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of synapses in the nervous system?

    <p>Synapses are gaps between neurons facilitating impulse transmission via neurotransmitters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of cloning in relation to endangered species?

    <p>Cloning helps preserve species at risk of extinction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nervous system branch is responsible for decreasing heart rate and dilating blood vessels in the skin?

    <p>Parasympathetic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of interneurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Link sensory neurons to motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the myelin sheath covering the axon of a neuron?

    <p>Speed up transmission of electrical impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nervous system component manages involuntary muscles like the heartbeat and digestion?

    <p>Autonomic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of dendrites in a neuron?

    <p>Receive signals from other neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of synapses in nerve impulse transmission?

    <p>Ensure the correct pathway of the nerve impulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a simple reflex arc essential for protecting the body from harm?

    <p>It provides an immediate and automatic reaction to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an interneuron in a reflex arc?

    <p>Carry the impulse from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Alzheimer's disease primarily affect individuals?

    <p>By leading to progressive brain cell death and memory loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is multiple sclerosis (MS) considered an autoimmune disease?

    <p>Due to attacks on the myelin sheath covering neurons by the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genotype of a female hamster if it expresses the dominant trait for black coat color and rough coat texture?

    <p>BBRr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pedigree diagram, what is the likely genotype of an individual expressing a recessive trait through multiple generations?

    <p>Homozygous recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If all offspring of a mating pair in a pedigree diagram express a particular trait, what can be deduced about the genotypes of the parents?

    <p>One parent is homozygous dominant and one parent is heterozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pedigree diagram, how would you identify individuals who are likely carriers of a recessive trait?

    <p>By their shaded symbols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When analyzing pedigree diagrams, what does the presence of a recessive trait in some generations but not others suggest about the trait?

    <p>It is likely recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits and disorders, such as haemophilia and color-blindness, more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Males have one X chromosome, making X-linked disorders more likely to be expressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of the X chromosome makes it more commonly linked to genetic mutations and disorders?

    <p>Higher number of genes compared to the Y chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the possession of two X chromosomes in females impact the expression of X-linked disorders?

    <p>Protects against the expression of recessive alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In haemophilia, why do males who inherit the Xh allele manifest the disease?

    <p>Lack of protective dominant allele on the Y chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes color-blindness, particularly red-green color blindness, in individuals?

    <p>Absence of red or green cones in the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between using DNA profiling and blood grouping for paternity testing?

    <p>DNA profiling analyzes nucleotide sequences for a more conclusive result, while blood grouping only provides initial indications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the autonomic and somatic nervous systems?

    <p>The autonomic system controls involuntary functions, while the somatic system regulates voluntary actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between harmful mutations and useful mutations?

    <p>Harmful mutations lead to genetic disorders, while useful mutations enhance an organism's survival chances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the nervous system maintain homeostasis?

    <p>By detecting stimuli through receptors and responding via effectors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process can lead to an organism having an abnormal number of chromosome 21, resulting in Down syndrome?

    <p>Anaphase I during cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DNA profiling considered more reliable evidence of paternity than blood grouping?

    <p>DNA profiling analyzes nucleotide sequences unique to each individual, while blood groups may not always reflect genetic inheritance accurately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of stem cell research in medical treatments?

    <p>Replacing damaged cells in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do effectors play a role in the nervous system's response to stimuli?

    <p>Effectors respond to stimuli by converting them into impulses, which are then transmitted to neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can genetic engineering contribute to medical advancements?

    <p>By producing cheaper and more effective pharmaceuticals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetic engineering, what is the benefit of altering an organism's genetic material to express desired traits?

    <p>Increasing food security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature between haemophilia and color-blindness in terms of inheritance?

    <p>Both are controlled by alleles located on the X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In blood grouping, why is it possible for two parents with blood group B to have a child with blood group O?

    <p>Through the combination of two recessive i alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concept of dihybrid crosses demonstrate Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment?

    <p>By illustrating that alleles of different genes separate independently during gamete formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DNA profiling considered more reliable than blood group analysis in establishing paternity?

    <p>Blood groups do not provide unique matches among individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the alleles IA and IB demonstrate co-dominance in blood grouping?

    <p>They combine to produce an intermediate phenotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system transmits sensory information from the body to the brain and motor commands from the brain to the body?

