Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the three main functions of the pelvis, represented by the acronym 'canadian plan benefits'?
What are the three main functions of the pelvis, represented by the acronym 'canadian plan benefits'?
The pelvis contains and protects viscera, and bears the weight of the trunk and upper body.
What structural difference exists between the male and female pelvis?
What structural difference exists between the male and female pelvis?
The female pelvis is wider and shallower, while the male pelvis is narrower but longer and deeper.
Identify the location where the three pelvic bones meet and provide its name.
Identify the location where the three pelvic bones meet and provide its name.
The three pelvic bones meet at the acetabular fossa.
Which landmarks on the pelvis would you examine for positional faults, and which one would you not palpate?
Which landmarks on the pelvis would you examine for positional faults, and which one would you not palpate?
How is the shape of the sacrum described, and what is the reasoning behind this shape?
How is the shape of the sacrum described, and what is the reasoning behind this shape?
Explain the position of the coccyx in relation to the sacrum.
Explain the position of the coccyx in relation to the sacrum.
What landmark aligns with the L4 vertebrae level in the pelvis?
What landmark aligns with the L4 vertebrae level in the pelvis?
What is unique about the discal material found between the vertebrae in the sacrum compared to the intervertebral discs in other regions?
What is unique about the discal material found between the vertebrae in the sacrum compared to the intervertebral discs in other regions?
Why is the irregularity of sacroiliac joint surfaces considered beneficial?
Why is the irregularity of sacroiliac joint surfaces considered beneficial?
On which aspect of the sacrum are the sacral sulci located?
On which aspect of the sacrum are the sacral sulci located?
How many sacral sulci are there?
How many sacral sulci are there?
What structures run through the canal located deep to the median sacral crest?
What structures run through the canal located deep to the median sacral crest?
What do the anterior sacral foramina allow for?
What do the anterior sacral foramina allow for?
Why might nerve compression occur at the sacral foramina?
Why might nerve compression occur at the sacral foramina?
What anatomical feature of the sacrum is considered similar to the inferior angle of the scapula?
What anatomical feature of the sacrum is considered similar to the inferior angle of the scapula?
How many coccygeal vertebrae are typically fused in the coccyx?
How many coccygeal vertebrae are typically fused in the coccyx?
What allows movement at the coccygeal vertebrae?
What allows movement at the coccygeal vertebrae?
What are the two potential anatomical anomalies that can affect the total count of vertebral segments?
What are the two potential anatomical anomalies that can affect the total count of vertebral segments?
What do the sacral cornua form at the inferior end of the sacrum?
What do the sacral cornua form at the inferior end of the sacrum?
Which parts of the sacrum are assessed during dynamic positional fault assessment?
Which parts of the sacrum are assessed during dynamic positional fault assessment?
What is the primary reason for the low occurrence of disc herniation in the sacrum?
What is the primary reason for the low occurrence of disc herniation in the sacrum?
What role does the median sacral crest play in spinal structure?
What role does the median sacral crest play in spinal structure?
What should you do if coccyx injury is suspected?
What should you do if coccyx injury is suspected?
What structures do the sacroiliac joint connect?
What structures do the sacroiliac joint connect?
Why is the sacroiliac joint considered unique?
Why is the sacroiliac joint considered unique?
What role do ligaments play in the stability of the sacroiliac joint?
What role do ligaments play in the stability of the sacroiliac joint?
Between which vertebrae is the lumbosacral joint located?
Between which vertebrae is the lumbosacral joint located?
What is the primary function of the iliolumbar ligament?
What is the primary function of the iliolumbar ligament?
Why does the pubic symphysis often receive less attention compared to other pelvic joints?
Why does the pubic symphysis often receive less attention compared to other pelvic joints?
What magnifying effect does a dysfunction in the pubic symphysis have?
What magnifying effect does a dysfunction in the pubic symphysis have?
What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint categorized as?
What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint categorized as?
What creates dynamic stability in the sacroiliac joint?
What creates dynamic stability in the sacroiliac joint?
Which two joints are emphasized as not being assessed within this course?
Which two joints are emphasized as not being assessed within this course?
What is the anatomical positioning of the interosseous ligaments in the sacroiliac joint?
What is the anatomical positioning of the interosseous ligaments in the sacroiliac joint?
What do the short posterior SI ligaments provide within the sacroiliac joint?
What do the short posterior SI ligaments provide within the sacroiliac joint?
Which joint often requires assessment alongside the sacroiliac joint due to their interdependence?
Which joint often requires assessment alongside the sacroiliac joint due to their interdependence?
What is the specific long posterior SI ligament that receives the most attention?
What is the specific long posterior SI ligament that receives the most attention?
How many sacrotuberous ligaments are present on each side of the pelvis?
How many sacrotuberous ligaments are present on each side of the pelvis?
Which ligament is deep to the sacrotuberous ligament?
Which ligament is deep to the sacrotuberous ligament?
What primary function do the sacrotuberous ligaments serve?
What primary function do the sacrotuberous ligaments serve?
Name one factor that contributes to hypermobility in the pelvic region, particularly during childbirth.
Name one factor that contributes to hypermobility in the pelvic region, particularly during childbirth.
What attachments do most muscles have to the pelvis, sacrum, or coccyx?
What attachments do most muscles have to the pelvis, sacrum, or coccyx?
What is the primary function of the piriformis muscle during hip movement?
What is the primary function of the piriformis muscle during hip movement?
Which three muscles are identified as particularly important for the force-closure of the SI joint?
Which three muscles are identified as particularly important for the force-closure of the SI joint?
What significant nerve comes off the sacral plexus?
What significant nerve comes off the sacral plexus?
Where does the spinal cord terminate?
Where does the spinal cord terminate?
What is the role of the filum terminale?
What is the role of the filum terminale?
How does flexing the hip significantly beyond 60 degrees affect the function of the piriformis?
How does flexing the hip significantly beyond 60 degrees affect the function of the piriformis?
What creates laxity in the pelvic ligaments during pregnancy?
What creates laxity in the pelvic ligaments during pregnancy?
What anatomical feature forms an 'X' shape at the low back area due to muscle fiber direction?
What anatomical feature forms an 'X' shape at the low back area due to muscle fiber direction?
What major vascular structure runs anteriorly to the vertebral bodies in the lumbar region?
What major vascular structure runs anteriorly to the vertebral bodies in the lumbar region?
At what point does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?
At what point does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?
What arteries do the common iliac arteries further branch into?
What arteries do the common iliac arteries further branch into?
What is the curvature of the sacrum called?
What is the curvature of the sacrum called?
What ligament primarily restricts sacral extension?
What ligament primarily restricts sacral extension?
Name three muscles important for force closure of the SI joint during ambulation.
Name three muscles important for force closure of the SI joint during ambulation.
What are the five nerve roots that form the sciatic nerve?
What are the five nerve roots that form the sciatic nerve?
What idea regarding sacral motion has been debunked by research?
What idea regarding sacral motion has been debunked by research?
In which medical realm is the approach to the sacrum heavily influenced?
In which medical realm is the approach to the sacrum heavily influenced?
During nutation, in what direction does the sacral base move?
During nutation, in what direction does the sacral base move?
Which ligament primarily limits nutation?
Which ligament primarily limits nutation?
What happens to the ilium when the sacrum flexes?
What happens to the ilium when the sacrum flexes?
What is the loose-pack position of the SI joint associated with?
What is the loose-pack position of the SI joint associated with?
What implications does early or excessive counter-nutation have?
What implications does early or excessive counter-nutation have?
What happens to the sacrum during a right rotation of the pelvis?
What happens to the sacrum during a right rotation of the pelvis?
How do the innominate bones react when the body side bends to the right?
How do the innominate bones react when the body side bends to the right?
What type of rotation occurs when the hip is flexed?
What type of rotation occurs when the hip is flexed?
Can you name the five axes of sacral rotation?
Can you name the five axes of sacral rotation?
What are the four types of oblique axis rotations?
What are the four types of oblique axis rotations?
What does the acronym SAACC stand for in reference to sacral assessments?
What does the acronym SAACC stand for in reference to sacral assessments?
List one active movement of the spine or hip that stresses the sacroiliac joint.
List one active movement of the spine or hip that stresses the sacroiliac joint.
Which muscles are involved in hip abduction that stresses the SI joint?
Which muscles are involved in hip abduction that stresses the SI joint?
What are the two main points highlighted by the interactions between the spine, SI, and hip joints?
What are the two main points highlighted by the interactions between the spine, SI, and hip joints?
What direction does the innominate move during hip extension?
What direction does the innominate move during hip extension?
