93 Questions
PERFUSION IS THE FORCING OF BLOOD OR OTHER FLUID TO FLOW THROUGH A VESSEL AND INTO THE VASCULAR BED OF TISSUE TO PROVIDE OXYGEN
True
Pulmonary Circulation is circulation through lungs provides ability to transfer oxygen from atmosphere into body. Systemic circulation is Blood flow to heart muscle supports heart’s work in pumping oxygenated blood to body Coronary circulation is when Oxygen and nutrients are distributed to body
True
What is the outer covering of the heart?
Pericardium
Which of the following is the thick muscular layer of the heart?
Myocardium
What is the inner lining of the heart?
Endocardium
How many atria are present in the heart?
Two
What is the number of ventricles present in the heart?
Two
What is the route of blood flow from the lungs to the heart?
Pulmonary vein to left atrium
Which valve separates the right atrium and right ventricle?
Tricuspid valve
What is the term for the relaxation phase of the heartbeat?
Diastole
What is the function of the pulmonary artery?
To carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What is the route of blood flow from the trunk and legs to the heart?
Inferior vena cava to right atrium
Systole: contraction Diastole: relaxation
True
Arteries carry blood AWAY from the heart and veins carry blood to the heart. The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood and the left side pumps oxygenated.
True
What occurs during the P wave in the cardiac cycle?
Depolarization of atria via sinoatrial node
What is the process represented by the T wave in the ECG?
Repolarization of ventricles
What happens during the QRS interval in the cardiac cycle?
Depolarization of AV node and bundle fibers
What is the process represented by the U wave in the ECG?
Repolarization of Purkinje fibers
What is the gap between the P wave and the QRS complex known as?
P-Q interval
What is the process represented by the QRS complex in the ECG?
Ventricular depolarization
What is the state of the ventricles during the T wave?
Relaxed
What is the process represented by the P wave in the ECG?
Atrial depolarization
What is the difference between ventricular depolarization and ventricular repolarization?
Depolarization is contraction, repolarization is relaxation
What is the relationship between the QRS complex and T wave in the ECG?
The QRS complex represents ventricular contraction, and the T wave represents ventricular relaxation
What happens to the flow of sodium and calcium during the repolarization phase in cardiac myocytes?
They stop flowing in
What is the primary effect of stopping sodium and calcium flow during the repolarization phase?
Decreased cardiac contraction
What would happen if cardiac myocytes continued to allow sodium and calcium flow during the repolarization phase?
The cardiac cycle would become faster
Why is it important for cardiac myocytes to stop allowing sodium and calcium flow during the repolarization phase?
To regulate cardiac rhythm
What would be the outcome if the repolarization phase was disrupted and cardiac myocytes continued to allow sodium and calcium flow?
Cardiac arrhythmias would increase
What happens during depolarization in cardiac myocytes?
Sodium channels open to allow positively charged ions into the cell
What is the purpose of the influx of positively charged ions in cardiac myocytes?
To trigger contraction of the cardiac muscle
What type of ions flow into the cardiac myocyte during depolarization?
Positively charged ions
What is the result of the opening of sodium channels in cardiac myocytes?
The cardiac myocyte becomes more electrically excitable
Why is the controlled flow of ions important in cardiac myocytes?
To allow for contraction and relaxation of the cardiac muscle
What is the formula to calculate cardiac output?
Stroke volume multiplied by heart rate
What is the unit of measurement for stroke volume?
Milliliters per beat
What is the term for the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle during each systolic cardiac contraction?
Stroke volume
What factor affects cardiac output besides heart rate and stroke volume?
Preload, afterload, and contractility
What is the normal range of heart rate in humans?
60-100 beats per minute
What is the relationship between preload and stroke volume?
Preload is directly proportional to stroke volume
What is the primary purpose of the Frank-Starling mechanism?
To maintain adequate blood flow to the body
What is the formula used to calculate cardiac output?
Heart rate × Stroke volume
What is the main factor that determines the resting heart rate and heart rate during exercise or stress?
Balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
What are the mechanisms that regulate blood pressure?
Baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, the renin-angiotensin system, and the kidneys
Where are baroreceptors and chemoreceptors located?
In the arteries
What is the role of the kidneys in blood pressure regulation?
To regulate blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin system
What is the result of the stimulation of beta 1 receptors in the heart?
Increased cardiac output
What is the role of the baroreceptors in the regulation of cardiac output?