    <p>Spinal Cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Interpret sensory input and generate motor output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain acts as a control center for autonomic functions such as hunger, thirst, sleep, and body temperature?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron transmits impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effectors like muscles and glands?

    <p>Motor (Efferent) Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the corpus callosum in the brain?

    <p>Facilitate communication between left and right brain hemispheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System in the body?

    <p>Restores the body to a normal state after an emergency has passed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for 'fight or flight' situations?

    <p>Sympathetic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of interneurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Linking sensory neurons to motor neurons and processing information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes multiple sclerosis (MS) from Alzheimer's disease in terms of symptoms?

    <p>MS is characterized by vision loss while Alzheimer's is not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic concept explains why X-linked traits and disorders are more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Hemizygosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of synapses in a reflex arc?

    <p>To ensure the direction of nerve impulses through the correct pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Interneuron in a reflex arc?

    <p>Transports impulses from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential function of a reflex action, as described in the text?

    <p>To protect the body from harm through rapid automatic responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Alzheimer's disease from Multiple Sclerosis (MS) based on the text?

    <p>Reversibility of the condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do reflex arcs help in avoiding injury, according to the text?

    <p>By eliciting immediate responses without engaging the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic concept explains the difference in the expression of sex-linked traits between males and females?

    <p>Sex linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In blood grouping, what is the phenotype of an individual with the genotype IAIB?

    <p>Blood type AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which allele is responsible for the O blood type in humans?

    <p>i</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dihybrid cross involving plant height and flower color, what is the possible genotype for a plant with tallness (T) and white flowers (p)?

    <p>Ttpp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic concept explains the independent inheritance of two characteristics in dihybrid crosses?

    <p>Law of Independent Assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Males have one X chromosome, so any recessive allele on that chromosome will be expressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic basis for a female being color-blind?

    <p>Possessing two copies of the recessive allele on the X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pedigrees, why do carriers of X-linked disorders like haemophilia not exhibit symptoms?

    <p>Due to possessing a second X chromosome with a normal allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to males being more prone to expressing sex-linked disorders like color-blindness?

    <p>Having only one X chromosome where the affected allele can manifest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do males exhibit red-green color blindness more frequently than females?

    <p>Having only one X chromosome where the red-green color blindness gene can manifest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation involves permanent changes to the DNA of a cell and can be classified into three types: harmless, harmful, and useful?

    <p>Somatic mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pedigree diagrams, what do shaded symbols typically represent?

    <p>Individuals expressing a recessive trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does one identify whether a trait is likely dominant or recessive in a pedigree diagram?

    <p>By examining how the trait appears in the lineage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of genetic lineages or pedigree diagrams in tracing the inheritance of characteristics over multiple generations?

    <p>To establish probabilities of specific traits being passed down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When interpreting a pedigree diagram, what is an essential consideration for accurate interpretation?

    <p>The sex of individuals in the lineage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Maintaining homeostasis and protecting from danger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DNA profiling differ from blood grouping in paternity testing?

    <p>DNA profiling provides more conclusive evidence than blood grouping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drawback of using blood groups as evidence in paternity testing?

    <p>Many individuals may share the same blood group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nervous system component is responsible for coordinating involuntary bodily functions?

    <p>Sympathetic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do synapses contribute to the proper functioning of the nervous system?

    <p>Transmit impulses between neurons via neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation occurs when a base pair is added, omitted, or doubled up during DNA replication?

    <p>Useful mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept is exemplified when organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to pass on their genes?

    <p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of non-disjunction of chromosome pair 21 during meiosis?

    <p>Down syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of a recessive gene mutation that prevents the normal development of melanin?

    <p>Albinism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process in genetic engineering involves creating genetically identical copies of an organism?

    <p>Cloning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the medulla oblongata in the brain?

    <p>Controlling involuntary actions like heartbeat and breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is involved in higher thought processes like memory and intelligence?

    <p>Cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of motor (efferent) neurons in the central nervous system?

    <p>Transmit impulses to effectors like muscles and glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neurons are responsible for detecting stimuli and transmitting impulses from sense organs to the brain?

    <p>Sensory (Afferent) Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the corpus callosum in the brain?