What is the primary role of the pelvic floor muscles?
What is the primary role of the pelvic floor muscles?
How do the iliac crests relate to the lumbar spine in terms of alignment?
How do the iliac crests relate to the lumbar spine in terms of alignment?
Identify two key functions of the sacral base and explain their importance.
Identify two key functions of the sacral base and explain their importance.
What effect does dysfunction or malpositioning of pelvic bones have on muscle attachment sites?
What effect does dysfunction or malpositioning of pelvic bones have on muscle attachment sites?
How does the shape of the coccyx relate to its position relative to the sacrum?
How does the shape of the coccyx relate to its position relative to the sacrum?
Explain the significance of the articulating surfaces of the sacroiliac joint.
Explain the significance of the articulating surfaces of the sacroiliac joint.
What landmarks are critical for assessing positional faults in the pelvic region?
What landmarks are critical for assessing positional faults in the pelvic region?
Discuss the impact of the sacral sulci on the function of the sacrum.
Discuss the impact of the sacral sulci on the function of the sacrum.
What can cause a dysfunction at the sacrum which affects the articulation between L5 and S1?
What can cause a dysfunction at the sacrum which affects the articulation between L5 and S1?
How does the shape of the sacroiliac joint support its unique stability?
How does the shape of the sacroiliac joint support its unique stability?
What anatomical feature contributes to the force closure of the sacroiliac joint?
What anatomical feature contributes to the force closure of the sacroiliac joint?
What role do ligaments play in the stability of the lumbosacral joint?
What role do ligaments play in the stability of the lumbosacral joint?
What impact does slight dysfunction in the pubic symphysis have on pelvic mechanics?
What impact does slight dysfunction in the pubic symphysis have on pelvic mechanics?
What joint features both synovial and fibrous components?
What joint features both synovial and fibrous components?
Which ligaments are primarily involved in the stabilization of the sacroiliac joint?
Which ligaments are primarily involved in the stabilization of the sacroiliac joint?
Why is the sacroiliac joint considered rarely assessed despite its importance?
Why is the sacroiliac joint considered rarely assessed despite its importance?
What are the attachments of the iliolumbar ligament, and why is it significant?
What are the attachments of the iliolumbar ligament, and why is it significant?
Why do sacral sulci not qualify as components of the sacrum?
Why do sacral sulci not qualify as components of the sacrum?
What type of joint is classified as having both significant stability and movement capabilities, specifically in the pelvis?
What type of joint is classified as having both significant stability and movement capabilities, specifically in the pelvis?
What forms the sacral hiatus?
What forms the sacral hiatus?
How is the dynamic stability of the sacroiliac joint achieved during weight-bearing activities?
How is the dynamic stability of the sacroiliac joint achieved during weight-bearing activities?
What anatomical structure is the inferior lateral angle of the sacrum similar to?
What anatomical structure is the inferior lateral angle of the sacrum similar to?
In what way does the pubic symphysis serve as a pivot point in the pelvis?
In what way does the pubic symphysis serve as a pivot point in the pelvis?
What anatomical changes during pregnancy can affect pelvic ligament laxity?
What anatomical changes during pregnancy can affect pelvic ligament laxity?
How many points of palpation are considered when assessing the sacrum?
How many points of palpation are considered when assessing the sacrum?
What causes variability in the location of the sacral sulcus according to literature?
What causes variability in the location of the sacral sulcus according to literature?
What contributes to the stability of the sacroiliac joints over time?
What contributes to the stability of the sacroiliac joints over time?
Where are the anterior sacral foramina positioned in relation to the median sacral crest?
Where are the anterior sacral foramina positioned in relation to the median sacral crest?
What allows for the movement of coccygeal vertebrae?
What allows for the movement of coccygeal vertebrae?
What characterizes the median sacral crest?
What characterizes the median sacral crest?
What are the two structures running through the space deep to the median sacral crest?
What are the two structures running through the space deep to the median sacral crest?
What anatomical anomaly involves the fused sacral vertebrae?
What anatomical anomaly involves the fused sacral vertebrae?
What is a potential issue that can occur due to the presence of anterior sacral foramina?
What is a potential issue that can occur due to the presence of anterior sacral foramina?
What role does the coccygeal structure play in the overall composition of vertebral segments?
What role does the coccygeal structure play in the overall composition of vertebral segments?
What is the primary role of the long dorsal SI ligament?
What is the primary role of the long dorsal SI ligament?
What is the anatomical route of the sacrotuberous ligament?
What is the anatomical route of the sacrotuberous ligament?
Identify two key factors contributing to hypermobility in the pelvic region during childbirth.
Identify two key factors contributing to hypermobility in the pelvic region during childbirth.
How do most muscles attach to the structures of the pelvis, sacrum, and coccyx?
How do most muscles attach to the structures of the pelvis, sacrum, and coccyx?
What pelvic ligament is located deep to the sacrotuberous ligament?
What pelvic ligament is located deep to the sacrotuberous ligament?
Name the three muscles important for the force-closure of the SI joint.
Name the three muscles important for the force-closure of the SI joint.
What is the most significant nerve from the sacral plexus?
What is the most significant nerve from the sacral plexus?
Describe the movement function of the piriformis when the hip is flexed past 60 degrees.
Describe the movement function of the piriformis when the hip is flexed past 60 degrees.
What unique arrangement do the fibers of certain muscles create at the low back area?
What unique arrangement do the fibers of certain muscles create at the low back area?
What structural components anchor the cauda equina at the coccyx?
What structural components anchor the cauda equina at the coccyx?
What is the primary function of the sacrospinous ligament?
What is the primary function of the sacrospinous ligament?
What is the relationship between piriformis action and hip flexion?
What is the relationship between piriformis action and hip flexion?
What creates the laxity in pelvic ligaments during pregnancy?
What creates the laxity in pelvic ligaments during pregnancy?
List two important functions associated with the sacrotuberous ligament.
List two important functions associated with the sacrotuberous ligament.
How does the contraction of the key muscles affect the stability of the SI joint during weight-bearing activities?
How does the contraction of the key muscles affect the stability of the SI joint during weight-bearing activities?
What is the associated movement of the innominate bone during hip flexion?
What is the associated movement of the innominate bone during hip flexion?
How does the sacrum rotate when the innominate bones side bend to the right?
How does the sacrum rotate when the innominate bones side bend to the right?
Identify the four types of oblique axis rotations mentioned.
Identify the four types of oblique axis rotations mentioned.
What does the acronym GEMLAT represent in the context of force closure muscles?
What does the acronym GEMLAT represent in the context of force closure muscles?
What is the impact of hip adduction on the sacroiliac joint?
What is the impact of hip adduction on the sacroiliac joint?
Describe the movement of the pelvis during right sacral rotation.
Describe the movement of the pelvis during right sacral rotation.
What are the implications of hip external rotation on the pelvis?
What are the implications of hip external rotation on the pelvis?
What does unilateral hip extension cause in terms of innominate bone movement?
What does unilateral hip extension cause in terms of innominate bone movement?
List the two primary highlights from the inter-related movements of the spine, SI joint, and hip.
List the two primary highlights from the inter-related movements of the spine, SI joint, and hip.
What should be considered when understanding sacral axes in relation to pathologies?
What should be considered when understanding sacral axes in relation to pathologies?
What structure runs anteriorly to the vertebral bodies in the lumbar region up to the L4 level?
What structure runs anteriorly to the vertebral bodies in the lumbar region up to the L4 level?
What arteries do the common iliac arteries bifurcate into?
What arteries do the common iliac arteries bifurcate into?
What ligament primarily limits sacral extension?
What ligament primarily limits sacral extension?
Which muscles are critically important to the force closure of the sacroiliac joint during movement?
Which muscles are critically important to the force closure of the sacroiliac joint during movement?
What is the main implication of excessive early counter-nutation during trunk flexion?
What is the main implication of excessive early counter-nutation during trunk flexion?
What is the direction of movement for the sacral base during nutation?
What is the direction of movement for the sacral base during nutation?
What structures limit nutation at the sacroiliac joint?
What structures limit nutation at the sacroiliac joint?
What ligament primarily limits counter-nutation?
What ligament primarily limits counter-nutation?
Which direction does the ilium rotate when the sacrum undergoes nutation?
Which direction does the ilium rotate when the sacrum undergoes nutation?
What is the curvature of the sacrum described as?
What is the curvature of the sacrum described as?
What happens to the sacrum and ilium during the first 45-60 degrees of trunk flexion?
What happens to the sacrum and ilium during the first 45-60 degrees of trunk flexion?
