CV 3
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Questions and Answers

Which condition is highly associated with atrial fibrillation?

  • COPD
  • Valvular disease
  • Pericarditis
  • Hypertension (correct)

    • Which dysrhythmia is the most common post-operative tachycardia in the first 2-4 days?

  • Atrial flutter
  • Premature ventricular contraction
  • Ventricular tachycardia
  • Atrial fibrillation (correct)

    • What is the treatment for ventricular tachycardia in a stable patient?

  • Amiodarone 150 mg over 10 minutes
  • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
  • Sync-cardioversion 100-200J biphasic
  • β-blocker or calcium channel blocker (correct)

    • What is the most common cause of ventricular tachycardia?

    <p>Hypomagnesemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)?

    <p>β-blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common dysrhythmia in persons older than age 60?

    <p>Ventricular tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of sudden death in structurally normal hearts with ventricular tachycardia?

    <p>Low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)?

    <p>AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dysrhythmia is associated with an organized atrial rhythm and a ventricular rate of 2:1?

    <p>Atrial flutter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of Tachydysrhythmias?

    <p>Reentry of electric potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common symptom of Premature Atrial Contractions (PAC)?

    <p>Most asymptomatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual heart rate range for Sinus Tachycardia?

    <p>100 - 160 beats per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common arrhythmia associated with acute MI?

    <p>Sinus tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most appropriate initial treatment for a patient with no pulse and no respirations?

    <p>Defibrillate at 200 joules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes second degree heart block type II (Mobitz II)?

    <p>A prolonged PR interval greater than 0.20 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct treatment for second degree heart block type II (Mobitz II)?

    <p>Synchronized cardioversion at 360 joules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most appropriate initial treatment for a patient with stable second degree heart block type II (Mobitz II)?

    <p>Observe and monitor closely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct dosage of lidocaine for the treatment of cardiac arrest?

    <p>1 mg/kg intravenously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct dosage of epinephrine for the treatment of cardiac arrest?

    <p>1 mg/kg intravenously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct dosage of energy for synchronized cardioversion?

    <p>360 joules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common cause of sudden death?

    <p>Ventricular fibrillation (Vfib)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the long-term treatment for ventricular dysrhythmias?

    <p>Implantable pacemaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial management for ventricular fibrillation (Vfib)?

    <p>ACLS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be evaluated if a patient with ventricular fibrillation (Vfib) is awake and has a pulse?

    <p>Re-evaluate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by both preexcitation and tachydysrhythmia?

    <p>Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome (WpW)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes an earlier than normal deflection of the QRS complex in Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome (WpW)?

    <p>Delta wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drugs are contraindicated in Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome (WpW) due to their effect on AV nodal conduction?

    <p>Adenosine, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, lidocaine, and digoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which conditions are more common in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome (WpW)?

    <p>Ebstein's malformation of the tricuspid valve, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and transposition of the great vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common symptoms of Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome (WpW)?

    <p>Paroxysmal palpitations with or without dizziness, syncope, dyspnea, or angina pectoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct treatment for third degree heart block?

    <p>Give lidocaine 1 mg/kg intravenously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most appropriate initial treatment for a patient with no pulse and no respirations?

    <p>Defibrillate at 200 joules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of Tachydysrhythmias?

    <p>Abnormalities of Cardiac Conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is highly associated with atrial fibrillation?

    <p>Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome (WpW)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of ventricular tachycardia?

    <p>Cardiovascular Pathophysiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common cause of sudden death?

    <p>Cardiac Rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct dosage of epinephrine for the treatment of cardiac arrest?

    <p>Give epinephrine 1mg/kg intravenously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is highly associated with atrial fibrillation?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common arrhythmia associated with acute myocardial infarction (MI)?

    <p>Ventricular tachycardia (VT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial management for ventricular fibrillation (Vfib)?

    <p>Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and immediate defibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)?

    <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common dysrhythmia in persons older than age 60?

    <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)?

    <p>Beta-blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by both preexcitation and tachydysrhythmia?

    <p>Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome (WpW)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following dysrhythmias is characterized by an organized atrial rhythm and a ventricular rate of 2:1?

    <p>Atrial flutter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common symptom associated with Premature Atrial Contractions (PAC)?

    <p>Heavy heart beat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most appropriate initial treatment for a patient with stable second degree heart block type II (Mobitz II)?

    <p>β-blocker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common type of Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)?

    <p>AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common dysrhythmia in young women without structural heart disease?

    <p>Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct initial treatment for a patient with hemodynamically stable Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)?

    <p>Vagal maneuvers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT)?

    <p>Treat underlying cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common cause of sudden death?

    <p>Ventricular fibrillation (Vfib)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the long-term treatment for ventricular dysrhythmias?

    <p>Implantation of an implantable pacemaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be evaluated if a patient with ventricular fibrillation (Vfib) is awake and has a pulse?

    <p>Re-evaluate the pulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drugs are contraindicated in Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome (WpW) due to their effect on AV nodal conduction?

    <p>Adenosine, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, lidocaine, and digoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is highly associated with atrial fibrillation?

    <p>Ebstein's malformation of the tricuspid valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bimodal age distribution of Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome (WpW)?

    <p>Early childhood vs young adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common symptoms of Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome (WpW)?

    <p>Paroxysmal palpitations with or without dizziness, syncope, dyspnea, or angina pectoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of sudden cardiac death in structurally normal hearts with ventricular tachycardia?

    <p>Low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of ventricular tachycardia?

    <p>Ischemic heart disease (IHD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of torsade de pointes (TdP)?