To sense pressure changes in the arteries
What is the outcome of the brainstem acting on the sympathetic nervous system in response to baroreceptors sensing pressure changes?
Increased cardiac output
What is the pathway by which baroreceptors regulate cardiac output?
Baroreceptors > cardiac control center > sympathetic nervous system > heart
What do chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries detect to regulate blood pressure?
Changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH of the blood
What is the primary response of the body to changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels detected by chemoreceptors?
Vasoconstriction and increased ventilation
What is the ultimate goal of the body's response to changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels detected by chemoreceptors?
To maximize oxygenation of vital organs
What is the relationship between ventilation and oxygenation of vital organs?
Increased ventilation leads to increased oxygenation
What is the effect of blocking alpha 1 receptors in blood vessels on cardiac output?
Reduces cardiac output
What is the primary mechanism by which blocking alpha 1 receptors in blood vessels reduces cardiac output?
Reduces vascular vasoconstriction
Why are alpha 1 receptors in blood vessels a major target for pharmacological treatment of hypertension?
Because they increase vascular vasoconstriction
What is the role of angiotensin 2 in the body?
It increases blood pressure when acting on the arteries and atrioles
What is the source of renin in the body?
The kidneys
What is the function of renin in the body?
It converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
What is the effect of angiotensin 2 on blood vessels?
It constricts the blood vessels
What happens when the kidneys retain more salt and water?
Blood volume increases
What is the relationship between aldosterone and cardiac output?
Aldosterone increases cardiac output
In which type of veins does venous stasis occur?
Veins with reduced venous return
What is the result of venous stasis in the body?
Impaired blood flow to tissues
What is the primary factor contributing to venous stasis?
Decreased vessel wall pressure
What is the term used to describe high blood pressure that is caused by another underlying condition?
Secondary hypertension
What is the term used to describe high blood pressure where only the systolic blood pressure is elevated?
Isolated systolic hypertension
What is the percentage of individuals with hypertension who have primary hypertension?
90-95%
What is the term used to describe high blood pressure where both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures are elevated?
Mixed systolic/diastolic hypertension
What is the term used to describe high blood pressure where only the diastolic blood pressure is elevated?
Isolated diastolic hypertension
What is the definition of hypertension according to the American Heart Association?
Systolic pressure above 130 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure above 80 mm Hg
What is the significance of a systolic pressure above 130 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure above 80 mm Hg?
It indicates a diagnosis of hypertension
What is the primary indicator of hypertension according to the American Heart Association?
Blood pressure
Which type of shock is caused by severe infection?
Septic shock
What is the term used to describe a shock caused by a massive systemic vasodilation from a brain or spinal cord injury?
Neurogenic shock
A patient is experiencing an allergic reaction and their blood pressure is dropping rapidly. What type of shock is this patient likely experiencing?
Anaphylactic shock
What is the common underlying factor among cardiogenic shock, hypovolemic shock, and septic shock?
Impaired perfusion of vital organs
What is shock often equated with?
Hypotension
What is perfusion?
The forcing of blood or other fluid to flow through a vessel and into the vascular bed of tissue
What is a late sign of ineffective compensation in shock?
Decreased blood pressure
What is the primary effect of shock on the body?
Impaired perfusion of vital organs
What is the relationship between shock and circulation?
Shock decreases blood circulation
What type of medication is used to treat septic shock?
Antibiotics
What is the purpose of blood transfusions in shock treatment?
To replace lost blood and treat hypovolemic shock
What type of shock is often treated with medications, heart surgery, or other interventions?
Cardiogenic shock
What type of medication is used to treat anaphylactic shock?
Epinephrine
What type of shock is often treated with antibiotics?
Septic shock
In right-sided heart failure, what is a common symptom due to impaired liver perfusion?
Anorexia and weight loss
In left-sided heart failure, what is a common sign of decreased tissue perfusion?
Cyanosis
What is a common symptom of right-sided heart failure due to congestion of the peripheral tissues?
Edema
What is a common sign of left-sided heart failure due to impaired gas exchange?
Cyanosis
In right-sided heart failure, what is a common symptom due to impaired GI tract perfusion?
GI distress and weight loss
Test your understanding of perfusion, the process of forcing blood or other fluids to flow through vessels into the vascular bed of tissue to provide oxygen. This quiz covers the basics of perfusion and its importance in maintaining tissue health.
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