Which nerve roots form the sciatic nerve?
Which nerve roots form the sciatic nerve?
What misconception regarding sacral motion has research debunked?
What misconception regarding sacral motion has research debunked?
What are the strong structural features of the pelvis that indicate its rigidity?
What are the strong structural features of the pelvis that indicate its rigidity?
Identify two functions of the muscles that attach to the pelvis.
Identify two functions of the muscles that attach to the pelvis.
In what orientation does the female pelvis differ compared to the male pelvis?
In what orientation does the female pelvis differ compared to the male pelvis?
How does dysregulation of the pelvic bones potentially impact the anatomical landmarks?
How does dysregulation of the pelvic bones potentially impact the anatomical landmarks?
What unique shape characterizes the sacrum, and what is the significance of this shape?
What unique shape characterizes the sacrum, and what is the significance of this shape?
What anatomical aspect of the sacrum differs in function compared to intervertebral discs in other regions?
What anatomical aspect of the sacrum differs in function compared to intervertebral discs in other regions?
What role does the irregularity of the sacroiliac joint surfaces play in its function?
What role does the irregularity of the sacroiliac joint surfaces play in its function?
How many vertebrae are fused in the sacrum, and what is the relevance of this fusion?
How many vertebrae are fused in the sacrum, and what is the relevance of this fusion?
What happens to the sacrum when we rotate to the right?
What happens to the sacrum when we rotate to the right?
How does side bending to the right affect the sacrum and innominate bones?
How does side bending to the right affect the sacrum and innominate bones?
What is the relationship between hip flexion and innominate movement?
What is the relationship between hip flexion and innominate movement?
Can you name the four types of oblique axis rotations?
Can you name the four types of oblique axis rotations?
List any three joint play assessments of the sacrum/pelvis.
List any three joint play assessments of the sacrum/pelvis.
What role do the GEMLAT muscles play regarding pelvic stability?
What role do the GEMLAT muscles play regarding pelvic stability?
Identify one movement that stresses the sacroiliac joint and its associated muscle.
Identify one movement that stresses the sacroiliac joint and its associated muscle.
What is the significance of the sacral axes during movement?
What is the significance of the sacral axes during movement?
How does hip external rotation influence the associated innominate movement?
How does hip external rotation influence the associated innominate movement?
What do the active movements that stress the SI joint indicate about the spine and hip relationship?
What do the active movements that stress the SI joint indicate about the spine and hip relationship?
What is the primary reason the sacroiliac joint is considered a unique joint?
What is the primary reason the sacroiliac joint is considered a unique joint?
Describe the role of the ligaments in the stability of the sacroiliac joint.
Describe the role of the ligaments in the stability of the sacroiliac joint.
What stabilizing component is also known as force closure in the sacroiliac joint?
What stabilizing component is also known as force closure in the sacroiliac joint?
Why is the pubic symphysis often considered less significant in assessment compared to other pelvic joints?
Why is the pubic symphysis often considered less significant in assessment compared to other pelvic joints?
What is the function of the iliolumbar ligament?
What is the function of the iliolumbar ligament?
How do the irregular surfaces of the sacroiliac joint contribute to its stability?
How do the irregular surfaces of the sacroiliac joint contribute to its stability?
What is a significant outcome of dysfunction in the sacroiliac and sacrum joints?
What is a significant outcome of dysfunction in the sacroiliac and sacrum joints?
Why is the posterior SI ligament predominantly significant for joint stability?
Why is the posterior SI ligament predominantly significant for joint stability?
How many pubic symphysis joints exist, and why is this relevant?
How many pubic symphysis joints exist, and why is this relevant?
How does the shape of the sacroiliac joint's ligaments influence stability?
How does the shape of the sacroiliac joint's ligaments influence stability?
Identify the importance of assessing the sacroiliac joint in conjunction with other pelvic joints.
Identify the importance of assessing the sacroiliac joint in conjunction with other pelvic joints.
What type of joint is the pubic symphysis categorized as, and what characterizes its function?
What type of joint is the pubic symphysis categorized as, and what characterizes its function?
Where is the sacral sulcus located?
Where is the sacral sulcus located?
What forms the walls of the sacral hiatus?
What forms the walls of the sacral hiatus?
What anatomical feature is similar in concept to the inferior lateral angle of the sacrum?
What anatomical feature is similar in concept to the inferior lateral angle of the sacrum?
What makes the anterior sacral foramina relevant in anatomy?
What makes the anterior sacral foramina relevant in anatomy?
What role does the median sacral crest play?
What role does the median sacral crest play?
What arterial structure runs anteriorly to the vertebral bodies in the lumbar region before bifurcating?
What arterial structure runs anteriorly to the vertebral bodies in the lumbar region before bifurcating?
How many vertebrae are fused within the coccyx?
How many vertebrae are fused within the coccyx?
What phenomenon might lead to an increase in vertebral segment count?
What phenomenon might lead to an increase in vertebral segment count?
What are the two main arteries formed after the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta?
What are the two main arteries formed after the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta?
What anatomical structures exit through the posterior sacral foramina?
What anatomical structures exit through the posterior sacral foramina?
Which ligament is primarily responsible for restricting sacral extension?
Which ligament is primarily responsible for restricting sacral extension?
Why is disc herniation uncommon in the sacrum?
Why is disc herniation uncommon in the sacrum?
What three muscles contribute significantly to force closure of the sacroiliac joint during movement?
What three muscles contribute significantly to force closure of the sacroiliac joint during movement?
Which ligament limits nutation of the sacrum during movement?
Which ligament limits nutation of the sacrum during movement?
What is palpitated to assess positional faults of the sacrum?
What is palpitated to assess positional faults of the sacrum?
What contributes to the dynamic stability of the sacroiliac joint?
What contributes to the dynamic stability of the sacroiliac joint?
What is the effect of trunk flexion on the motion of the sacrum?
What is the effect of trunk flexion on the motion of the sacrum?
Which spinal structures are located deep to the median sacral crest?
Which spinal structures are located deep to the median sacral crest?
What causes further compression and form closure of the sacroiliac joint during nutation?
What causes further compression and form closure of the sacroiliac joint during nutation?
Which nerve roots come together to form the sciatic nerve?
Which nerve roots come together to form the sciatic nerve?
Which part of the sacrum is described as having a deeper curve?
Which part of the sacrum is described as having a deeper curve?
What is the general concept proven by research regarding sacral motion?
What is the general concept proven by research regarding sacral motion?
In what plane does the base of the sacrum move during nutation?
In what plane does the base of the sacrum move during nutation?
What is the relationship between hamstring tightness and early counter-nutation during pelvis motion?
What is the relationship between hamstring tightness and early counter-nutation during pelvis motion?
What role do dynamic stabilizers play in sacroiliac joint stability?
What role do dynamic stabilizers play in sacroiliac joint stability?
During trunk flexion, how does the sacrum respond after the initial anterior rotation?
During trunk flexion, how does the sacrum respond after the initial anterior rotation?
What happens to the sacrum when the ilium rotates posteriorly?
What happens to the sacrum when the ilium rotates posteriorly?
What is the primary role of the long dorsal ligament in the sacroiliac joint?
What is the primary role of the long dorsal ligament in the sacroiliac joint?
Describe the tissue quality of the sacrotuberous ligament.
Describe the tissue quality of the sacrotuberous ligament.
How does the piriformis muscle function differently when the hip is flexed past 60 degrees?
How does the piriformis muscle function differently when the hip is flexed past 60 degrees?
What are two factors contributing to hypermobility in the pelvic area during pregnancy?
What are two factors contributing to hypermobility in the pelvic area during pregnancy?
Which ligaments are primarily involved in stabilizing the sacroiliac joint during weight-bearing activities?
Which ligaments are primarily involved in stabilizing the sacroiliac joint during weight-bearing activities?
At which specific points does the sacrotuberous ligament run?
At which specific points does the sacrotuberous ligament run?
Which ligament is located deep to the sacrotuberous ligament?
Which ligament is located deep to the sacrotuberous ligament?
What is a common misconception about the tightness of the piriformis muscle?
What is a common misconception about the tightness of the piriformis muscle?
How do most muscles attach to the pelvis, sacrum, or coccyx?
How do most muscles attach to the pelvis, sacrum, or coccyx?
What is the effect of muscle fiber direction on the stability of the low back area?
What is the effect of muscle fiber direction on the stability of the low back area?
What injury mechanism is often associated with ligament injuries during sports?
What injury mechanism is often associated with ligament injuries during sports?
What is the role of the median sacral artery in the pelvic region?
What is the role of the median sacral artery in the pelvic region?
