40 Questions
What is the typical volume of a one-year-old child's stomach?
250 ml
What is the pH of gastric juice in older children?
1.5-2.0
What is the role of chymosin (renin) in infants?
Digestion of protein
What is the average lifespan of red blood cells in children?
80-120 days
What is the typical diameter of red blood cells in older children?
7.2 microns
What does the Price-Jones curve reflect?
Variations in red blood cell diameter
What type of breathing is heard when auscultating young children?
Puerile
What does a shift of the top of the Price-Jones curve to the left indicate?
Microcytosis
What is the typical hemoglobin level in newborns?
215 g/l (fluctuations 180-240)
When does false croup most often occur?
During acute respiratory viral diseases
When does the structure of the renal glomerulus in a child differ from its structure in adults?
After 5 years
At what age are the maxillary sinuses in children well developed?
By 7 years
What is the ratio of respiratory rate to pulse rate in healthy children over 1 year old?
1:4
What is the average color index up to 1 month of age?
1.1-1.2
What occurs during the first and second 'crossovers' of leukocytes?
Equal percentage of lymphocytes and all neutrophils
When does the period of first extension (growth acceleration) occur in boys and girls?
4-6 years for boys, 6-7 years for girls
At what age is the lower edge of the liver along the right midclavicular line not palpable?
7 years
Where is the best place to listen to systolic murmur with a high ventricular septal defect?
IV intercostal space at the left edge of the sternum
What are the characteristics of the urine in a child with a diagnosis of De Toni-Debre-Fanconi disease?
High levels of amino acids, phosphate, and glucose
What is the typical age for the closure of a large fontanel in a child with rickets?
20-25 months
What is the role of the kidneys in the body's use of vitamin D?
The kidneys activate vitamin D
What is the typical course of rickets?
Subacute
What is a characteristic symptom of the acute course of rickets?
Osteomalacia of bones
What is the typical age for the prescription of specific prevention of rickets for full-term infants?
2 months
What is an endogenous cause of malnutrition?
All of the above
What degree of malnutrition is characterized by hungry stool?
3 degrees
What is lactostasis?
A type of breast engorgement
At what age should a child receive a food volume equal to 1/5 of their body weight?
4 weeks
What type of bacteria proliferation is suppressed in the intestines of breastfed children?
Bifidobacteria
What is a significant factor in reducing the development of hypogalactia?
Early attachment of the baby to the breast
When is breastfeeding absolutely contraindicated?
With cerebrovascular accident
What is the recommended ratio of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates when breastfeeding with the introduction of complementary foods?
1:2:4
Where does the breakdown of fat in breastfed infants begin?
Stomach
What is not recommended to increase lactation in cases of hypogalactia?
Fixed feeding time
Where is the left border of relative cardiac dullness determined?
1.5 cm outward from the midclavicular line
What is a characteristic of the blood circulation of the fetus that differs from the newborn?
No difference
Where does the most oxygenated blood flow to in the fetus?
Liver
What is not a property of functional noises?
Distributes poorly throughout the heart area
What is not a characteristic of embryocardia?
Heart rate less than 90 beats/min
What is a characteristic of the auscultation of a 12-year-old child?
Accent of the second tone over the pulmonary artery
Study Notes
Month of Extrauterine Life
- The first month of extrauterine life is a period of adaptation to extrauterine life
- The second month of extrauterine life is a period of stabilization
- The fourth month of extrauterine life is a period of active growth and development
- The fifth and sixth months of extrauterine life are periods of rapid growth and development
Blood Pressure
- Diastolic blood pressure is 1/2 to 2/3 of systolic blood pressure
- Blood pressure in the legs is higher than in the arms by 10-20 mmHg
- In a one-year-old child, the volume of the stomach is 250 ml
Digestion
- In the digestion of protein in infants, the greatest importance is chymosin (renin)
- Pepsinogen activator is hydrochloric acid
- Pepsinogen in the stomach is produced in main cells of the body
Health Issues
- Fountain vomiting is a sign of pyloric stenosis
- The lifespan of red blood cells in children is 80-120 days
- The average red blood cell diameter in older children is 7.2 µm
- The Price-Jones curve reflects variations in red blood cell diameter
- In young children, the breathing type heard during auscultation is puerile
Urine and Kidneys
- Urine the color of meat slop in children is observed when there is gross hematuria
- Hemoglobin F from 60-90% (in the neonatal period) decreases to 1-2% to 2-3 years
- The structure of the renal glomerulus in a child does not differ from its structure in adults after 5 years
- The weight of a newborn's kidney triples by the end of the first year of life
- Bladder capacity at 1 year is 35-50 ml and at 12-15 years is 300-400 ml
Heart and Blood
- The best place to listen to systolic murmur in case of atrial septal defect is II intercostal space to the left of the sternum
- Physiological mobility of the kidneys within the body is one vertebra
- In infants, the lower pole of the right kidney is determined at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra
- The total number of nephrons in the kidneys is approximately 2,000,000
- Cyanosis of the skin, mucous membrane of the lips and tongue appears when arterial blood oxygen saturation is less than 95%
Respiratory System
- True croup is observed with diphtheria of the larynx
- The first crossover in the leukocyte blood count in children is observed at the age of 4-5 days
- False croup most often occurs when there are acute respiratory viral diseases
- The maxillary sinuses in children are well developed by 7 years
- In healthy children over 1 year of age, the ratio between respiratory rate and pulse rate is 1:4
Development and Growth
- The period of first extension (growth acceleration) occurs at the age of 4-6 years for boys and 6-7 years for girls
- The lower edge of the liver along the right midclavicular line is not palpable with 7 years
- The best place to listen to systolic murmur with a high ventricular septal defect is IV intercostal space at the left edge of the sternum
Rickets
- The disease is characterized by the nature of its course as subacute
- Symptoms of the acute course of rickets include osteomalacia of bones
- Vitamin D is activated in the kidneys under the influence of hormones
- Closure of a large fontanel with rickets most often occurs in 20-25 months
- Specific prevention of rickets is prescribed for full-term infants from 2 months
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