    <p>It is a ventricular tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for syncope or sudden death in patients with congenital prolonged QT syndrome?

    <p>QTc exceeding 500 milliseconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of acquired prolonged QT syndrome?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of bradydysrhythmias?

    <p>SA node dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a treatment option for symptomatic sinus bradycardia?

    <p>Atropine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a management option for junctional rhythm?

    <p>Treat associated conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of first-degree heart block?

    <p>PR interval longer than 0.2 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of heart block has a high rate of progression to third-degree heart block and may manifest as a slow escape rhythm insufficient to sustain an acceptable cardiac output?

    <p>Mobitz type II block</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for Mobitz type II block?

    <p>Placement of a cardiac pacemaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the complete interruption of AV conduction known as?

    <p>Third Degree Heart block</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for third-degree heart block?

    <p>Placement of a permanent cardiac pacemaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are bundle branch blocks usually associated with?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial management for RBBB and LBBB?

    <p>Treatment of the underlying disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the majority of antidysrhythmia drugs work?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most appropriate initial treatment for stable orthodromic AVNRT?

    <p>Carotid sinus massage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug may be used if vagal maneuvers are unsuccessful in treating stable orthodromic AVNRT?

    <p>Adenosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the curative treatment for ventricular dysrhythmias in WPW syndrome?

    <p>Radiofrequency catheter ablation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal during anesthesia management in patients with WPW syndrome?

    <p>To avoid events or drugs that enhance anterograde conduction through the accessory pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of prolonged QT syndrome (LQTS)?

    <p>Prolongation of the QTc exceeding 460 milliseconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dispersion of refractory periods throughout the myocardium in LQTS?

    <p>An abnormality in repolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the curative treatment for LQTS?

    <p>Radiofrequency catheter ablation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a temporizing measure to treat bradydysrhythmias until a transvenous pacemaker can be placed or a more permanent mode of cardiac pacing can be implemented?

    <p>Electrical cardioversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of electrical cardioversion?

    <p>To deliver an electrical discharge synchronized to the R wave of the ECG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is defibrillation used to correct dysrhythmias?

    <p>When there is no R wave (no defined QRS complexes) or the patient is pulseless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the success of defibrillation dependent on?

    <p>The contact area and time to act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common pacing mode for permanently implanted cardiac pacemakers?

    <p>DDD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the first letter in the five-letter generic code for pacing modes represent?

    <p>The cardiac chamber(s) being paced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common adverse outcome associated with perioperative CIED-related issues?

    <p>Device malfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common interference with device function during anesthesia?

    <p>Electrocautery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended management of anesthesia for patients with a pacemaker or ICD?

    <p>Standardized monitoring at the operating room</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of heart block has a high rate of progression to third-degree heart block and may manifest as a slow escape rhythm insufficient to sustain an acceptable cardiac output?

    <p>Mobitz type II block</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the treatment of choice for Mobitz type II block?

    <p>Cardiac pacemaker placement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of heart block is characterized by the complete interruption of AV conduction?

    <p>Third-degree heart block</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for third-degree heart block?

    <p>Transcutaneous or transvenous cardiac pacing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a marker of poor prognosis in terms of heart failure and increased mortality?

    <p>Bundle branch blocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common adverse outcome associated with perioperative CIED-related issues?

    <p>Sudden cardiac death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common dysrhythmia in persons older than age 60?

    <p>Bundle branch blocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most accurate statement about torsade de pointes (TdP)?

    <p>TdP is characterized by a twisting of the QRS complexes on the ECG.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for prolonged QT syndrome?

    <p>Having hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of acquired prolonged QT syndrome?

    <p>Haldol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for sinus bradycardia?

    <p>Atropine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible mechanism for bradydysrhythmias associated with neuroaxial blockade?

    <p>Bezold-Jarisch response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of first-degree heart block?

    <p>Each P wave is conducted and has a corresponding QRS complex of normal duration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a management option for junctional rhythm?

    <p>No treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most appropriate initial treatment for stable orthodromic AVNRT if vagal maneuvers are unsuccessful?

    <p>Procainamide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the curative treatment for ventricular dysrhythmias in WPW syndrome?

    <p>Radiofrequency catheter ablation of the accessory pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of Tachydysrhythmias?

    <p>Enhanced anterograde conduction of cardiac impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of sudden cardiac death in structurally normal hearts with ventricular tachycardia?

    <p>High</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug may be used if vagal maneuvers are unsuccessful in treating stable orthodromic AVNRT?

    <p>Adenosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most appropriate initial treatment for ventricular dysrhythmias in WPW syndrome if not controlled with drug therapy?

    <p>Electrical cardioversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of ventricular tachycardia?

    <p>Coronary artery disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an effective temporizing measure to treat bradydysrhythmias until a transvenous pacemaker can be placed or a more permanent mode of cardiac pacing can be implemented?

    <p>Electrical cardioversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of electrical cardioversion?

    <p>To recoordinate the electrical pathways of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is defibrillation used to correct dysrhythmias?

    <p>When the patient is pulseless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the success of defibrillation depend on?

    <p>Good contact, time to act, and size of contact area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common pacing mode for permanently implanted cardiac pacemakers?

    <p>DDD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the first letter in the five-letter generic code for pacing modes represent?

    <p>Cardiac chamber(s) being paced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common adverse outcome associated with perioperative CIED-related issues?

    <p>Delay or cancellation of surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common interference with device function resulting in EMI during anesthesia management?

    <p>Electrocautery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended management of anesthesia for patients with a pacemaker or ICD?

    <p>Use standardized monitoring at the operating room</p> Signup and view all the answers

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