    <p>Facilitate communication between brain hemispheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' situations by increasing heart rate and constricting blood vessels in the skin?

    <p>Sympathetic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neurons carry impulses away from the central nervous system to the body's effectors?

    <p>Motor Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of adrenaline in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Increases blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the autonomic nervous system restores the body to a normal state after an emergency has passed?

    <p>Parasympathetic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of interneurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Process information and determine appropriate responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the interneuron in a reflex arc?

    <p>Carries the impulse from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a reflex arc, what is the role of the motor neuron?

    <p>Transports the impulse from the spinal cord to the effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a reflex action considered essential for protecting the body?

    <p>For providing an immediate response without involving the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes synapses in a reflex arc?

    <p>Allow for rapid communication between neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Alzheimer's disease characterized as irreversible?

    <p>The progressive brain cell death over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of neurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Transmitting nerve impulses from receptors to effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a neuron is responsible for receiving signals?

    <p>Dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of effectors in the nervous system?

    <p>Responding to nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the body responds to nerve impulses sent by the nervous system via contraction or secretion?

    <p>Effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do photoreceptors in the eye and mechanoreceptors in the skin have in common?

    <p>Both detect changes in external and internal environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the human eye is responsible for controlling the amount of light entering the eye?

    <p>Ciliary Body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the optic nerve in the human eye?

    <p>Transmitting light to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario would a person benefit from wearing concave lenses?

    <p>Short-sightedness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the macula in the human eye?

    <p>Area of clearest vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the human eye is responsible for maintaining the eyeball's shape and assisting in light refraction?

    <p>Vitreous Humour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the human ear is responsible for directing sound waves into the auditory canal?

    <p>Pinna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the human ear is essential for detecting changes in the body's speed and direction?

    <p>Semi-circular canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes deafness in individuals according to the information provided?

    <p>Hardening of ear tissues like ossicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Eustachian tube in the human ear anatomy?

    <p>Equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the inner ear contains structures that are part of the bony labyrinth filled with perilymph?

    <p>Semi-circular canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

    <p>Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands release products through ducts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are insulin and glucagon primarily secreted from in the human body?

    <p>Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is responsible for producing hormones crucial for regulating metabolism, growth, and energy production?

    <p>Thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for preparing the body for 'fight or flight' responses?

    <p>Adrenaline (epinephrine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

    <p>Links the nervous and endocrine systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is maintaining blood glucose levels within a tight range crucial for providing energy to cells?

    <p>To ensure constant supply of glucose to support cellular metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could happen if carbon dioxide levels in the blood are not tightly regulated?

    <p>Acidosis, where the blood becomes too acidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the stable internal environment described as 'milieu intérieur' important for cellular function?

    <p>To ensure efficient cellular metabolism and physiological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body regulate temperature to protect vital enzymatic processes?

    <p>Through mechanisms like sweating, shivering, and changes in blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the role of insulin and glucagon in regulating blood glucose levels?

    <p>Insulin triggers glucose release from energy stores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function regulated by negative feedback mechanisms?

    <p>Heart rate regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of positive feedback loops in physiological regulation?

    <p>Amplify responses for rapid outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do insulin and glucagon contribute to blood glucose regulation?

    <p>Insulin release occurs in response to low glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when blood carbon dioxide levels increase in the body?

    <p>Decreased CO2 levels trigger increased breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body respond when thyroxin levels rise?

    <p>TSH release decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signals the pituitary gland to adjust ADH secretion in response to blood osmolarity changes?

    <p>The hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone regulates kidney sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion to balance blood salt levels?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanisms are involved in cooling the body during heat exposure?

    <p>Sweating and vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder results from an imbalance in thyroxin levels due to iodine deficiency?

    <p>Goitre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main temperature around which the body aims to maintain for enzymatic and metabolic processes?

    <p>$37°C$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cold environments, what mechanism helps generate and conserve heat in the body?

    <p>Vasoconstriction and shivering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of negative feedback mechanisms in maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>Maintaining internal stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system plays a role in thermoregulation alongside the hypothalamus and skin?

    <p>Endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does aldosterone do in response to low blood sodium levels?

    <p>Increases kidney sodium reabsorption and decreases potassium excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the ciliary muscles in the human eye?

