Penology, Correction, and Jail Management

• Penology is a branch of criminology that studies punishment for crimes, focusing on control and prevention through offender punishment.
• Penology comes from the Latin word "POENA", meaning pain and suffering, and is also known as Penal Science.
• Correction is a branch of the criminal justice system focused on custody, supervision, and offender rehabilitation.
• In the Philippines, CORRECTION is the 4th pillar of the Criminal Justice System.
• Correctional Administration involves managing jails, prisons, and institutions dealing with custody, treatment, and rehabilitation, aiming to reorient offenders and prevent repeat offenses.
• Penal/Jail Management refers to the management and control of places of confinement.

Important Dates and Events in the History of Corrections

• 13th Century: Criminals could avoid punishment by seeking refuge in a church for 40 days, after which they had to leave the realm.
• 1468 (England): Torture became prevalent as a form of punishment.
• 16th Century: England authorized the transportation of criminals, followed by Russia and other European countries, but it was abandoned in 1835.
• 17th to Late 18th Century: The death penalty was a prevalent punishment.

Reasons for the Death Penalty's Prominence

• It was seen as "protection for the English people" due to limited police force capabilities.
• There was a lack of confidence in criminal transportation, as gaols and galleys became corrupt.
• Crude intimidation doctrines aimed to deter law violations.
• The ruling class sought to protect property rights, using the death penalty for property loss without considering the value of life.

The Primitive Society

• Behavioral controls were categorized as forbidden acts, accepted acts, and encouraged acts in early civilization.
• Punishments are required when individuals violate the rules, with complex societies codifying sanctions into written laws.
• Rewards for obeying laws include becoming a respected and productive member of society.

Redress (Compensation) of a Wrong Act

• Retaliation (Personal Vengeance) was the earliest remedy, involving personal revenge by the victim's family or tribe, leading to blood feuds.
• Fines and Punishment involved payments like cattle, food, or personal services, dictated by tribal traditions, with tribal leaders exerting authority in negotiations.
• Wrongdoers could choose to stay away from trial by ordeal, but face being declared an outlaw if they refused to abide by the law.

Two Approaches of Correction

• Institutional Correction (Institution-based correction): Rehabilitation programs inside correctional facilities like national penitentiaries or jails.
• Non-Institutional Correction (Community-based correction): Rehabilitation programs take place within the community, without the convict being placed or released from correctional facilities.

Concept of Penalty

• Penalty signifies pain, especially in a judicial context, meaning suffering due to the action of human society because of a crime.
• Punishment is the redress the state takes against an offending member of society, typically involving pain and suffering, with justifications including:
• Retribution meaning punishment should be given by the state that was violated, as deserved.
• Expiation or Atonement, is punishment as group vengeance to appease the offended public.
• Deterrence, Punishment aims to give lesson to the offender and deter others from violating the law.
• Incapacitation and protection involves public protection by holding the offender;
• Reformation or Rehabilitation estabilishes the usefulness and responsibility of the offender to renew himself.

Ancient Forms of Punishment

• Death Penalty: Achieved by burning, boiling in oil, or breaking at the wheel.
• Physical Torture: involved mutilation and maiming.
• Social Degradation aimed to shame or humiliate offenders.
• Banishment involved sending or putting offenders outside a specified territory.

Contemporary Forms of Punishment

• Imprisonment: involves protecting the public and rehabilitation of offenders.
• Parole: Is a conditional release after serving part of a sentence, supervised by a parole officer.
• Probation: Is a release after conviction, subject to conditions imposed by the court and probation officer supervision.
• Fine: A sum of money given as a compensation for a criminal act.
• Destierro: It has the penalty of banishing a person from the crime scene.

Juridical Conditions of Penalty

• Must inflict suffering without affecting personality integrity.
• Must be commensurate with differing offenses.
• Should be personal, not punishing others' crimes.
• Must be legal, following judgment based on law.
• Must be certain, with no escape from effect.
• Should be equal for all persons.
• Must be correctional.

Schools of Thought in Correction (Criminological Theories)

• Classical Theory believes Punishment should be equal to crime.
• Neo-Classical Theory supports the classical theory but with modifications.
• Positivist Theory thinks Man can be subjected to cure and rehabilitation.
• Modern Clinical School studies the criminal more than the crime.

History of Punishment

• In the Bible, God punished Lucifer, Adam, Eve, and Cain, used Great Flood, and destroyed Sodom and Gomorrha.
• Law of Vendetta involved personal vengeance or revenge.

Codification of Early Laws

• There are three main legal systems in the world: Roman, Mohammedan/Arabic, and Anglo-American Laws.
• Roman Law has the most lasting influence.

KING-UR NAMMU CODE (2100 BC)

• Imposed restitution and savage penalties.
• Retribution degraded the offender, while restitution elevated the victim.
• This code did not impose the death penalty.