How does the sacral plexus contribute to the nervous system in the pelvis?
How does the sacral plexus contribute to the nervous system in the pelvis?
What anchors the cauda equina at the coccyx?
What anchors the cauda equina at the coccyx?
What are the two main groups of muscles that attach to the pelvic region?
What are the two main groups of muscles that attach to the pelvic region?
What is the main reason the female pelvis is different from the male pelvis?
What is the main reason the female pelvis is different from the male pelvis?
Identify the landmark on the pelvis that aligns with the PSIS and its corresponding vertebra.
Identify the landmark on the pelvis that aligns with the PSIS and its corresponding vertebra.
What is the significance of the acetabular fossa in pelvis anatomy?
What is the significance of the acetabular fossa in pelvis anatomy?
Which pelvic landmark is noted for outgoing muscular attachments but is not palpated for positional faults?
Which pelvic landmark is noted for outgoing muscular attachments but is not palpated for positional faults?
How does the sacrum's shape affect its function?
How does the sacrum's shape affect its function?
What is unique about the discal material found between the sacral vertebrae compared to other regions?
What is unique about the discal material found between the sacral vertebrae compared to other regions?
What is the effect of dysfunction or malpositioning of pelvic bones on the landmarks?
What is the effect of dysfunction or malpositioning of pelvic bones on the landmarks?
What is the primary function of the long dorsal ligament?
What is the primary function of the long dorsal ligament?
Where does the sacrotuberous ligament run?
Where does the sacrotuberous ligament run?
What is the role of hormones during childbirth concerning pelvic ligaments?
What is the role of hormones during childbirth concerning pelvic ligaments?
What is the primary reliance of the sacroiliac joint for stability?
What is the primary reliance of the sacroiliac joint for stability?
What movement potential does the piriformis gain when the hip is flexed past 60 degrees?
What movement potential does the piriformis gain when the hip is flexed past 60 degrees?
Where is the lumbosacral joint located?
Where is the lumbosacral joint located?
What is the anatomical significance of the pubic symphysis?
What is the anatomical significance of the pubic symphysis?
Identify one muscle that provides significant stability to the sacroiliac joint.
Identify one muscle that provides significant stability to the sacroiliac joint.
What effect does a small dysfunction at the pubic symphysis have on the sacroiliac joint?
What effect does a small dysfunction at the pubic symphysis have on the sacroiliac joint?
What creates the dynamic stability in the SI joint?
What creates the dynamic stability in the SI joint?
How do force closure muscles contribute to the stability of the sacroiliac joint?
How do force closure muscles contribute to the stability of the sacroiliac joint?
Which ligaments contribute predominantly to the stability of the sacroiliac joint?
Which ligaments contribute predominantly to the stability of the sacroiliac joint?
What primary function do the muscles contributing to the force closure of the SI joint serve?
What primary function do the muscles contributing to the force closure of the SI joint serve?
What unique shape is characteristic of the sacroiliac joint?
What unique shape is characteristic of the sacroiliac joint?
How do most muscles attach to structures on the sacrum, pelvis, or coccyx?
How do most muscles attach to structures on the sacrum, pelvis, or coccyx?
What interdependence exists among the lumbar spine, sacroiliac joints, and hip joint?
What interdependence exists among the lumbar spine, sacroiliac joints, and hip joint?
What significant nerve arises from the sacral plexus?
What significant nerve arises from the sacral plexus?
Why might the sacrococcygeal and intercoccygeal joints not be assessed in this course?
Why might the sacrococcygeal and intercoccygeal joints not be assessed in this course?
Which ligament is primarily impacted during the childbirth process due to stress?
Which ligament is primarily impacted during the childbirth process due to stress?
What ligament forms a critical stabilizing structure between the last lumbar vertebra and the ilium?
What ligament forms a critical stabilizing structure between the last lumbar vertebra and the ilium?
What anatomical structure anchors the cauda equina at the coccyx?
What anatomical structure anchors the cauda equina at the coccyx?
What kind of joint is the pubic symphysis classified as?
What kind of joint is the pubic symphysis classified as?
What is a common misconception about the piriformis muscle's condition?
What is a common misconception about the piriformis muscle's condition?
What are the two components that join to form the sacroiliac joint?
What are the two components that join to form the sacroiliac joint?
What contributes to the interlocking mechanism that stabilizes the sacroiliac joint?
What contributes to the interlocking mechanism that stabilizes the sacroiliac joint?
What is the primary reason for the interdependence of the sacrum and SI joints?
What is the primary reason for the interdependence of the sacrum and SI joints?
What role do sacral sulci play in the anatomy of the sacrum?
What role do sacral sulci play in the anatomy of the sacrum?
Describe the orientation of the median sacral crest.
Describe the orientation of the median sacral crest.
What anatomical structures are associated with the anterior sacral foramina?
What anatomical structures are associated with the anterior sacral foramina?
Identify the main types of nerve roots passing through the sacral hiatus.
Identify the main types of nerve roots passing through the sacral hiatus.
What is the significance of the left and right inferior lateral angles on the sacrum?
What is the significance of the left and right inferior lateral angles on the sacrum?
How does the kyphotic curve of the sacrum affect its anatomy?
How does the kyphotic curve of the sacrum affect its anatomy?
How does the anatomy of the sacral cornua differ between individuals?
How does the anatomy of the sacral cornua differ between individuals?
What can cause potential nerve compression at the sacral foramina?
What can cause potential nerve compression at the sacral foramina?
What factors contribute to the rarity of disc herniation at the sacral level?
What factors contribute to the rarity of disc herniation at the sacral level?
Why is the assessment of sacral nerve roots crucial during neurological evaluations?
Why is the assessment of sacral nerve roots crucial during neurological evaluations?
How many vertebral segments are in the typical adult vertebral column, including the sacrum and coccyx?
How many vertebral segments are in the typical adult vertebral column, including the sacrum and coccyx?
What anatomical implications does the coccyx have in terms of movement?
What anatomical implications does the coccyx have in terms of movement?
Why are the posterior sacral foramina distinct from the anterior ones?
Why are the posterior sacral foramina distinct from the anterior ones?
How does variability in literature regarding sacral sulcus positioning affect anatomical studies?
How does variability in literature regarding sacral sulcus positioning affect anatomical studies?
When the hip flexes, what is the associated movement of the innominate bone?
When the hip flexes, what is the associated movement of the innominate bone?
Identify the direction of pelvic movement when side bending occurs to the right.
Identify the direction of pelvic movement when side bending occurs to the right.
What does the acronym GEMLAT refer to in relation to the pelvic region?
What does the acronym GEMLAT refer to in relation to the pelvic region?
What are the four types of oblique axis rotations classified in sacral movements?
What are the four types of oblique axis rotations classified in sacral movements?
Describe the interaction between hip and spine movements with respect to the sacroiliac joint.
Describe the interaction between hip and spine movements with respect to the sacroiliac joint.
What joint play assessments are primarily conducted for the sacrum and sacroiliac joint?
What joint play assessments are primarily conducted for the sacrum and sacroiliac joint?
List the nine active movements that stress the sacroiliac joint.
List the nine active movements that stress the sacroiliac joint.
How does the movement of the sacrum differ from the movement of the innominate bones during hip extension?
How does the movement of the sacrum differ from the movement of the innominate bones during hip extension?
What is the significance of understanding the sacral axes of rotation?
What is the significance of understanding the sacral axes of rotation?
What arteries arise from the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta at the L4 level?
What arteries arise from the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta at the L4 level?
Which ligament is the primary restrictor of sacral extension?
Which ligament is the primary restrictor of sacral extension?
What is the curvature of the sacrum classified as?
What is the curvature of the sacrum classified as?
Which three muscles are vital for the force closure of the sacroiliac joint during ambulation?
Which three muscles are vital for the force closure of the sacroiliac joint during ambulation?
What should occur to the sacral base during flexion of the trunk?
What should occur to the sacral base during flexion of the trunk?
What is the consequence of early counter-nutation during trunk flexion?
What is the consequence of early counter-nutation during trunk flexion?
Which ligaments are noted for limiting nutation at the sacroiliac joint?
Which ligaments are noted for limiting nutation at the sacroiliac joint?
How do the innominate bones move during unilateral rotation?
How do the innominate bones move during unilateral rotation?
What is the role of the median sacral artery?
What is the role of the median sacral artery?
What happens to the ilium during counternutation?
What happens to the ilium during counternutation?
How does the sacrum move during nutation?
How does the sacrum move during nutation?
What effect does trunk flexion have on the sacrum and innominate bones?