    <p>Controlling the amount of light entering the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do radial and circular muscles in the iris function in controlling pupil size?

    <p>Radial relaxes in bright light and contracts in dim light, circular does the opposite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is responsible for involuntary actions like heart rate and digestion?

    <p>Autonomic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do endocrine glands release their products?

    <p>Into the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What visual defect is characterized by difficulty seeing close objects clearly?

    <p>Hyperopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is responsible for producing aldosterone?

    <p>Adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the optic nerve in the visual system?

    <p>Transmitting impulses from the retina to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of adrenaline produced by the adrenal glands?

    <p>Increasing heart rate and blood flow to muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is crucial for regulating metabolism and energy production?

    <p>Thyroxine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do exocrine glands primarily release their products through?

    <p>Through ducts to external surface or digestive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pinna in the human ear?

    <p>Directing sound waves into the ear canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the ear detects changes in the body's speed and direction for balance maintenance?

    <p>Cristae in the semi-circular canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ossicles in the middle ear?

    <p>Amplifying and transmitting vibrations to the inner ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are hearing impairment caused by cataracts typically treated?

    <p>Cochlear implants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the human ear is responsible for converting sound into nerve impulses?

    <p>Organ of Corti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of insulin in regulating blood glucose levels?

    <p>Lowering blood glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential for the internal environment, referred to as 'milieu intérieur,' to remain stable?

    <p>To enable efficient cellular function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor must be regulated to prevent acidosis, a condition that can disrupt enzyme activity?

    <p>Carbon dioxide levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy source for cells in the body?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do human enzymes operate most efficiently at a narrow temperature range around 37°C (98.6°F)?

    <p>To ensure optimal metabolic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of effectors in the body's response to stimuli?

    <p>Respond to impulses sent by the nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a neuron receives signals from other neurons or receptors?

    <p>Dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do photoreceptors in the eye and hair cells in the ear have in common?

    <p>Both convert stimuli into electrical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a receptor detects a change in the environment?

    <p>It transmits nerve impulses to the effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses from the central nervous system to effectors?

    <p>Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do negative feedback mechanisms contribute to maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>By detecting imbalances and initiating responses to correct them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone regulates metabolism, energy generation, and neural development?

    <p>Thyroxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are blood glucose levels regulated in response to high glucose levels?

    <p>High glucose levels prompt insulin release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood carbon dioxide levels when they increase in the body?

    <p>Increased CO2 triggers increased breathing rate and depth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of negative feedback loops in homeostasis?

    <p>To maintain steady-state conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ADH in the body's water balance?

    <p>Adjusting kidney water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for regulating sodium and potassium levels in the body?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of vasodilation and sweating in thermoregulation?

    <p>Cool the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder can result from an imbalance in thyroxin levels due to iodine deficiency?

    <p>Goitre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aldosterone help in balancing blood salt levels in the body?

    <p>Increasing potassium excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system plays a crucial role in maintaining a core body temperature around 37°C?

    <p>Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of negative feedback mechanisms in maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>Essential for balancing various bodily functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial to understand the mechanisms of osmoregulation and thermoregulation?

    <p>For grasping how the body maintains internal stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequences can arise from disorders like diabetes mellitus?

    <p>High blood sugar levels leading to health issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do vasoconstriction and shivering contribute to thermoregulation?

    <p>Generating heat to warm the body up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of neurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Processing nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a neuron is responsible for receiving signals?

    <p>Dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do effectors do in response to nervous system impulses?

    <p>Respond to the impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors in the body detect light and color?

    <p>Photoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a muscle cell (effector) receives nervous system impulses?

    <p>It contracts, leading to movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ciliary body in the human eye?

    <p>To change the lens's shape for accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the human eye plays a minor role in light refraction?

    <p>Vitreous Humour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which visual defect is corrected by wearing concave lenses?

    <p>Short-sightedness (Myopia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pupil size in dim light?

    <p>It becomes larger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the human eye is responsible for transforming light into electrical impulses?

    <p>Retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do exocrine glands release their products?

    <p>Through ducts to the external environment or body cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of insulin secreted by the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?

    <p>Facilitate cellular glucose uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for preparing the body for 'fight or flight' responses?

