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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using primary sources in clinical practice?
What type of study design provides the most reliable source of information?
In the Methods section of a research article, which aspect is least likely to be included?
What component of a research article typically provides a summary of the work's results?
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Which of the following journals is considered a primary source of information?
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What is typically found in the Discussion section of a research article?
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Which part of a research article details the context and background for the study?
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What are primary indexing terms used for?
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What is the purpose of the References section in a research article?
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What is the purpose of descriptive modifying terms?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes a secondary source?
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What does the access number in the indexing system refer to?
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What describes an indicative abstract?
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Why are abstracts important in literature searches?
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Which statement about the peer reviewing process is correct?
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What characterizes informative abstracts?
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What types of sources should a pharmacist consult first when conducting a systematic search for drug information?
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Which of the following best describes secondary sources in drug information?
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What is a primary source in the context of drug information?
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How does a pharmacist verify the consistency of information obtained from different resources?
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Which information source type is often the backbone of preliminary research conducted by pharmacists?
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When is it appropriate for a pharmacist to consult primary literature?
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What is a key benefit of using secondary sources for drug information?
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What is essential for pharmacists when formulating a response based on drug information?
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Study Notes
Peer Reviewing Process
- Peer review involves assessing the quality and validity of research before publication
- Publication in a respected journal enhances credibility, but does not guarantee accuracy
- Secondary sources like indexing and abstracting systems organize and retrieve primary resources
Indexing
- Enables rapid access to literature information and sources
- Uses indexing terms:
- Primary indexing terms (e.g., "Ibuprofen") represent the main topic
- Descriptive modifying terms (e.g., "Renal Failure, dosage (Adult)") provide specific details
- Access numbers (e.g., 464) help locate information
Abstracting
- Abstracts summarize article content for storage and retrieval
- Types:
- Indicative (Non-evaluative, Descriptive): Brief (50-100 words), highlighting the main points
- Informative (Evaluative): Include all important information (around 250 words)
Purposes of Abstracts
- Quickly assess if the full article is relevant
- Used for separate publication (e.g., Biological Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts)
- Provide keywords for searches
- Form the basis for other sources of information and offer the most up-to-date insights
Benefits of Using Primary Sources
- Clinical trials offer the latest drug information and are ideal for answering therapeutic questions
- Journals help pharmacists:
- Stay current with professional news
- Learn about clinician approaches to problems
- Differentiate effective from ineffective or harmful therapies
- Improve communication with other health professionals and patients
- Obtain continuing education credits
- Share opinions through letters to the editor
Basic Structure of an Article
- Abstract/Summary: Provides an overview of the work, highlights the results, and states the significance
- Introduction: Presents background information, including the history, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation; reviews existing work; explains the rationale for the current study and its objectives
- Methods/Materials & Methods/Patients & Methods: Describes the study design, participant selection procedures, measurement methods, and analytical techniques employed
- Results: Presents the findings, incorporating graphs, tables, charts, and figures
- Discussion/Comment/Conclusion: Interprets the significance of the findings, analyzes the study (including limitations and strengths), provides further analysis, and compares it with other research
- References/Bibliography: Includes evidence of consideration of other works and directs readers to further exploration
Question Classification
- Helps refine search strategy and determine appropriate resources
- Assists in estimating time required to answer a request
- Examples:
- Adverse drug reaction/ contraindications
- Availability
- Dose
- Drug compatibility/ stability
- Drug interaction
- Drug therapy
- Drug identification
Developing a Search Strategy
- Prioritize resources based on probability of finding desired information
- Conduct a systematic search:
- Be familiar with different information source types (tertiary, secondary, primary)
- Begin with tertiary literature (e.g., textbooks) due to condensed, easy-to-use format
- Progress to secondary literature (e.g., PubMed, IPA) and then primary literature (e.g., controlled clinical trials, letters to the editor)
Evaluation, Analysis, and Synthesis
- Confirm information with multiple references to ensure consistency
- Determine whether clinical research is relevant to the population or specific patient
- Utilize skills for literature evaluation, clinical application, and statistical analysis
Formulating and Providing a Response
- Answers should be based on critical analysis of information from a comprehensive search
- Responses should be timely and provide clear, concise information
- Competing viewpoints should be presented with references
- All responses should be documented with sufficient detail to justify the answer
Follow-up and Documentation
- Evaluate the outcome and impact of the advice provided
- Document all advice provided (e.g., log book, paper worksheet, computer database)
Drug Information Resources
- Primary sources: Unpublised studies and original articles published in peer-reviewed journals reporting original research, ideas, or opinions
- Secondary sources: Indexing and abstracting systems
- Tertiary sources: Textbooks and compendia
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Description
This quiz explores the peer reviewing process, detailing how it assesses the quality of research before publication. It also covers indexing and abstracting methods, emphasizing their roles in organizing and retrieving scholarly information. Understand the nuances of indexing terms and the purposes of abstracts in research.