What effect does trunk flexion have on the sacrum and innominate bones?
How does the median sacral crest contribute to spinal structure?
How does the median sacral crest contribute to spinal structure?
What is the meaning of 'form closure' in relation to the SI joint?
What is the meaning of 'form closure' in relation to the SI joint?
Which of the following bones is NOT one of the pelvic bones?
Which of the following bones is NOT one of the pelvic bones?
The female pelvis is typically narrower and deeper than the male pelvis.
The female pelvis is typically narrower and deeper than the male pelvis.
What is the name of the place where the three pelvic bones meet?
What is the name of the place where the three pelvic bones meet?
The primary muscles attaching to the pelvis include the abdominal wall and the ________.
The primary muscles attaching to the pelvis include the abdominal wall and the ________.
Which of the following landmarks would NOT be palpated for positional faults?
Which of the following landmarks would NOT be palpated for positional faults?
Match the pelvic landmarks to their associated alignment.
Match the pelvic landmarks to their associated alignment.
The sacrum is shaped like an inverted triangle, with the base at the top and the apex at the bottom.
The sacrum is shaped like an inverted triangle, with the base at the top and the apex at the bottom.
What is the function of the sacral sulci?
What is the function of the sacral sulci?
The anterior sacral foramina allow the posterior rami of the spinal nerves to exit.
The anterior sacral foramina allow the posterior rami of the spinal nerves to exit.
The ______ connects the sacrum and the ilia.
The ______ connects the sacrum and the ilia.
Match the following sacral structures with their descriptions:
Match the following sacral structures with their descriptions:
Which structure is described as a shallow groove posterior to the sacrum?
Which structure is described as a shallow groove posterior to the sacrum?
The coccyx is formed by the fusion of three to five vertebrae.
The coccyx is formed by the fusion of three to five vertebrae.
What anatomical feature runs through the canal deep to the median sacral crest?
What anatomical feature runs through the canal deep to the median sacral crest?
The space between the anterior and posterior aspects of the sacrum is primarily for ______.
The space between the anterior and posterior aspects of the sacrum is primarily for ______.
Match each sacral foramina with their function:
Match each sacral foramina with their function:
What position do you place your thumbs to palpate the sacral sulci?
What position do you place your thumbs to palpate the sacral sulci?
Disc herniation is more common in the sacrum compared to other spinal regions.
Disc herniation is more common in the sacrum compared to other spinal regions.
Name one reason that could lead to nerve root compression in the sacral region.
Name one reason that could lead to nerve root compression in the sacral region.
What is primarily relied upon for the stability of the sacroiliac joint?
What is primarily relied upon for the stability of the sacroiliac joint?
The lumbosacral joint is the point of connection between the L4 and L5 vertebrae.
The lumbosacral joint is the point of connection between the L4 and L5 vertebrae.
The _______ between the last lumbar vertebra/L4, L5 and ilium is a key stabilizer of the pelvis.
The _______ between the last lumbar vertebra/L4, L5 and ilium is a key stabilizer of the pelvis.
Match the following pelvic ligaments with their primary functions:
Match the following pelvic ligaments with their primary functions:
What happens when there is a dysfunction in the pubic symphysis?
What happens when there is a dysfunction in the pubic symphysis?
There are two pubic symphyses in the human body.
There are two pubic symphyses in the human body.
Which vertebra is typically the starting point of the lumbosacral joint?
Which vertebra is typically the starting point of the lumbosacral joint?
The _______ ligaments contribute to the dynamic stability of the sacroiliac joint.
The _______ ligaments contribute to the dynamic stability of the sacroiliac joint.
Match the pelvic articulations with their descriptions:
Match the pelvic articulations with their descriptions:
What is the primary function of the sacroiliac joint?
What is the primary function of the sacroiliac joint?
The sacroiliac joint joint surfaces have irregular shapes that can enhance stability.
The sacroiliac joint joint surfaces have irregular shapes that can enhance stability.
What two joints are identified as not being assessed in the course?
What two joints are identified as not being assessed in the course?
Force closure is created by the contraction of muscles that have _______ attachments in the area.
Force closure is created by the contraction of muscles that have _______ attachments in the area.
What is the associated innominate movement when the hip is flexed?
What is the associated innominate movement when the hip is flexed?
What is a characteristic of the sacroiliac joint's shape?
What is a characteristic of the sacroiliac joint's shape?
The pelvis rotates towards the side of sacral nutation.
The pelvis rotates towards the side of sacral nutation.
The primary function of the proximal ligaments in the sacroiliac joint is for __________.
The primary function of the proximal ligaments in the sacroiliac joint is for __________.
Match the hip movements to their associated movements of the innominate:
Match the hip movements to their associated movements of the innominate:
Which of the following joints must be assessed alongside the sacroiliac joint due to their interdependence?
Which of the following joints must be assessed alongside the sacroiliac joint due to their interdependence?
All hip movements have no impact on the sacroiliac joint.
All hip movements have no impact on the sacroiliac joint.
List two movements of the spine that stress the sacroiliac joint.
List two movements of the spine that stress the sacroiliac joint.
Which muscle is primarily responsible for the hip external rotation (ER)?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for the hip external rotation (ER)?
The acronym GEMLAT represents the muscles involved in __________ closure.
The acronym GEMLAT represents the muscles involved in __________ closure.
There is one sacrotuberous ligament on each side of the pelvis.
There is one sacrotuberous ligament on each side of the pelvis.
The sacrotuberous ligament runs from the inferior lateral angle of the sacrum to the __________.
The sacrotuberous ligament runs from the inferior lateral angle of the sacrum to the __________.
Which hormone creates laxity in pelvic ligaments during childbirth?
Which hormone creates laxity in pelvic ligaments during childbirth?
The piriformis muscle functions exclusively as an external rotator of the femur.
The piriformis muscle functions exclusively as an external rotator of the femur.
Name one of the three muscles identified as particularly important for the force-closure of the SI joint.
Name one of the three muscles identified as particularly important for the force-closure of the SI joint.
The sacral plexus is predominantly formed by the __________ rami.
The sacral plexus is predominantly formed by the __________ rami.
What is the primary role of the sacrospinous ligament?
What is the primary role of the sacrospinous ligament?
The piriformis is only active during open kinetic chain movements.
The piriformis is only active during open kinetic chain movements.
How many different nerves come off the sacral plexus?
How many different nerves come off the sacral plexus?
Match the following ligaments with their primary functions:
Match the following ligaments with their primary functions:
The __________ runs from the PSIS to about L4.
The __________ runs from the PSIS to about L4.
What artery bifurcates from the abdominal aorta at the L4 level?
What artery bifurcates from the abdominal aorta at the L4 level?
Which component anchors the nerve roots down to prevent excessive movement?
Which component anchors the nerve roots down to prevent excessive movement?
Nutation refers to the anterior movement of the sacral base.
Nutation refers to the anterior movement of the sacral base.
Laxity in the pelvic region during pregnancy is solely due to the physical process of childbirth.
Laxity in the pelvic region during pregnancy is solely due to the physical process of childbirth.
What are the two main directions of rotation for the ilium during trunk flexion and what may occur due to this action?
What are the two main directions of rotation for the ilium during trunk flexion and what may occur due to this action?
The _______________ artery bifurcates from the abdominal aorta.
The _______________ artery bifurcates from the abdominal aorta.
Match the ligaments with their functions related to the sacroiliac joint:
Match the ligaments with their functions related to the sacroiliac joint:
Which of the following muscles is NOT identified as important for the force closure of the SI joint?
Which of the following muscles is NOT identified as important for the force closure of the SI joint?
The sacral ligaments are primarily passive restrictors of sacral motion.
The sacral ligaments are primarily passive restrictors of sacral motion.
List the nerve roots that form the sciatic nerve.
List the nerve roots that form the sciatic nerve.
The primary ligament that limits nutation is the _______________.
The primary ligament that limits nutation is the _______________.
In which position is the close-packed position of the SI joint?
In which position is the close-packed position of the SI joint?
Research has confirmed that no motion occurs at the sacrum and ilium.
Research has confirmed that no motion occurs at the sacrum and ilium.
What is the term used to describe the posterior movement of the sacral base?
What is the term used to describe the posterior movement of the sacral base?
The pelvis is heavily influenced by the field of _______________.
The pelvis is heavily influenced by the field of _______________.
Match the following structures with their corresponding functions:
Match the following structures with their corresponding functions:
The sacrum features five fused vertebrae.
The sacrum features five fused vertebrae.
What connects the axial skeleton to the inferior appendicular skeleton?
What connects the axial skeleton to the inferior appendicular skeleton?