    <p>Adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of oestrogen and progesterone produced by the ovaries?

    <p>Regulate female reproductive cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are adrenaline, aldosterone, and cortisol primarily produced in the body?

    <p>Adrenal Glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism ensures that variables like temperature, pH, hydration levels, and concentrations of various ions remain within strict limits?

    <p>Homeostasis mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hormones like insulin and glucagon contribute to regulating blood glucose levels?

    <p>By facilitating glucose uptake or release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for human enzymes to operate efficiently around a specific temperature range?

    <p>To avoid enzyme denaturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body regulate internal temperature when faced with fluctuations outside the optimal range?

    <p>By increasing sweating and shivering responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the respiratory system play in maintaining homeostasis related to carbon dioxide levels?

    <p>Regulating acid-base balance by expelling excess CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the human ear separates the middle ear from the inner ear?

    <p>Oval and round windows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is balance maintained in the human body through the inner ear structures?

    <p>By the semi-circular canals detecting changes in body direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes deafness related to hardening of ear tissues, like the ossicles?

    <p>Hardening of ear tissues like the ossicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the human ear is responsible for converting sound into nerve impulses?

    <p>Organ of Corti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of negative feedback mechanisms in homeostasis?

    <p>Maintaining internal stability by counteracting changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment for middle ear infections that result from pathogens entering through the Eustachian tube?

    <p>Insertion of grommets into the tympanic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do high blood glucose levels trigger a response to restore balance?

    <p>By releasing more insulin to lower blood sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of increased CO2 levels on blood pH?

    <p>It lowers blood pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glands are involved in monitoring and controlling thyroxin levels in the body?

    <p>Hypothalamus and pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are negative feedback loops considered more common and crucial for homeostasis?

    <p>Because they maintain internal stability by counteracting changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does ADH play in maintaining water balance in the body?

    <p>Alters kidney water reabsorption to maintain blood water levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of aldosterone in salt balance regulation?

    <p>Increases kidney sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is responsible for cooling the body in response to high temperatures?

    <p>Vasodilation and sweating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder can result from an imbalance in thyroid hormone levels?

    <p>Goitre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do negative feedback mechanisms contribute to homeostasis?

    <p>By inhibiting hormone release when a set point is reached</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is primarily responsible for maintaining a core temperature of around 37°C?

    <p>Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of chronic high blood sugar that characterizes Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Various health issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do vasoconstriction and shivering help the body during exposure to cold?

    <p>Generate and conserve heat to maintain core body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in thermoregulation?

    <p>Coordinate responses like vasodilation and sweating in heat exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aldosterone contribute to maintaining salt balance?

    <p>Increasing kidney sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of receptors in the body's response to environmental stimuli?

    <p>Detect changes in the external and internal environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a neuron is responsible for receiving signals?

    <p>Dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of effectors in response to nervous system impulses?

    <p>Respond by contracting muscles or secreting substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the nervous system, which structure is specialized to transmit impulses to other neurons or effectors?

    <p>Axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes neurons from effectors in the nervous system?

    <p>Neurons have dendrites, cell bodies, and axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the choroid in the human eye?

    <p>To absorb light to prevent reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the optic nerve in the human visual system?

    <p>To transmit impulses from the retina to the brain for image interpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the human eye is responsible for maintaining the cornea's shape?

    <p>Aqueous Humour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Yellow Spot (Macula) in the eye?

    <p>Providing the area of clearest vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of visual defects, what does Hyperopia refer to?

    <p>Difficulty in seeing close objects clearly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the human ear is responsible for detecting changes in the body's speed and direction to maintain balance?

    <p>Semi-circular canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Eustachian tube in the human ear?

    <p>Equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cochlear implants differ from hearing aids in treating deafness?

    <p>They convert sound vibrations into electrical impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ossicles in the human ear?

    <p>Amplify and transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a reflex arc, where are pressure waves generated to stimulate the organ of Corti for sound conversion?

    <p>Oval window</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the primary difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

    <p>Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete products through ducts to the external environment or into body cavities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of insulin in regulating blood glucose levels?

    <p>Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating cellular glucose uptake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for preparing the body for 'fight or flight' responses?

    <p>Adrenaline (epinephrine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the Islets of Langerhans located, and what hormones do they secrete?

