Pediatrics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the typical volume of a one-year-old child's stomach?

1 liter

40-50 ml

250 ml (correct)

100-120 ml

What is the pH of gastric juice in older children?

4.5-5.5

7.0

6.0-7.0

1.5-2.0 (correct)

What is the role of chymosin (renin) in infants?

Digestion of fats

Digestion of carbohydrates

Regulation of blood pressure

Digestion of protein (correct)

What is the average lifespan of red blood cells in children?

80-120 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical diameter of red blood cells in older children?

7.2 microns Signup and view all the answers

What does the Price-Jones curve reflect?

Variations in red blood cell diameter Signup and view all the answers

What type of breathing is heard when auscultating young children?

Puerile Signup and view all the answers

What does a shift of the top of the Price-Jones curve to the left indicate?

Microcytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical hemoglobin level in newborns?

215 g/l (fluctuations 180-240) Signup and view all the answers

When does false croup most often occur?

During acute respiratory viral diseases Signup and view all the answers

When does the structure of the renal glomerulus in a child differ from its structure in adults?

After 5 years Signup and view all the answers

At what age are the maxillary sinuses in children well developed?

By 7 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of respiratory rate to pulse rate in healthy children over 1 year old?

1:4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the average color index up to 1 month of age?

1.1-1.2 Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the first and second 'crossovers' of leukocytes?

Equal percentage of lymphocytes and all neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

When does the period of first extension (growth acceleration) occur in boys and girls?

4-6 years for boys, 6-7 years for girls Signup and view all the answers

At what age is the lower edge of the liver along the right midclavicular line not palpable?

7 years Signup and view all the answers

Where is the best place to listen to systolic murmur with a high ventricular septal defect?

IV intercostal space at the left edge of the sternum Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of the urine in a child with a diagnosis of De Toni-Debre-Fanconi disease?

High levels of amino acids, phosphate, and glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age for the closure of a large fontanel in a child with rickets?

20-25 months Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the kidneys in the body's use of vitamin D?

The kidneys activate vitamin D Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical course of rickets?

Subacute Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic symptom of the acute course of rickets?

Osteomalacia of bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age for the prescription of specific prevention of rickets for full-term infants?

2 months Signup and view all the answers

What is an endogenous cause of malnutrition?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What degree of malnutrition is characterized by hungry stool?

3 degrees Signup and view all the answers

What is lactostasis?

A type of breast engorgement Signup and view all the answers

At what age should a child receive a food volume equal to 1/5 of their body weight?

4 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria proliferation is suppressed in the intestines of breastfed children?

Bifidobacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor in reducing the development of hypogalactia?

Early attachment of the baby to the breast Signup and view all the answers

When is breastfeeding absolutely contraindicated?

With cerebrovascular accident Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended ratio of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates when breastfeeding with the introduction of complementary foods?

1:2:4 Signup and view all the answers

Where does the breakdown of fat in breastfed infants begin?

Stomach Signup and view all the answers

What is not recommended to increase lactation in cases of hypogalactia?

Fixed feeding time Signup and view all the answers

Where is the left border of relative cardiac dullness determined?

1.5 cm outward from the midclavicular line Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the blood circulation of the fetus that differs from the newborn?

No difference Signup and view all the answers

Where does the most oxygenated blood flow to in the fetus?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What is not a property of functional noises?

Distributes poorly throughout the heart area Signup and view all the answers

What is not a characteristic of embryocardia?

Heart rate less than 90 beats/min Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the auscultation of a 12-year-old child?

Accent of the second tone over the pulmonary artery Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Month of Extrauterine Life

The first month of extrauterine life is a period of adaptation to extrauterine life
The second month of extrauterine life is a period of stabilization
The fourth month of extrauterine life is a period of active growth and development
The fifth and sixth months of extrauterine life are periods of rapid growth and development

Blood Pressure

Diastolic blood pressure is 1/2 to 2/3 of systolic blood pressure
Blood pressure in the legs is higher than in the arms by 10-20 mmHg
In a one-year-old child, the volume of the stomach is 250 ml

Digestion

In the digestion of protein in infants, the greatest importance is chymosin (renin)
Pepsinogen activator is hydrochloric acid
Pepsinogen in the stomach is produced in main cells of the body

Health Issues

Fountain vomiting is a sign of pyloric stenosis
The lifespan of red blood cells in children is 80-120 days
The average red blood cell diameter in older children is 7.2 µm
The Price-Jones curve reflects variations in red blood cell diameter
In young children, the breathing type heard during auscultation is puerile

Urine and Kidneys

Urine the color of meat slop in children is observed when there is gross hematuria
Hemoglobin F from 60-90% (in the neonatal period) decreases to 1-2% to 2-3 years
The structure of the renal glomerulus in a child does not differ from its structure in adults after 5 years
The weight of a newborn's kidney triples by the end of the first year of life
Bladder capacity at 1 year is 35-50 ml and at 12-15 years is 300-400 ml

Heart and Blood

The best place to listen to systolic murmur in case of atrial septal defect is II intercostal space to the left of the sternum
Physiological mobility of the kidneys within the body is one vertebra
In infants, the lower pole of the right kidney is determined at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra
The total number of nephrons in the kidneys is approximately 2,000,000
Cyanosis of the skin, mucous membrane of the lips and tongue appears when arterial blood oxygen saturation is less than 95%

Respiratory System

True croup is observed with diphtheria of the larynx
The first crossover in the leukocyte blood count in children is observed at the age of 4-5 days
False croup most often occurs when there are acute respiratory viral diseases
The maxillary sinuses in children are well developed by 7 years
In healthy children over 1 year of age, the ratio between respiratory rate and pulse rate is 1:4

Development and Growth

The period of first extension (growth acceleration) occurs at the age of 4-6 years for boys and 6-7 years for girls
The lower edge of the liver along the right midclavicular line is not palpable with 7 years
The best place to listen to systolic murmur with a high ventricular septal defect is IV intercostal space at the left edge of the sternum

Rickets

The disease is characterized by the nature of its course as subacute
Symptoms of the acute course of rickets include osteomalacia of bones
Vitamin D is activated in the kidneys under the influence of hormones
Closure of a large fontanel with rickets most often occurs in 20-25 months
Specific prevention of rickets is prescribed for full-term infants from 2 months

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Test your knowledge of pediatric health and development with these questions on blood pressure, stomach volume, and more.