The acetabular fossa is the location where the three pelvic bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis) meet, referred to as the ______.
The acetabular fossa is the location where the three pelvic bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis) meet, referred to as the ______.
Match the following pelvic landmarks with their functions:
Match the following pelvic landmarks with their functions:
Which of the following landmarks is aligned with the S2 vertebra?
Which of the following landmarks is aligned with the S2 vertebra?
The coccyx is positioned superior and lateral to the sacrum.
The coccyx is positioned superior and lateral to the sacrum.
Name the two functions of the muscles attaching to the pelvis.
Name the two functions of the muscles attaching to the pelvis.
What movement in the hip is associated with inferior glide of the innominate bone?
What movement in the hip is associated with inferior glide of the innominate bone?
The movement of the pelvis during hip extension is anterior rotation.
The movement of the pelvis during hip extension is anterior rotation.
Name one type of oblique axis rotation of the sacrum.
Name one type of oblique axis rotation of the sacrum.
The primary function of the GEMLAT acronym is to identify __________ muscles contributing to force closure in the SI joint.
The primary function of the GEMLAT acronym is to identify __________ muscles contributing to force closure in the SI joint.
Match the following hip movements with their associated innominate movements:
Match the following hip movements with their associated innominate movements:
How many main axes of rotation are identified for the sacrum?
How many main axes of rotation are identified for the sacrum?
Side flexion of the spine causes the innominate bones to bend to the opposite side.
Side flexion of the spine causes the innominate bones to bend to the opposite side.
List two active movements that stress the SI joint.
List two active movements that stress the SI joint.
The acronym SAACC stands for the five joint play assessments of the __________.
The acronym SAACC stands for the five joint play assessments of the __________.
Which muscle is primarily responsible for stressing the SI joint during hip flexion?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for stressing the SI joint during hip flexion?
The pubic symphysis is a joint that allows significant movement.
The pubic symphysis is a joint that allows significant movement.
What do the posterior SI ligaments primarily contribute to?
What do the posterior SI ligaments primarily contribute to?
The sacroiliac joint primarily relies on ______ for stability.
The sacroiliac joint primarily relies on ______ for stability.
Match the following pelvic joints with their descriptions:
Match the following pelvic joints with their descriptions:
What is the position of the sacral sulci in relation to the PSIS?
What is the position of the sacral sulci in relation to the PSIS?
What leads to the unusual shape of the sacroiliac joint?
What leads to the unusual shape of the sacroiliac joint?
The sacroiliac joint is both synovial and fibrous in nature.
The sacroiliac joint is both synovial and fibrous in nature.
The anterior sacral foramina and posterior sacral foramina refer to the same structures on different surfaces.
The anterior sacral foramina and posterior sacral foramina refer to the same structures on different surfaces.
What are the two joints that are not assessed in this course?
What are the two joints that are not assessed in this course?
How many sacral vertebrae are there?
How many sacral vertebrae are there?
The left and right sacral cornua are located at the ________ end of the sacrum.
The left and right sacral cornua are located at the ________ end of the sacrum.
The ______ between the left and right pubis is an integral part of the pubic symphysis structure.
The ______ between the left and right pubis is an integral part of the pubic symphysis structure.
Match the structures with their functions/descriptions:
Match the structures with their functions/descriptions:
Match the ligament to its location:
Match the ligament to its location:
What part of the pelvis is typically referred to as a pivot point?
What part of the pelvis is typically referred to as a pivot point?
What anatomical feature creates a connection between the sacrum and coccyx?
What anatomical feature creates a connection between the sacrum and coccyx?
There are traditionally four sacral sulci.
There are traditionally four sacral sulci.
Force closure in the sacroiliac joint is created solely by ligament tension.
Force closure in the sacroiliac joint is created solely by ligament tension.
What causes the irregularity of the sacroiliac joint surfaces over time?
What causes the irregularity of the sacroiliac joint surfaces over time?
What causes dysfunction in the lumbosacral joint?
What causes dysfunction in the lumbosacral joint?
The level of the vertebral column typically consists of a total of _________ segments.
The level of the vertebral column typically consists of a total of _________ segments.
The lumbosacral joint is located between the ______ and ______ vertebra.
The lumbosacral joint is located between the ______ and ______ vertebra.
What is a potential issue associated with the anterior sacral foramina?
What is a potential issue associated with the anterior sacral foramina?
Coccygeal vertebrae are typically fused together.
Coccygeal vertebrae are typically fused together.
What caused the irregularity of surfaces in the sacroiliac joints?
What caused the irregularity of surfaces in the sacroiliac joints?
______ is often considered a region causing impingement on sacral nerve roots due to disc issues.
______ is often considered a region causing impingement on sacral nerve roots due to disc issues.
Match the following anatomical variations with their descriptions:
Match the following anatomical variations with their descriptions:
The sacrotuberous ligament is located on the back side of the pelvis.
The sacrotuberous ligament is located on the back side of the pelvis.
The ______________ ligament runs from the inferior lateral angle of the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity.
The ______________ ligament runs from the inferior lateral angle of the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity.
Match the following muscles with their primary function in relation to the SI joint:
Match the following muscles with their primary function in relation to the SI joint:
What structure does the sciatic nerve come off of?
What structure does the sciatic nerve come off of?
Hormones associated with childbirth can increase the stability of pelvic ligaments.
Hormones associated with childbirth can increase the stability of pelvic ligaments.
Which is the primary ligament identified as especially important in limiting anterior movement of the sacrum?
Which is the primary ligament identified as especially important in limiting anterior movement of the sacrum?
The _______________ is particularly important for hip external rotation in an open kinetic chain.
The _______________ is particularly important for hip external rotation in an open kinetic chain.
What is the term for the process that may create instability in pelvic ligaments during childbirth?
What is the term for the process that may create instability in pelvic ligaments during childbirth?
What structure does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into?
What structure does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into?
The primary passive restrictor of sacral extension is the short posterior ligament.
The primary passive restrictor of sacral extension is the short posterior ligament.
There are two sacrotuberous ligaments located on each side of the pelvis.
There are two sacrotuberous ligaments located on each side of the pelvis.
List the three muscles identified as particularly important for force closure of the sacroiliac joint.
List the three muscles identified as particularly important for force closure of the sacroiliac joint.
What are the two major factors contributing to hypermobility during childbirth?
What are the two major factors contributing to hypermobility during childbirth?
The left and right common iliac arteries further branch into their own respective __________ arteries.
The left and right common iliac arteries further branch into their own respective __________ arteries.
The anterior rami of the spinal cord contribute to the formation of the _______________ plexus.
The anterior rami of the spinal cord contribute to the formation of the _______________ plexus.
Match the following terms with their respective descriptions:
Match the following terms with their respective descriptions:
Match the following ligaments with their locations:
Match the following ligaments with their locations:
What direction does the base of the sacrum move during nutation?
What direction does the base of the sacrum move during nutation?
Research has proven that no motion occurs at the sacrum and ilium.
Research has proven that no motion occurs at the sacrum and ilium.
The curvature of the sacrum is described as __________.
The curvature of the sacrum is described as __________.
What happens to the sacrum during the first 45-60 degrees of trunk flexion?
What happens to the sacrum during the first 45-60 degrees of trunk flexion?
The sacral plexus is formed by five nerve roots: L4, L5, S1, S2, and S3.
The sacral plexus is formed by five nerve roots: L4, L5, S1, S2, and S3.
Nutation occurs when the sacral base moves __________.
Nutation occurs when the sacral base moves __________.
Match the following components with their respective roles:
Match the following components with their respective roles:
Flashcards
Pelvic Functions (Acronym)
Pelvic Functions (Acronym)
The pelvic structure contains and protects internal organs (viscera), supports the weight of the trunk and connects the axial to the appendicular skeleton.
Pelvic Muscle Groups
Pelvic Muscle Groups
Abdominal wall and pelvic floor muscles attach to the pelvic girdle.
Female vs. Male Pelvis
Female vs. Male Pelvis
The female pelvis is wider and shallower than the male pelvis, which is narrower and deeper.