    <p>Located in the pancreas, they secrete insulin and glucagon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of aldosterone in the body?

    <p>Regulates sodium and potassium balance, affecting blood pressure and fluid balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial to maintain blood glucose levels within a tight range?

    <p>To prevent acidosis and maintain enzyme activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do fluctuations in carbon dioxide levels affect homeostasis?

    <p>High CO2 concentrations cause acidosis, disrupting enzyme activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when human enzymes are exposed to temperatures outside the optimal range?

    <p>Enzyme function and metabolic reactions are impaired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the concept of homeostasis particularly important for complex multicellular organisms like humans?

    <p>To maintain stability in the internal environment for cell, tissue, and organ function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of insulin and glucagon in regulating blood glucose levels?

    <p>Insulin lowers blood glucose levels, while glucagon raises them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of negative feedback mechanisms in homeostasis?

    <p>Maintaining steady-state conditions by counteracting changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels in the body?

    <p>Glucagon stimulates liver glycogen conversion into glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological parameter is impacted by blood carbon dioxide levels?

    <p>Respiratory rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is positive feedback less common in homeostasis compared to negative feedback?

    <p>Negative feedback allows for faster and more precise adjustments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fundamental principle underlies the body's response to internal and external stimuli?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ADH in the body's water balance system?

    <p>Enhancing kidney water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for regulating sodium and potassium levels in the body?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of aldosterone release triggered by low blood sodium?

    <p>Increased kidney sodium reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential for the body to maintain a core temperature around 37°C?

    <p>To ensure optimal enzymatic and metabolic processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanisms are employed by the body to cool down in response to heat?

    <p>Sweating and vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is a result of imbalance in blood glucose regulation?

    <p>Diabetes Mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do imbalances in the body's osmoregulation system affect health?

    <p>Impact blood water levels and osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?

    <p>Processing the information received from receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the ear is responsible for detecting sound vibrations?

    <p>Cochlea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mechanoreceptors in the skin?

    <p>Detecting touch or pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a muscle cell (effector) receives an impulse, what is the typical response?

    <p>Contract leading to movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes photoreceptors in the eye from mechanoreceptors in the skin?

    <p>Responding to light and color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the vitreous humour in the human eye?

    <p>To maintain the eyeball's shape and assist in light refraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the process of accommodation, what happens when viewing objects further than 6 meters?

    <p>Light refraction is reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the optic nerve in vision?

    <p>Converting images into signals for the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the pupil mechanism respond in dim light conditions?

    <p>Radial muscles contract and circular muscles relax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is binocular vision important for depth perception?

    <p>It combines images from two eyes for depth perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the human ear is responsible for detecting changes in the body's speed and direction?

    <p>Semi-circular canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the organ of Corti within the human ear?

    <p>To convert sound into nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is corrected by the surgical removal of the cloudy lens and replacement with a synthetic lens?

    <p>Cataracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the human ear connects to the throat, helping equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane?

    <p>Eustachian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the maculae in the sacculus and utriculus within the inner ear?

    <p>Detect changes in head position relative to gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

    <p>Endocrine glands release their products directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands release theirs through ducts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of insulin produced by the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?

    <p>Facilitate cellular uptake of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for preparing the body for 'fight or flight' responses?

    <p>Adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is crucial for regulating metabolism, growth, and energy production?

    <p>Thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone influences nearly every cell in the body and is essential for normal development and health?

    <p>Thyroxine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial to maintain blood glucose levels within a tight range?

    <p>To ensure a steady supply of energy to cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do elevated carbon dioxide levels affect cellular functions?

    <p>By causing acidosis and disrupting enzyme activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential for enzymes to operate at a narrow temperature range?

    <p>To maintain optimal metabolic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of insulin in regulating blood glucose levels?

    <p>To maintain a steady supply of glucose to cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does feedback loops contribute to maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>By ensuring variables like temperature remain within strict limits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ADH in the body's water balance?

    <p>Adjusting blood osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is responsible for regulating sodium and potassium levels in the body?

    <p>Adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of low blood sodium triggering aldosterone release?

    <p>Balanced blood salt levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism helps the body cool down in response to heat?

    <p>Sweating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do vasodilation and sweating play in thermoregulation?

