Perfusion and Oxygenation in Tissue
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Questions and Answers

PERFUSION IS THE FORCING OF BLOOD OR OTHER FLUID TO FLOW THROUGH A VESSEL AND INTO THE VASCULAR BED OF TISSUE TO PROVIDE OXYGEN

True

Pulmonary Circulation is circulation through lungs provides ability to transfer oxygen from atmosphere into body. Systemic circulation is Blood flow to heart muscle supports heart’s work in pumping oxygenated blood to body Coronary circulation is when Oxygen and nutrients are distributed to body

True

What is the outer covering of the heart?

  • Endocardium
  • Myocardium
  • Pericardium (correct)
  • Epicardium

    • Which of the following is the thick muscular layer of the heart?

    <p>Myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inner lining of the heart?

    <p>Endocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many atria are present in the heart?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of ventricles present in the heart?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the route of blood flow from the lungs to the heart?

    <p>Pulmonary vein to left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve separates the right atrium and right ventricle?

    <p>Tricuspid valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the relaxation phase of the heartbeat?

    <p>Diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

    <p>To carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the route of blood flow from the trunk and legs to the heart?

    <p>Inferior vena cava to right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Systole: contraction Diastole: relaxation

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Arteries carry blood AWAY from the heart and veins carry blood to the heart. The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood and the left side pumps oxygenated.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the P wave in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Depolarization of atria via sinoatrial node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process represented by the T wave in the ECG?

    <p>Repolarization of ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the QRS interval in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Depolarization of AV node and bundle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process represented by the U wave in the ECG?

    <p>Repolarization of Purkinje fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gap between the P wave and the QRS complex known as?

    <p>P-Q interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process represented by the QRS complex in the ECG?

    <p>Ventricular depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the state of the ventricles during the T wave?

    <p>Relaxed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process represented by the P wave in the ECG?

    <p>Atrial depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between ventricular depolarization and ventricular repolarization?

    <p>Depolarization is contraction, repolarization is relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the QRS complex and T wave in the ECG?

    <p>The QRS complex represents ventricular contraction, and the T wave represents ventricular relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the flow of sodium and calcium during the repolarization phase in cardiac myocytes?

    <p>They stop flowing in</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of stopping sodium and calcium flow during the repolarization phase?

    <p>Decreased cardiac contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if cardiac myocytes continued to allow sodium and calcium flow during the repolarization phase?

    <p>The cardiac cycle would become faster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for cardiac myocytes to stop allowing sodium and calcium flow during the repolarization phase?

    <p>To regulate cardiac rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the outcome if the repolarization phase was disrupted and cardiac myocytes continued to allow sodium and calcium flow?

    <p>Cardiac arrhythmias would increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during depolarization in cardiac myocytes?

    <p>Sodium channels open to allow positively charged ions into the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the influx of positively charged ions in cardiac myocytes?

    <p>To trigger contraction of the cardiac muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ions flow into the cardiac myocyte during depolarization?

    <p>Positively charged ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the opening of sodium channels in cardiac myocytes?

    <p>The cardiac myocyte becomes more electrically excitable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the controlled flow of ions important in cardiac myocytes?

    <p>To allow for contraction and relaxation of the cardiac muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate cardiac output?

    <p>Stroke volume multiplied by heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for stroke volume?

    <p>Milliliters per beat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle during each systolic cardiac contraction?

    <p>Stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor affects cardiac output besides heart rate and stroke volume?

    <p>Preload, afterload, and contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of heart rate in humans?

    <p>60-100 beats per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between preload and stroke volume?

    <p>Preload is directly proportional to stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Frank-Starling mechanism?

    <p>To maintain adequate blood flow to the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate cardiac output?

    <p>Heart rate × Stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that determines the resting heart rate and heart rate during exercise or stress?

    <p>Balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the mechanisms that regulate blood pressure?

    <p>Baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, the renin-angiotensin system, and the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are baroreceptors and chemoreceptors located?