Pelvic Bones
Pelvic Bones
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Sacral Vertebrae
Sacral Vertebrae
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Sacrum Shape
Sacrum Shape
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Sacral Landmark (Promontory)
Sacral Landmark (Promontory)
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Sacrum vs. other discs
Sacrum vs. other discs
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Sacroiliac joints stability
Sacroiliac joints stability
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Sacral sulcus location
Sacral sulcus location
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Sacral sulci number
Sacral sulci number
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Sacral cornua
Sacral cornua
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Sacral hiatus
Sacral hiatus
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Inferior lateral angle
Inferior lateral angle
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Anterior sacral foramina
Anterior sacral foramina
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Posterior sacral foramina
Posterior sacral foramina
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Sacral nerve root impingement causes
Sacral nerve root impingement causes
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Coccyx vertebrae
Coccyx vertebrae
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Coccygeal vertebra fusion
Coccygeal vertebra fusion
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Sacralization
Sacralization
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Lumbarization
Lumbarization
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Coccyx mobility
Coccyx mobility
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Sacral Nutation
Sacral Nutation
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Sacral Counternutation
Sacral Counternutation
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Pelvic Rotation
Pelvic Rotation
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Innominate Rotation
Innominate Rotation
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SI Joint Stressors - Spine
SI Joint Stressors - Spine
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SI Joint Stressors - Hip
SI Joint Stressors - Hip
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Force Closure Muscles (GEMLAT)
Force Closure Muscles (GEMLAT)
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Superoinferior Translation of Symphysis Pubis
Superoinferior Translation of Symphysis Pubis
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Cephalic-Caudal Movement of Sacrum on Ilium
Cephalic-Caudal Movement of Sacrum on Ilium
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Anteroposterior Translation of Ilium on Sacrum
Anteroposterior Translation of Ilium on Sacrum
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What links the axial and inferior appendicular skeleton?
What links the axial and inferior appendicular skeleton?
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Why is the sacroiliac joint unique?
Why is the sacroiliac joint unique?
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What creates stability in the sacroiliac joint?
What creates stability in the sacroiliac joint?
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What type of joint is the sacroiliac?
What type of joint is the sacroiliac?
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What does force closure refer to in the pelvis?
What does force closure refer to in the pelvis?
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What are the main contributors to sacroiliac joint stability?
What are the main contributors to sacroiliac joint stability?
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Where is the lumbosacral joint located?
Where is the lumbosacral joint located?
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Why is the lumbosacral joint clinically relevant?
Why is the lumbosacral joint clinically relevant?
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What are the 3 most clinically impacted joints in the pelvic region?
What are the 3 most clinically impacted joints in the pelvic region?
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What is the pubic symphysis?
What is the pubic symphysis?
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Why does the pubic symphysis often receive less attention despite its importance?
Why does the pubic symphysis often receive less attention despite its importance?
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What is the function of the iliolumbar ligament?
What is the function of the iliolumbar ligament?
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What are the four parts of the sacroiliac ligament?
What are the four parts of the sacroiliac ligament?
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What is the function of the pubic ligament?
What is the function of the pubic ligament?
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What are the interosseous SI ligaments?
What are the interosseous SI ligaments?
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How are the SI ligaments arranged?
How are the SI ligaments arranged?
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What runs through the vertebral bodies to L4?
What runs through the vertebral bodies to L4?
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What branches off the abdominal aorta?
What branches off the abdominal aorta?
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What does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into?
What does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into?
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What do the common iliac arteries branch into?
What do the common iliac arteries branch into?
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What does the internal iliac artery supply?
What does the internal iliac artery supply?
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Which ligaments limit nutation?
Which ligaments limit nutation?
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What is the sacrum's curvature?
What is the sacrum's curvature?
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What ligament restricts sacral extension?
What ligament restricts sacral extension?
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What muscles force closure of the SIJ?
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What are the points for sacral fault assessment?
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What nerve roots form the sciatic nerve?
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What is the concept of sacral motion?
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What is nutation?
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What is counter-nutation?
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What limits counter-nutation?
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Pelvic Functions
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Pelvic Muscles
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Acetabular Fossa
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ASIS
ASIS
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PSIS
PSIS
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Sacrum
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Sacral Curvature
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Sacroiliac Joint (SIJ)
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Sacral Sulci
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How many Sacral Sulci?
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Sacral Nerve Root Impingement
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Coccyx
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Long Dorsal SI Ligament
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Sacrotuberous Ligament
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Sacrospinous Ligament
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Piriformis Function (OKC)
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Piriformis Function (CKC)
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Piriformis Function (Flexed Hip)
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Force Closure of SI Joint
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Sacral Plexus
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Sciatic Nerve
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Cauda Equina
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Filum Terminale
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Nutation
Nutation
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Counternutation
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What runs anteriorly to the vertebral bodies?
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Oblique Axis Rotations
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Force Closure Muscles
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SIJ Stress Tests
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Sacroiliac Joint
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Lumbosacral Joint
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Pubic Symphysis
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Iliolumbar Ligament
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Sacroiliac Ligament
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Interosseous SI Ligament
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Form Closure
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Force Closure
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Posterior SI Ligament
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Pelvic Stability
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SI Joint Dysfunction
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Dynamic Positional Fault Assessment
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Median Sacral Crest
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Sacral Nerve Roots
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Coccygeal Vertebrae
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What is the Sacroiliac Joint?
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What makes the SIJ unique?
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What creates stability in the SIJ?
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What type of joint is the SIJ?
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What is force closure in the pelvis?
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What is the Lumbosacral Joint?
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What is the Iliolumbar Ligament?
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What is the Sacroiliac Ligament?
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What is Form Closure?
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What are Force Closure Muscles?
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What are the 4 types of oblique axis rotations?
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What does the iliolumbar ligament do?
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SI Joint Stress Tests
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What are the 5 joint play assessments of the sacrum/sacroilium and pubis?
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Abdominal Aorta
Abdominal Aorta
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Median Sacral Artery
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Common Iliac Arteries
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External Iliac Arteries
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Internal Iliac Arteries
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Short Posterior/Interosseous Ligament
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Long Posterior SI Ligament
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Piriformis Function in OKC
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Piriformis Function in CKC
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Piriformis Function with Flexed Hip
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Abdominal Aorta Path
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Internal Iliac Artery Function
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Long Dorsal Ligament Function
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Sacral Fault Assessment Points
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Sciatic Nerve Formation
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Ligaments Limiting Counternutation
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Lumbar Spine Flexion - Sacrum
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Early Counternutation
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Hamstring Influence on Counternutation
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What is the most suitable action for a suspected coccyx injury?
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Sacroiliac Joint - What does it link?
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Sacroiliac Joint - Why is it unique?
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Sacroiliac Joint - What creates its stability?
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Sacroiliac Joint - What type of joint is it?
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Sacroiliac Joint - What does 'force closure' refer to?
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Sacroiliac Joint - What are the main contributors to its stability?
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Lumbosacral Joint - Where is it located?
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Lumbosacral Joint - Why is it clinically relevant?
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Pubic Symphysis - What is it?
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Pubic Symphysis - Why does it receive less attention?
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Iliolumbar Ligament - Function?
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Sacroiliac Ligament - What are its parts?
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Interosseous SI Ligament - What is its role?
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SI Joint
SI Joint
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What increases the stability of the sacroiliac joint?
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Where are the auricular surfaces located?
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What is the location of the sacral sulcus?
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How many sacral sulci are there?
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What forms the sacral hiatus?
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Static & Dynamic Positional Fault Assessments
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What landmark helps locate the anterior sacral foramina?
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What is the difference between anterior and posterior sacral foramina?
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Why is nerve compression at the sacral foramina a concern?
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What makes sacral nerve root impingement below S2 unusual?
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What are two reasons for sacral nerve root impingement?
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What is the coccyx?
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How does the sacroiliac joint achieve stability?
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Why does the pubic symphysis often receive less attention?
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What limits sacral extension?
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Deep interosseous ligament location
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Short posterior ligament function
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Sacrotuberous ligament location
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Sacrospinous ligament function
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Common iliac artery bifurcation
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Internal iliac artery supply
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Sciatic nerve origin
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Cauda equina location
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Filum terminale function
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What muscles force close the SIJ?
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What is sacral nutation?
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What is sacral counter-nutation?
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What limits sacral nutation?
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What limits sacral counter-nutation?
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What is force closure in the SIJ?
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What are the key force closure muscles of the SIJ?
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What are the 4 parts of the sacroiliac ligament?
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What is the sacral plexus?
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What is the cauda equina?
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Pelvic Muscle Groups (Acronym)
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Pelvic Bone Fusion Point
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Landmark: ASIS
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Landmark: PSIS
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Sacral Promontory
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Sacroiliac Joint: Axial and Appendicular Link
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Sacroiliac Joint: Unique Suspension
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Sacroiliac Joint Stability: Form Closure
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Sacroiliac Joint Stability: Force Closure
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Sacroiliac Joint: Synovial and Fibrous
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Lumbosacral Joint: Transitional Stress
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Lumbosacral Joint: Clinical Significance
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Pubic Symphysis: Pivot Point
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Iliolumbar Ligament: Lumbar-Ilium Link
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Sacroiliac Ligament: Four Parts
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Interosseous SI Ligament: Deep Stability
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Sacroiliac Ligament Arrangement: Deep to Superficial
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Pelvis: Form vs. Force Closure
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Stability: Ligaments and Muscles
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What is the primary function of the Long Dorsal SI Ligament?