    <p>Cooling the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do imbalances in the systems described lead to goitre and diabetes?

    <p>Thyroxin imbalance due to iodine deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are negative feedback mechanisms described as essential for maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>To maintain internal stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bodily function is impacted by disorders arising from imbalances in systems like osmoregulation?

    <p>Metabolic processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What crucial feature of enzymatic and metabolic processes is maintained by the body's core temperature around 37°C?

    <p>Denaturation prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do vasoconstriction and shivering help the body during cold conditions?

    <p>Generating and conserving heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels?

    <p>Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose absorption by cells, while glucagon converts liver glycogen into glucose to raise blood sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes multiple sclerosis (MS) from Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Multiple sclerosis affects the central nervous system, while Alzheimer's disease primarily impacts the autonomic nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are negative feedback loops considered more common and crucial for homeostasis?

    <p>Negative feedback loops counteract changes to maintain stability, a critical aspect of homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of adrenaline in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Adrenaline prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses during emergencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body regulate internal temperature when faced with fluctuations outside the optimal range?

    <p>By activating processes like vasoconstriction and shivering to restore warmth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of effectors in the body's response to stimuli?

    <p>Respond to impulses sent by the nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a neuron is responsible for processing information received from dendrites?

    <p>Cell body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specialized structure that detects changes in the external and internal environments?

    <p>Receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a neuron is responsible for transmitting the nerve impulse to other neurons or effectors?

    <p>Axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do photoreceptors in the eye primarily detect?

    <p>Light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ciliary body in the human eye?

    <p>Changes the shape of the lens for accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does binocular vision contribute to human perception?

    <p>Provides depth perception and a wider field of vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye is responsible for regulating the amount of light entering the eye?

    <p>Iris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what visual defect does an individual have difficulty seeing distant objects clearly?

    <p>Myopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of radial and circular muscles in the pupillary mechanism of the eye?

    <p>Regulate pupil size in different lighting conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the human ear is primarily responsible for maintaining balance?

    <p>Semi-circular canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Eustachian tube in the human ear?

    <p>Equalizing pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are balance and hearing connected in the human ear?

    <p>Through the vestibule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the organ of Corti in the human ear?

    <p>Stimulating sensory hair cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cochlear implants differ from bone conduction hearing aids?

    <p>Implants directly transmit electrical impulses to the auditory nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial to understand the endocrine system's role in homeostasis?

    <p>To grasp how the body responds to stressors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the internal environment being referred to as 'milieu intérieur' relate to cellular function?

    <p>It ensures optimal pH levels for enzyme activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is regulating blood glucose levels crucial for providing energy to cells?

    <p>To facilitate metabolic reactions driven by enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do temperature fluctuations beyond 37°C impact enzyme function?

    <p>They impair enzyme function affecting metabolic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is carbon dioxide regulation essential for maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>To avoid acidosis and disruptions in enzyme activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of aldosterone produced by the adrenal glands?

    <p>Regulate sodium and potassium balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands in terms of their secretion mode?

    <p>Produce sweat and saliva for external release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas from its exocrine function?

    <p>Secretion of insulin for regulating blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone primarily influences male reproductive tissue development and sperm production?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, contribute to the body's functioning?

    <p>Influences glucose metabolism and stress response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of thyroxin in the body?

    <p>Regulating metabolism, energy generation, and neural development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do insulin and glucagon respond to high blood glucose levels?

    <p>Glucagon facilitates glucose absorption by cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system or organ is responsible for monitoring and controlling thyroxin levels through TSH?

    <p>Hypothalamus and pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is an increase in blood carbon dioxide levels in the body?

    <p>Breathing rate and depth increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feedback mechanism is primarily associated with amplifying responses for rapid outcomes?

    <p>Positive feedback loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone, released in response to low blood sodium levels, plays a crucial role in regulating blood salt levels by increasing kidney sodium reabsorption?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disorder is typically caused by an imbalance in thyroxin due to iodine deficiency, resulting in thyroid gland enlargement?

    <p>Goitre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of thermoregulation, what mechanism is responsible for cooling the body in response to heat?

    <p>Sweating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of negative feedback mechanisms in the context of maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>Maintain or restore internal stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component, released by the hypothalamus, plays a key role in adjusting kidney water reabsorption to maintain blood water levels?