HAMMURABIC CODE (1750 BC)

• Established first formal laws dealing with justice, based on lex taliones (eye for an eye).
• Lex taliones had a two-tiered concept of justice.
• Has influenced the Manama Darma of India, Hermes Trismegitus, and Mosaic Code.

MOSAIC CODE.

• Allowed restitution and extreme punishments.

Forms of early punishment

• Flogging consists of whipping the culprit with a cat of nine tails
• Branding was burning with red hot iron the first letter of his offense.
• Iron Maiden was a hollow form shaped like a human using iron strips.
• Milk and Honey - the Persian general was totured to death by insects and vermin.

GREEK CODE OF DRACO

• Provided the same punishment of citizen and slaves.
• First to allow any citizen to prosecute the offender.
• Stoning to death was used by the Israelites and the Arabs.
• breaking on the wheel was one of the form of punishments by the Greek
• Banishment, slavery, imprisonment and etc were other forms of punishment imposed by Ancient Greek justice.

TWELVE TABLES

• earliest codification of Roman Law.
• The foundation of public and private law of the Romans until the time of the Justinian.
• A collection of legal principles engraved on metal tablets.

JUSTINIAN CODE

• enforced in the Roman Empire becoming the standard law in all areas occupied by the Roman Empire.

BURGUNDIAN CODE

• specified punishment according to social class of offenders
• Punishments in this law include - Stocks & Furca

THE SECULAR LAWS

• These laws were advocated by Christian Philosophers who recognized the need for justice.
• Proponents of these laws are St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas.
• distinguised three laws - External Law, Natural Law and Human Law

PAPAL DECLARATION ON SANCTUARY

• Decreed that refugee offenders be driven out of the sanctuary if they used this for committing a crime.

PAPAL DECLARATION ON DEATH PENALTY

• Pope Leo I was the first Pope to fully express approval for the killing.
• Priscillian was the first recorded Christian who was put to death for being heretic

KING HENRY THE VIII DECREE (1531)

• in England that decreed punishments for vagrant and penal slavery.

TRANSPORTATION AS PUNISHMENT WAS AUTHORIZED (16th Century)

• England was authorized with the transportation of criminals.
• Special Account on Banishment: The banishment of Russian prisoners to Siberia

PENITENTIARY ACT OF 1779 AD

• was passed and Five years after the passage, Norfolk Prison and Millbank are opened.

WHITE SLAVE ACT 1910

• is one of the many laws passed by the US Congress declaring various crimes to be under federal jurisdiction.

The Bridewell Institution (1556)

• was established as a workhouse for vagabonds, idlers, and rogues

Gaols

• are poorly constructed, unsanitary, damp, drafty or airless, gloomy dungeons, foul smelling places of detention in England in the early eighteenth century.

Panopticon

• is a building plan made by Jeremy Bentham, a noted english Exponent of classical school of criminology which called for a tank-like structure, covered by a glass roof.

Mill Bank Penitentiary

• was a huge, gloomy and many towered prison

Sing Sing Prison

• became famous and and was the plot of many movies due to the Sing Sing Bath.

Hospicio de San Michelle

• first home for delinquent boys.

Auburn System

• was a convoluted version of St. Michael System employing "congregate confinement"

Walnut State Prison

• is the first prison in the United States constructing an additional building with walls.
• Each inmate are to live, work and eat seperate and had complete silence.

The Northern Industrial Prison

• found in the industrial belt of the Northern United States.
• There were three (3) methods used to benefit from prison labor, Contract System, State Account and etc.

The Chain Gangs

• This scheme, prisoners work in public works outside of the facilities
• Chain Gang was originally imposed on black prisoners and some would be subjected to a sweat box.

The Custody-oriented Prison

• is a remnant of the prisons of the past century were prisoners were punished by confining them only to their cells and isolating them from the rest of society.

The Treatment-Oriented Prison

• is almost the goal of modern penal institutions.

New York House of Refuge

• is the first juvenile reformatory which was opened in January 1825 and located in New York City

Maconochie's Mark System

• Captain Alexander Maconochie of the English Royal Army introduce a system by reduction of sentences for proper deportment, labor and study.
• THE IRISH SYSTEM - Using the "Mark System" and by Sir Walter Crofton incorporated old practices in English Prisons.

Elmira system

• named after Elmira Reformatory, in New York.
• Established by Zebulon R. Brockway for young felons.
• Gave the reformatory movement two important philosophical tenets: first, the importance of specialized care for youthful offenders. second, the recognition that up to a certain age every criminal ought to be regarded as potentially a good citizen.

Japan Prison Modernization

• started during the reign of Tokugawa Shogunate when the country came under the occupation of Americans.

