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Questions and Answers
Who first published the classification of the elements that is the basis of our periodic table today?
Who first published the classification of the elements that is the basis of our periodic table today?
Dmitri Mendeleev
By what property did Mendeleev arrange the elements?
By what property did Mendeleev arrange the elements?
Atomic Mass
By what property did Moseley suggest that the periodic table be arranged?
By what property did Moseley suggest that the periodic table be arranged?
Atomic Number
What is the periodic law?
What is the periodic law?
What is a period in the periodic table? How many are there?
What is a period in the periodic table? How many are there?
What is a group (also called a family)? How many are there in the periodic table?
What is a group (also called a family)? How many are there in the periodic table?
State the number of valence electrons in an atom of sulfur.
State the number of valence electrons in an atom of sulfur.
State the number of valence electrons in an atom of calcium.
State the number of valence electrons in an atom of calcium.
State the number of valence electrons in an atom of chlorine.
State the number of valence electrons in an atom of chlorine.
State the number of valence electrons in an atom of arsenic.
State the number of valence electrons in an atom of arsenic.
What element corresponds to the atomic number 10?
What element corresponds to the atomic number 10?
What element corresponds to the atomic number 18?
What element corresponds to the atomic number 18?
List, by number, both the period and group of the element beryllium.
List, by number, both the period and group of the element beryllium.
What element corresponds to the atomic number 36?
What element corresponds to the atomic number 36?
What element corresponds to the atomic number 90?
What element corresponds to the atomic number 90?
List, by number, both the period and group of the element iron.
List, by number, both the period and group of the element iron.
List, by number, both the period and group of the element lead.
List, by number, both the period and group of the element lead.
How does an element's period number relate to the number of the energy level of its valence electrons?
How does an element's period number relate to the number of the energy level of its valence electrons?
What are the transition elements?
What are the transition elements?
Would you expect strontium to be chemically more similar to calcium or rubidium and why?
Would you expect strontium to be chemically more similar to calcium or rubidium and why?
What is the heaviest noble gas?
What is the heaviest noble gas?
What is the heaviest alkaline earth metal?
What is the heaviest alkaline earth metal?
In going from top to bottom of any group, each element has ? more occupied energy level(s) than the element above it.
In going from top to bottom of any group, each element has ? more occupied energy level(s) than the element above it.
What are the Group 1 elements called?
What are the Group 1 elements called?
What are the Group 2 elements called?
What are the Group 2 elements called?
What are the Group 17 elements called?
What are the Group 17 elements called?
What are the Group 18 elements called?
What are the Group 18 elements called?
What is the name of the elements in Groups 3 to 12?
What is the name of the elements in Groups 3 to 12?
List the three lightest members of the noble gases.
List the three lightest members of the noble gases.
List all of the alkali metals.
List all of the alkali metals.
Why do all the members of a group have similar properties?
Why do all the members of a group have similar properties?
What do we mean by the 'atomic radius'?
What do we mean by the 'atomic radius'?
Within a group, what happens to the atomic radius as you go down the column?
Within a group, what happens to the atomic radius as you go down the column?
Why does the atomic radius change?
Why does the atomic radius change?
Within a period, what happens to the atomic radius as the atomic number increases?
Within a period, what happens to the atomic radius as the atomic number increases?
Why does the atomic radius change?
Why does the atomic radius change?
How are neutral atoms converted into cations?
How are neutral atoms converted into cations?
How are neutral atoms converted into anions?
How are neutral atoms converted into anions?
Metals usually form what type of ions?
Metals usually form what type of ions?
Nonmetals usually form what type of ions?
Nonmetals usually form what type of ions?
What is ionization energy?
What is ionization energy?
What is the general trend of ionization energy as you go from left to right across the periodic table?
What is the general trend of ionization energy as you go from left to right across the periodic table?
What is the general trend of ionization energy as you go down a group on the periodic table?
What is the general trend of ionization energy as you go down a group on the periodic table?
Which of these elements has the highest first ionization energy: Sn, As, or S?
Which of these elements has the highest first ionization energy: Sn, As, or S?
Where, generally, are the metals located on the periodic table?
Where, generally, are the metals located on the periodic table?
Where, generally, are the nonmetals located on the periodic table?
Where, generally, are the nonmetals located on the periodic table?
List some properties of metals.
List some properties of metals.
List some properties of nonmetals.
List some properties of nonmetals.
What kinds of properties do metalloids have?
What kinds of properties do metalloids have?
What is electronegativity?
What is electronegativity?
What is the general trend of electronegativity as you go down the periodic table?
What is the general trend of electronegativity as you go down the periodic table?
What is the general trend of electronegativity as you go left to right across the periodic table?
What is the general trend of electronegativity as you go left to right across the periodic table?
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Study Notes
Periodic Table Classification
- Dmitri Mendeleev published the first classification of elements.
- Mendeleev arranged the periodic table by atomic mass.
- Moseley suggested arranging elements by atomic number.
Periodic Law and Structure
- Periodic law states that element properties repeat periodically.
- A period refers to a horizontal row; there are seven periods in the periodic table.
- A group (or family) is a vertical column; there are 18 groups.
Valence Electrons
- Sulfur has 6 valence electrons.
- Calcium has 2 valence electrons.
- Chlorine has 7 valence electrons.
- Arsenic has 5 valence electrons.
Element Identification
- Neon (Ne) is the element with atomic number 10.
- Argon (Ar) is the element with atomic number 18.
- Beryllium (Be) is in period 2, group 2.
- Krypton (Kr) has atomic number 36.
- Thorium (Th) has atomic number 90.
- Iron (Fe) is located in period 4, group 8.
- Lead (Pb) is located in period 6, group 14.
Energy Levels and Valence Electrons
- An element's period number corresponds to its valence electrons' energy level.
- Transition elements are D-block elements located in groups 3 through 12.
- Group 1 elements are known as alkali metals; Group 2 elements are alkaline earth metals.
- Group 17 elements are called halogens, while Group 18 elements are noble gases.
- Elements in groups 3 to 12 are referred to as transition metals.
Noble Gases and Alkali Metals
- The three lightest noble gases are Helium (He), Neon (Ne), and Argon (Ar).
- Alkali metals include Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs), and Francium (Fr).
Atomic Radius Trends
- Atomic radius is defined as the size of a neutral atom.
- Within a group, the atomic radius increases as you move down the column.
- Atomic radius decreases across a period with increasing atomic number due to added protons.
Ion Formation
- Neutral atoms can become cations (positive ions) through electron loss.
- Neutral atoms can become anions (negative ions) through electron gain.
- Metals typically form cations, while nonmetals form anions.
Ionization Energy
- Ionization energy is the energy needed to remove an electron from an atom.
- Ionization energy generally increases from left to right across the periodic table due to increased nuclear charge.
- Ionization energy decreases down a group because of increased atomic size and electron shielding.
Element Locations
- Metals are generally located to the left of the stairstep on the periodic table.
- Nonmetals are located to the right of the stairstep.
Properties of Metals and Nonmetals
- Metals lose electrons to form cations, are good conductors of heat and electricity, are malleable and ductile, and are usually solid at room temperature (except mercury).
- Nonmetals gain electrons to form anions, are poor conductors, are brittle, and can be gas, liquid, or solid at room temperature.
Metalloids and Electronegativity
- Metalloids exhibit properties of both metals and nonmetals.
- Electronegativity measures an atom's ability to attract electrons.
- Electronegativity decreases down the periodic table and increases from left to right due to increased nuclear charge.
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