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Where does the Sacrotuberous Ligament run?
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What's the primary function of the Sacrotuberous Ligament?
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Name the ligament most often affected by childbirth.
Name the ligament most often affected by childbirth.
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What makes the Sacrotuberous Ligament unique?
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How many Sacrotuberous Ligaments are there?
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Where does the Sacrospinous Ligament run?
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What ligament is the Sacrospinous Ligament deep to?
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What are the primary functions of the Sacrospinous Ligament?
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Why are the piriformis's functions more complex than simply external rotation?
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What are the most important attachments for the piriformis muscle?
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What are the three muscles that contribute to the force closure of the SI joint?
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What are the two main reasons for increased pelvic hypermobility in women?
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How do most muscles attached to the pelvis, sacrum, and coccyx connect?
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What is the most significant nerve to come off the Sacral Plexus?
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What artery runs through the vertebral bodies to L4?
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Where does the median sacral artery branch off?
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What's the motion of the sacrum during trunk flexion?
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Study Notes
Pelvic and SI Joint Anatomy and Motion
-
Spinal Curvatures:
- Cervical spine (C-spine) - lordotic
- Thoracic spine (T-spine) - kyphotic
- Lumbar spine (L-spine) - lordotic
-
Pelvis:
- Structure: Strong and relatively rigid structure
- Functions: Contains and protects viscera; bears weight of trunk and upper body; connects axial and inferior appendicular skeletons
- Muscle Attachments: Abdominal wall and pelvic floor muscles
- Muscle Functions: Locomotion and posture
- Pelvic Differences: Female pelvis is wider and shallower than male, which is narrower and deeper
- Pelvic Bones: 3 pelvic bones (ilium, ischium, pubis) forming the os coxae or innominate bones
- Acetabular Fossa: Point where the 3 bones meet
- Muscle Attachment Points: ASIS, PSIS, AIIS, PIIS, pubic tubercle, ischial tuberosity; AIIS is not typically palpated for positional faults
- Innominate Bone Landmarks: Provides several landmarks and relative points for assessment
- Landmarks Affected by: Dysfunction and/or malpositioning of bones
- Landmarks and Vertebra Alignment: Iliac crest aligns with L4/L5 interspace, PSIS aligns with S2
-
Sacrum:
- Structure: Formed by 5 fused vertebrae; intervertebral disc material is absent in mature adults; shape is an inverted triangle, based on top
- Sacral Base: Circle-like structure, similar to lumbar vertebral body
- Sacral Promontory: Anterior projection of the base.
- Sacral Apex: Tapering end, not a point
- Coccyx Position: Distal and inferior to the sacrum
- Auricular (Articular) Surfaces: Irregular surfaces, increasing stability of SI joints. Situated on lateral aspects of sacrum, articulating with ilia surfaces.
- Sacral Sulci: Spaces posterior to sacrum, between ilium and sacrum, 2 located - medial, potentially slightly superior to PSIS
- Sacral Cornua: Projections at inferior sacrum; left and right, forming the cornua that can be the arch between those. Could be considered along midline.
- Median Sacral Crest: Bumps along midline, deep to which are spinal/sacral and coccygeal nerves
- Sacral Hiatus: Hole at inferior sacrum, surrounded by cornua, for nerve exit.
- Inferior Lateral Angle: Sharp angling (medially) of sacrum's lateral borders
- Other Palpation Marks for Sacrum Assessment: Left and right sacral sulci and inferior lateral angles
- Anterior Sacral Foramina: Holes allowing exit of nerve/ nerve rami structures
- Posterior Sacral Foramina: Posterior counterpart of anterior Sacral foramina
- Nerve Compression: Potential for nerve compression at foramina by osteophytes or inflammation
- Sacral Disc Herniation: Uncommon due to lack of functional discs.
-
Coccyx:
- Structure: Formed by 4 (range 3-5) fused vertebrae
- Movement: Fibrous joints permitting some movement
- Vertebral Segments: 33 vertebral segments in total
- Anomalies: Sacralization and lumbarization
- Examination: Internal examination required; refer to appropriate specialist for suspected issues.
-
Pelvic Articulations:
- Sacroiliac (SI) Joint:
- Function: Links axial and inferior appendicular skeletons. Predominantly synovial joint. Characterized by irregular surfaces and extensive ligaments (form closure)
- Uniqueness: Suspended vertically, with congruency creating stability. Movement related to force closure
- Ligament Emphasis: Posterior SI ligaments are essential for stability
- Force Closure: Dynamic stability due to muscle contraction; important during weight bearing activities.
- Shape: L shaped.
- Lumbosacral (LS) Joint: Between L5 and S1 vertebrae; often impacted in clinical situations due to stress from spine/ leg loading. Interconnected with L4-L5-S1, lumbar spine, SI joints, hip joint.
- Pubic Symphysis: Fusion of left and right pubis bones, with interpubic disc. Minimal movement but key pivot point for pelvis; small movements can magnify back issues
- Sacrococcygeal Joint: Articulation between sacrum apex and 1st coccygeal vertebra
- Intercoccygeal Joint: Potentially fibrous; less emphasis given.
- Joints Not Assessed: Sacrococcygeal and intercoccygeal
- Sacroiliac (SI) Joint:
-
Pelvic Ligaments:
- Iliolumbar Ligament: Main stabilizer between L4/L5/L5 and ilium.
- Sacroiliac Ligaments: 4 parts (anterior, short posterior, interosseous, long posterior); interosseous is key for fibrous nature of the joint; various orientations and depths of the ligaments
- Pubic Ligaments: Superior and inferior ligaments, plus anterior and posterior ligaments blending with capsule
- Sacrotuberous Ligament: Runs from inferior lateral sacrum to ischial tuberosity limiting anterior sacral movement
- Sacrospinous Ligament: Deep to sacrotuberous ligament, between ischial spine and inferior lateral sacrum, limiting anterior sacral movement.
-
Ligament Injuries: Sprains, commonly related to traumas, pregnancy, and childbirth due to stress on ligaments during childbirth/ laxity from hormones
-
Pelvic Muscles: 27 muscles attach to pelvis/sacrum/coccyx, often via fascial connections: (List of muscles provided)
- Emphasize piriformis: ER (OKC/mostly), hip ext/abd; function varies based on hip degree of flexion
-
Sacroiliac Joint force closure muscles: Gluteus maximus, latissimus dorsi, piriformis
-
Neurovascular Structures:
- Sacral Plexus: Formation of 8 spinal nerves including the Sciatic nerve.
- Sciatic Nerve: Key, emanating from sacral plexus, terminating between L1-l2
- Iliac Arteries/Veins & Gluteal Arteries/Veins, Gonadal/Rectal Arteries/Veins, Median Sacral Artery/Vein: Major blood supply.
- Coccygeal Plexus: Plexus involving nerve fibers.
-
Pelvic Movements and Ligament Relations:
- Nutation/Sacral Flexion: Anterior sacral base movement; posterior and medial innominate rotation; close-packed position of SI joint. Limited by sacro-tuberous, sacrospinous, and anterior SI ligaments
- Counternutation/ Sacral Extension: Posterior sacral base movement; anterior and lateral innominate rotation; loose-packed position of SI joint. Limited by long dorsal and short posterior ligaments.
- Pelvis Rotation: Innominate rotation causes same-side sacral rotation and nutation/counternutation;
- Pelvic Sidebending: Innominate side bending occurs and sacral rotation occurs oppositely
- Sacral Axes: 5 axes of rotation (superior, middle, transverse, left oblique, right oblique)
- Joint Play Assessments: (SAACC): Various translations/glides of sacrum/ilium/pubic symphysis
- SI Joint Stressors: 9 Active movements stressing SIJ, including spine flexion/extension/rotation/side bending and hip movements.
-
Recap:
- SI joints, lumbar spine, and hip joints have strong interrelations
- Diagnoses/ assessment need to consider all 3 regions.
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Description
This quiz explores the anatomy and motion of the pelvic and sacroiliac (SI) joints. It covers spinal curvatures, pelvic structure, muscle attachments, and the differences between male and female pelvises. Test your understanding of these fundamental aspects of the human skeletal system.