    <p>ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vasodilation in the context of thermoregulation?

    <p>Cool the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bodily system plays a crucial role in maintaining a core temperature around 37°C, essential for enzymatic and metabolic processes?

    <p>Endocrine System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are mechanisms like vasoconstriction and shivering involved in responding to cold temperatures in terms of thermoregulation?

    <p>They generate and conserve heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding the role of ADH crucial for maintaining blood water levels and osmolarity?

    <p>To adjust kidney water reabsorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aldosterone contribute to balancing blood salt levels?

    <p>By increasing potassium reabsorption and sodium excretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the choroid in the human eye?

    <p>Supplying oxygen and nutrients to the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do radial muscles relax and circular muscles contract in the pupillary mechanism in bright light?

    <p>To prevent excessive light from entering the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the optic nerve in vision?

    <p>Transmitting impulses from the retina to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do ciliary muscles contract when viewing objects closer than 6 meters?

    <p>To increase light refraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of vitreous humour in the human eye?

    <p>Maintaining the eyeball's shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the semi-circular canals in the inner ear?

    <p>Maintain balance by detecting changes in speed and direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mechanoreceptors in the body's response to environmental stimuli?

    <p>Detect changes in temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are hearing defects related to the organ of Corti addressed?

    <p>By amplifying sound with hearing aids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a neuron is responsible for receiving signals?

    <p>Axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the maculae in the sacculus and utriculus?

    <p>Detect changes in head position relative to gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do neurons differ from effectors in the nervous system?

    <p>Neurons contract in response to impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is deafness caused by hardening of ear tissues typically treated?

    <p>With cochlear implants to convert sound vibrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of rods and cones in the eye?

    <p>Detect taste and smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cristae in the semi-circular canals within the human ear?

    <p>Detect changes in body speed and direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the function of effectors in the body's response to stimuli?

    <p>Transmit electrical signals to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential for human enzymes to operate within a narrow temperature range?

    <p>Enzymes lose their catalytic efficiency outside the optimal temperature range.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do high concentrations of carbon dioxide affect enzyme activity and cellular functions?

    <p>They disrupt enzyme activity and hinder cellular functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of hormones like insulin and glucagon in regulating blood glucose levels?

    <p>To ensure a steady supply of energy to cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the respiratory system contribute to maintaining the acid-base balance crucial for homeostasis?

    <p>By expelling excess carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the interstitial fluid's composition crucial for effective cellular metabolism and physiological processes?

    <p>It directly impacts cellular activities and functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is responsible for producing adrenaline, a hormone that prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses?

    <p>Adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of insulin in the body?

    <p>Facilitates cellular glucose uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is crucial for regulating metabolism, growth, and energy production?

    <p>Thyroxine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of cortisol in the body?

    <p>Reduces inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glands release their products directly into the bloodstream without the use of ducts?

    <p>Thyroid and adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body regulate blood glucose levels to ensure balance?

    <p>By releasing glucagon with low glucose levels, converting liver glycogen into glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body respond to high blood glucose levels to maintain homeostasis?

    <p>By releasing insulin, facilitating glucose absorption by cells, lowering blood sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hypothalamus in maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>Monitoring and controlling thyroxin levels through TSH release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are negative feedback loops different from positive feedback loops in homeostasis?

    <p>Negative feedback loops counteract changes to maintain stability, while positive feedback loops amplify responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding the regulation of carbon dioxide levels crucial for maintaining internal balance?

    <p>Increased CO2 triggers increased breathing rate and depth to expel more CO2 and restore pH balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does aldosterone play in salt balance?

    <p>Increases kidney sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body respond to cold in terms of heat generation and conservation?

    <p>Vasoconstriction and shivering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of imbalances in ADH secretion on water levels in the blood?

    <p>Decreased blood water levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is goitre typically related to hormonal imbalance?

    <p>Resulting from thyroxin imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which systems play roles in the body's thermoregulation processes?

    <p>Hypothalamus, skin, and others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Chronic high blood sugar levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do negative feedback mechanisms contribute to homeostasis?

    <p>By maintaining stability around a set point</p> Signup and view all the answers

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