    <p>In the arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the kidneys in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>To regulate blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the stimulation of beta 1 receptors in the heart?

    <p>Increased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the baroreceptors in the regulation of cardiac output?

    <p>To sense pressure changes in the arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the brainstem acting on the sympathetic nervous system in response to baroreceptors sensing pressure changes?

    <p>Increased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway by which baroreceptors regulate cardiac output?

    <p>Baroreceptors &gt; cardiac control center &gt; sympathetic nervous system &gt; heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries detect to regulate blood pressure?

    <p>Changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH of the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary response of the body to changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels detected by chemoreceptors?

    <p>Vasoconstriction and increased ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of the body's response to changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels detected by chemoreceptors?

    <p>To maximize oxygenation of vital organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between ventilation and oxygenation of vital organs?

    <p>Increased ventilation leads to increased oxygenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of blocking alpha 1 receptors in blood vessels on cardiac output?

    <p>Reduces cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which blocking alpha 1 receptors in blood vessels reduces cardiac output?

    <p>Reduces vascular vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are alpha 1 receptors in blood vessels a major target for pharmacological treatment of hypertension?

    <p>Because they increase vascular vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of angiotensin 2 in the body?

    <p>It increases blood pressure when acting on the arteries and atrioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of renin in the body?

    <p>The kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of renin in the body?

    <p>It converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of angiotensin 2 on blood vessels?

    <p>It constricts the blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the kidneys retain more salt and water?

    <p>Blood volume increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between aldosterone and cardiac output?

    <p>Aldosterone increases cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of veins does venous stasis occur?

    <p>Veins with reduced venous return</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of venous stasis in the body?

    <p>Impaired blood flow to tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor contributing to venous stasis?

    <p>Decreased vessel wall pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe high blood pressure that is caused by another underlying condition?

    <p>Secondary hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe high blood pressure where only the systolic blood pressure is elevated?

    <p>Isolated systolic hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of individuals with hypertension who have primary hypertension?

    <p>90-95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe high blood pressure where both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures are elevated?

    <p>Mixed systolic/diastolic hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe high blood pressure where only the diastolic blood pressure is elevated?

    <p>Isolated diastolic hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of hypertension according to the American Heart Association?

    <p>Systolic pressure above 130 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure above 80 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a systolic pressure above 130 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure above 80 mm Hg?

    <p>It indicates a diagnosis of hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indicator of hypertension according to the American Heart Association?

    <p>Blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of shock is caused by severe infection?

    <p>Septic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a shock caused by a massive systemic vasodilation from a brain or spinal cord injury?

    <p>Neurogenic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient is experiencing an allergic reaction and their blood pressure is dropping rapidly. What type of shock is this patient likely experiencing?

    <p>Anaphylactic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common underlying factor among cardiogenic shock, hypovolemic shock, and septic shock?

    <p>Impaired perfusion of vital organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is shock often equated with?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is perfusion?

    <p>The forcing of blood or other fluid to flow through a vessel and into the vascular bed of tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a late sign of ineffective compensation in shock?

    <p>Decreased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of shock on the body?

    <p>Impaired perfusion of vital organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between shock and circulation?

    <p>Shock decreases blood circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medication is used to treat septic shock?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of blood transfusions in shock treatment?

    <p>To replace lost blood and treat hypovolemic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of shock is often treated with medications, heart surgery, or other interventions?

    <p>Cardiogenic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medication is used to treat anaphylactic shock?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of shock is often treated with antibiotics?

    <p>Septic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In right-sided heart failure, what is a common symptom due to impaired liver perfusion?

    <p>Anorexia and weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In left-sided heart failure, what is a common sign of decreased tissue perfusion?

    <p>Cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of right-sided heart failure due to congestion of the peripheral tissues?

    <p>Edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign of left-sided heart failure due to impaired gas exchange?

    <p>Cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In right-sided heart failure, what is a common symptom due to impaired GI tract perfusion?

    <p>GI distress and weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

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