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A patient presents to the ER with pelvic and lower abdominal pain, purulent cervical discharge, cervical tenderness, fever, malaise. What does the nurse suspect?
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease is asymptomatic in the early stages.
True
Treatment of _______ can include pharmacologic treatment such as antibiotics for infection and Clomiphene Citrate to induce ovulation. Surgery may be indicated to remove obstructions (leiomyoma). Reproductive technologies may be able to treat such as Artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization.
General manifestations of altered reproductive function can manifest as Infertility (hormone alterations, irregular menstrual periods, Amenorrhea – absent menstrual periods, and anovulation – absence of ovulation), and can manifest as Pain (dysmenorrhea – painful period, and dyspareunia – painful intercourse). Endometriosis may also occur where the endometrial tissue develops outside of the uterus and cause pelvic adhesions and distortion of pelvic structure.
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Luteinizing Hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and plays a crucial role in regulating ___________
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Which of the following hormones is produced by the Sertoli cells of the testes?
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What is the result of a sexually transmitted infection of the reproductive tract?
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What is the effect of Motility Impairment on reproduction?
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What is the consequence of an Immune Problem in reproduction?
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Which hormone helps with milk production and the development of mammary glands?
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What is the function of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone?
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Where is Progesterone produced?
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What is the function of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone?
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Which hormone is produced by the placenta during pregnancy?
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What is the function of Androgen?
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What is the main function of estrogen in the body?
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Which hormone is produced by the brain and causes contraction of the womb during childbirth and lactation?
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What is the primary source of testosterone in the body?
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What is one of the ways hormonal imbalance can affect reproduction?
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How many processes can lead to altered reproductive function?
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Patient presents to the ER with Small, painless testicular mass, Slight enlargement of testicle, Heaviness or enlargement of scrotum, Mild discomfort in testicle. What can the nurse suspect?
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A patient presents to the ER with pelvic and lower abdominal pain, purulent cervical discharge, cervical tenderness, fever, malaise. What does the nurse suspect?
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Pharmacologic treatment with oral or IV antibiotics, treat infected patient and partners, if hospitalization if patient is high risk due to pregnancy, immunodeficient, severe illness.
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Exact cause of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is unknown.
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__________ causes excess androgen production from the ovaries. Anovulation occurs due to lack of follicular maturation which produces bilaterally distended and cystic ovaries. Relationship between high androgen levels and insulin resistance noted.
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Patient presents to the ER with Menstrual irregularities, acne, male-pattern baldness and Hirsutism (abnormal growth of hair on face and body), Obesity, and acanthosis nigricans (darkened velvety skin). What can the nurse suspect?
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For ____________ Pharmacologic treatment focuses on suppression of androgen production, such as low-dose birth control pills. Antiestrogen medications induce ovulation to achieve pregnancy. Metformin to lower insulin to improve ovulation. Laparoscopic laser surgery of ovaries. Focus on treating symptoms.
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The Patho for ovarian cancer is connection to BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 implicated as risk factors. Environmental factors such as ovarian trauma from monthly ovulation, and use of hormone therapy. The cancer is classified by tumor type, Epithelial, Germ Cell, Sex Cord. The cancer is also classified by stages, Stage I: limited to one or both ovaries, Stage II: Extends into pelvis, Stage III: Metastases in peritoneum outside the pelvis, Stage IV: Distant metastases.
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_________ is Often asymptomatic in early stages, vague bloating and abdominal pain. Large tumors may manifest as: abdominal distention, pressure, pain.
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The pathophysiology for menopause is Cessation of ovarian activity (age ________ years).
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A 52 year old female presents to the ER with a decline in breast size, skin elasticity, body hair, subcutaneous fat. Physical exam shows Atrophy of ovaries and uterus, bone loss, and thinning of vaginal walls. Patient reports dyspareunia (painful intercourse), urinary urgency, stress incontinence, Hot Flashes, Mood disorders, fatigue, sleep disorders, and decline in libido. What does the nurse suspect?
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Treatment for ___________ includes Pharmacologic Hormone replacement (estrogen, progesterone),Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), Raloxifene (to prevent osteoporosis). Nonpharmacologic, Dietary changes (avoid spicy foods, caffeine, alcohol), Relaxation techniques and exercise.
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Erectile dysfunction is the Inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance.