ARISTOTLE (400 BC)

• make the first attempt to explain crime he has written entitled: Nicomedian Ethics.

WILLIAM PENN (1614-1718)

• prescribed imprisonment as correctional treatment for major offenders
• He is also responsible for the abolition of death penalty and torture as a form of punishment.

CHARLES MONTESIQIEU (1689–1755)

• believe that harsh punishment would undermine morality.

VOLTAIRE or also known FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET (1694–1778)

• He believes that fear of shame was a deterrent to crime.

CESARE BONESA, MARCHESE de BECARRIA (1738–1794)

• Jeremy Bentham and Beccaria, both were the strongest advocates of the enlightenment in the fields of criminology and their writings were considered as the Classical School of criminology.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748 –1832)

• He believes that whatever punishment designed to negate whatever pleasure or pain the criminal derives from crime, the crime rate would go down.
• The “Panopticon Model” was designed by him.

CESARE LOMBROSO

• Jewish physician and anthropologist who espoused the Positivist School of Criminology.

JOHN HOWARD (1726-1790)

• a Sheriff from Bedfordshire, England (1773) who became concerned at the savage and inhuman conditions obtaining in his country's prisons.

DOMETS OF FRANCE

• established an agricultural colony for delinquent boys in 1839 providing housefathers as in charge of these boys.

ALEXANDER MACONOCHIE

• introduced “Mark System,” a system in which prisoner was required to earn a number of marks based on proper department, labor and study in order to entitle him for a ticket for leave or conditional release which is similar to parole.

SIR WALTER CROFTON

• with what he called as irish system, returned prisons after sentence was served with civilians.

MANUEL MONTESIMOS

• the Director of Prison in Valencia, Spain

ZEBULON R. BROCKWAY

• Publicly, Brockway claimed to believe that the aim of the prison was to rehabilitate and not simply just to punish.

SIR EVELYN RUGGLES-BRISE

• Prison reformer who was instrumental in the founding and development of England's Borstal system for the treatment of young offenders

BORSTAL INSTITUTION

• is considered as the best reform institution for young offenders today.
• ENRICO FERRI (Italian), it was a noble mission to oppose the ferocious penalties of the middle ages. It argued that since the causes of crime could be

KALANTIAW CODE

• Article 1 stated to not to kill, steal or harm old people and punishments consist of drowning or boiling.

Old Bilibid Prison (Carcel y presidol correctional)

• was designed for 1,127 prisoners

New Bilibid Prison

• is the national penitentiary as provided in the Revised Penal Code , art. 84 and can now house maximum security crimes.

San Ramon Prison and Penal Fram

• confined Muslim rebels and was named after Spanish Captain R. Blanco and was closed during Spanish American war period

Bureau of Prison

• Created and established in the 1900's by the Americans under the Department of Commerce and Police.

Iwahig Prison and Penal Colony

• The Americans established in the town name Puerto Properza with first superintendent being Wolfe.

Correctional institution for women

• this was approved 1921 and established 1931 in Mandaluyong.

Davao Penal colny

• opened 1932 in north davao as signed by President R.A 3732 act 414

Inmate reception and Diagnostic Center

• Formerly known as the Inmate reception

Philippine Corrections

• two major and equally significant components, Institutional Corrections and now Institutional corrections

BUCOR

• given the task of the rehabilitation of prisoners and BuCor is an integral bureau of the DJ

Maximum Security Inmates

• those inmates given serious crimes at a level of being a dander to themselves

Medium security inmates

• those criminals with less than 20 years imprisonment.

Releasing prisoners

• all releasing prisoners must have his/her legal credentials, signatures, medical reports etc.
• A prisoner may be released by, Serive of Sentence, Order of the court.
• To ensure no false identity during release, verify each criminal with every data.

Categories of inmates

• All those that are the Inmate and the Detainee

Safeguarding functions, Courts and Entities autorized

• Courts and individuals given the power over a person to be sent jail

Searche of jails

• protect the establishment by, Controlling personal items from the criminal in the place.
• search Levels .cursory- Going on a visually search Inspection - a conditional search Amplified a personal search All types of body , patrol and areas or cells/sites search must be maintained.

Good Time of Conduct Allowance

• all inmates under with the law 10592 ( Good time of Conduct Allowance is a good to maintain with good standard of discipline

Models of treatments

• each model of treatment to rehabilitation has different purposes in to prevent of being in prison

Population Reduction

• used to freed or released criminal when overpopulated Good to build and maintain a better treatment for each inmate.

Regional rehabiliation center's by DSWD

• maintains the Youth Rehabiliation by Department of Welfare and Development
• There are 9centers for boys and is exclusively girl for female

IWP

• better know as Inmate Welfare and well being that gives basic support to all prisoners. There were 21 articles and 5 pages, as well the following was based on my understanding through the article