80 Questions
Which type of bond has an equal sharing of the electron pair?
Nonpolar covalent bond
If two nonmetals have an electronegativity difference of 2.0, what type of bond is likely to form between them?
Ionic bond
What property distinguishes polar covalent bonds from nonpolar covalent bonds?
Dipole moment formation
Which type of compound is more likely to dissolve in nonpolar solutions?
Nonpolar covalent compound
What does the term 'electronegativity' refer to in the context of chemical bonding?
Ability of an element to attract electrons in a bond
Which type of compound is more likely to have a dipole moment within its molecule?
Polar covalent compound
What does the molecular formula of water, H2O, signify?
Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
Which scientist is known as the 'Father of the Periodic Table'?
Dmitri Mendeleev
What did the Rutherford gold foil experiment reveal about the atom's structure?
The atom mostly consists of empty space with a concentrated positive charge at the nucleus
Which model of the atom did the Rutherford gold foil experiment refute?
Thomson model
What is the defining characteristic of an ion?
It has gained or lost one or more electrons
How are elements organized in the Periodic Table?
By their number of protons
What happens to the electronegativity of atoms as they move from the bottom left to the top right of the periodic table?
It increases
How does the number of protons in an atom's nucleus affect its ionization energy?
It increases ionization energy
What is the property of electronegativity used to explain in covalent compounds?
Bond polarity
What does a larger electronegativity value indicate according to Linus Pauling's scale?
Increased ability to attract electrons
How do atoms with more electron shells surrounding their nuclei influence their ionization energy?
Decrease ionization energy
What is the purpose of determining electronegativity difference (ΔEN) between atoms?
To decide on bond polarity
What is the main characteristic used to measure metallic character?
Ease of giving away valence electrons
Which pair of elements exhibit a diagonal relationship in terms of atomic radii?
Boron and Silicon
Why do metals generally have higher boiling points than nonmetals?
Because metals lose electrons easily
Which group of elements is known for its paramagnetic property?
Transition metals
In terms of electron accommodation, how many electrons can the third energy shell accommodate at most?
8 electrons
What do elements do to achieve the octet rule?
Share, gain, or lose electrons
What determines both the properties and reactivity of an atom?
Amount of valence electrons
What happens to the atomic radius trend as you move from the top right toward the bottom left of the periodic table?
Increases
What type of ions have larger ionic radii compared to the atomic radii of their parent atoms?
Anions
How is an atom described if it loses an electron?
Cation
What does the energy level of an electron correspond to in the electron configuration system?
A number between 1-7
Where are valence electrons typically found in an atom?
'n' energy level
What is the term for electrons in the outermost shell that are not involved in the formation of a covalent bond?
Lone pairs
Which type of bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms?
Covalent bond
What are compounds with covalent bonds known as?
Covalent compounds
Why are covalent molecules poor conductors of electricity?
Due to the absence of ions
What is the term used to refer to double and triple covalent bonds collectively?
Multiple bonds
Why are polar covalent bonds said to have partially charged ends?
Due to unequal sharing of electrons
What type of atoms create positive and negatively charged ions in an ionic bond?
Anions and cations
Hydrogen bonds occur between a hydrogen atom in one polar molecule and which type of atom in another polar molecule?
Highly electronegative atom
What is the main factor that determines the type of bond two different atoms are going to form?
Electronegativity
What happens when a highly electronegative atom gains an electron?
It forms an anion
What is the defining factor of a covalent bond?
Sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms
What is the electronegativity difference range for polar covalent bonds?
0.5 - 1.2
Which type of compound is more likely to have a dipole moment within its molecule?
Polar Covalent
Why do nonpolar molecules not have dipole moments?
They have equal sharing of the electron pair
Which type of compound is soluble in nonpolar solutions?
Nonpolar Covalent Compounds
What differentiates polar covalent bonds from nonpolar covalent bonds?
Electronegativity difference
What does the molecular formula of magnesium nitride, Mg3 N2, signify?
It has two magnesium cations and three nitrogen anions.
How did the Rutherford gold foil experiment challenge the Thomson model of the atom?
By observing that alpha particles were scattered by the atom's nucleus.
According to the Periodic Table, what element is assigned an atomic number equal to its number of protons?
Hydrogen
What did Johann Dobereiner's Law of Triads aim to organize regarding elements?
Elements with similar properties into groups of three.
How did Dmitri Mendeleev contribute to the modern Periodic Table?
By arranging elements by increasing atomic masses.
What is one of the defining characteristics of elements according to the text?
They have different numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
How are elements in the periodic table grouped into categories?
By their atomic number
What determines the size of an ion in terms of its ionic radius?
The number of orbitals
Which trend explains why atoms moving down a group have larger atomic radii?
Increasing number of orbitals
What type of ions have smaller ionic radii compared to the atomic radii of their parent atoms?
Cations
How do electron configurations help in understanding the location of electrons in an atom?
By showing the energy level and orbital where electrons are located
What is the relationship between group numbers and valence electrons in most atoms?
Final digit of group number matches valence electrons.
What is the main factor influencing the metallic character of elements on the periodic table?
Ease of losing valence electrons
Why do metals tend to be good conductors of electricity?
Loosely held outer electrons
At room temperature, many metals are solids while nonmetals are gases. What characteristic contributes to the difference in their physical state?
Valence electron configuration
What trend in boiling point is observed when moving across a period from left to right in the periodic table?
First increase then decrease
Which pair of elements exhibits a diagonal relationship based on their atomic radii similarity?
Boron and Lithium
What distinguishes the metallic character of elements when moving down a group from top to bottom in the periodic table?
Increase in atomic radius
What property of atoms moving from the bottom left to the top right of the periodic table is primarily responsible for their increased ionization energy requirements?
Increased number of protons
How does the electronegativity difference (ΔEN) between two atoms impact bond polarity?
Higher ΔEN leads to polar covalent bonds
Which factor influences an element's ability to attract and hold electrons in a covalent compound?
Electronegativity
Why do nonmetals with electronegativities greater than 2.00 create important covalent molecules in living organisms?
To share electrons easily
How do atoms with many electron orbitals surrounding their nuclei affect their ionization energy?
Decrease it due to greater distance from the nucleus
What characteristic of elements found in living organisms contributes to the creation of numerous covalent molecules with polar or nonpolar bonds?
High electronegativity values
What is the main difference between ionic bonds and covalent bonds?
Ionic bonds are formed between metals and nonmetals, while covalent bonds are formed between two nonmetals.
Why are covalent bond molecules considered poor conductors of electricity?
Covalent bond molecules lack charged particles to carry electrical current.
In a polar covalent bond, why do the ends of the bond have partial charges?
As a result of the sharing of electrons being unequal.
What type of bond involves forces of attraction between molecules?
Hydrogen bond
How do atoms with differing electronegativities contribute to the formation of polar covalent bonds?
By unequally sharing electrons.
Which type of bond results from an unequal sharing of electrons due to different electronegativities between atoms?
Polar covalent bond
What determines how molecules interact with each other in terms of their bonding characteristics?
The polarity, or difference in charge, in their bonds.
What feature distinguishes a hydrogen bond from other intermolecular forces?
'Requiring a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom.'
What causes partial charges at the ends of polar covalent bonds?
Unequal sharing of electrons
What is the primary factor that leads to the formation of multiple bonds between atoms?
Availability of additional valence electrons
Learn about how electronegativity increases in atoms moving from the bottom left toward the top right of the periodic table. Understand how atoms at the top right have higher ionization energy requirements due to their smaller number of orbitals and larger number of protons.
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