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Factors of ___________ include hormone issues, neurologic issues, and vascular obstruction. Psychological issues such as anxiety, low self-esteem, and depression. Impaired veno-occlusive ability.
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Medications such as antihypertensives (beta blockers) can contribute to Erectile dysfunction.
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Treatment for Erectile dysfunction includes Psychosocial Support, Pharmacologic treatment with Sildenafil (Viagra), Vardenafil, Tadalafil. Penile implants are also an alternative treatment.
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The Cause of BPH is unknown, ______ is largest risk factor.
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A 62 year old male presents to the ER with Urinary frequency, dribbling hesitancy, incontinence, urgency, retention. What can the nurse suspect?
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Treatment of ____________ can be Pharmacologic, Laser/heat-based treatments to destroy prostate gland. Surgery can be indicated as a transurethral resection of the prostate. A urethral stent can also be placed
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Though the Cause of prostate cancer is unknown, age, family history, African American race, smoking, nutrition (high-fat) are all risk factors. Factors can include, genetic, environmental, and hormonal.
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More than 95% of primary _________ cancers are classified as adenocarcinomas.
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Treatment of _____ cancer focuses on surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, androgen-deprivation hormone therapy, and “watchful waiting” (seeing if the cancer responds to treatment.
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Though the Exact cause of testicular cancer is often unknown, alteration in chromosome 14 may be implicated, and cryptorchidism a major risk factor. Germ cell tumors Seminomas, Nonseminomas.
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Study Notes
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
- Characterized by pelvic and lower abdominal pain, purulent cervical discharge, cervical tenderness, fever, and malaise.
- Commonly asymptomatic in early stages, making early diagnosis challenging.
Treatment Options
- Antibiotic therapy to treat infections is essential; options include oral or IV medications.
- Clomiphene Citrate may be used to induce ovulation in infertility cases.
- Surgical intervention may be necessary to remove obstructions such as leiomyoma.
- Reproductive technologies include artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization.
Altered Reproductive Function
- Signs of altered function can include infertility, hormone alterations, irregular menstrual periods, amenorrhea, and anovulation.
- Can also manifest as pain conditions like dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia.
- Endometriosis involves endometrial tissue outside the uterus, leading to pelvic adhesions and structural distortion.
Hormones and their Functions
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH), produced by the anterior pituitary gland, helps regulate reproductive functions.
- Sertoli cells of the testes produce inhibin, which regulates spermatogenesis.
- Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) stimulates the release of LH and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary.
- Progesterone is primarily produced by the ovaries and placenta and is crucial for maintaining pregnancy.
- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is essential for ovarian follicle maturation and spermatogenesis.
- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the placenta during pregnancy and supports the corpus luteum.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
- Menstrual irregularities, acne, hirsutism, obesity, and acanthosis nigricans can indicate conditions such as Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS).
- Pharmacologic treatment focuses on androgen suppression, ovulation induction, and insulin resistance management.
Cancer Considerations
- Ovarian cancer risk factors include BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 genetic mutations, environmental factors, and a history of trauma from ovulation.
- Ovarian cancer classification includes tumor types (epithelial, germ cell, sex cord) and stages (I-IV based on extent of disease).
- Prostate cancer risk factors include age, family history, African American race, and lifestyle factors like high-fat diet.
Menopause and Related Changes
- Menopause typically occurs around age 51, resulting in diminished ovarian activity.
- Symptoms include decline in breast size, urinary urgency, atrophy of reproductive organs, hot flashes, and mood disorders.
- Hormone replacement therapy and lifestyle modifications are common treatments for managing menopause symptoms.
Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
- ED involves difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection and can arise from hormonal, neurologic, vascular, psychological factors, and medication effects.
- Treatment options include psychosocial support, oral medications like Sildenafil, and potential surgical interventions.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
- BPH leads to urinary symptoms such as frequency, hesitancy, urgency, and incontinence.
- Treatment can include pharmacological approaches as well as surgical interventions like transurethral resection of the prostate.
Testicular Masses
- Small, painless testicular masses and associated discomfort may indicate testicular cancer, particularly germ cell tumors.
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Description
Test your knowledge on identifying Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) based on common symptoms such as pelvic and lower abdominal pain, purulent cervical discharge, cervical tenderness, fever, and malaise.
