Pediatric Respiratory Conditions Quiz

Difficulty breathing through the nose.

Loud, noisy breathing during sleep.

Mucus-like discharge from the nose, often yellow or green.

A condition where the body reacts abnormally to allergens, leading to symptoms like sneezing, itching, and congestion.

Inflammation of the lungs, usually caused by infection.

A tube inserted into the nose to aid breathing.

A surgical procedure performed on the nose.

The process of delivering a baby.

A condition where the back of the nasal passage is blocked, preventing air from passing through.

A narrowing of the back of the nasal passage, making breathing difficult.

Enlarged tonsils in the back of the throat that can block breathing.

A deviated septum is a crooked nasal septum.

A surgical procedure used to remove a blockage from the nose.

Removal of a small portion of the inferior turbinate to reduce blockage.

The use of instruments to enlarge a passage and allow for better airflow.

A small tube inserted into the nose after surgery to keep the passage open.

Choanal atresia is a serious condition in newborns because they rely on nasal breathing. Bilateral atresia means both nasal passages are blocked, making breathing impossible.

The nasal cavity develops from ectodermal tissue called nasal placodes, which eventually form pits that extend backward and become the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by a membrane called the nasobuccal membrane, which eventually ruptures to create the posterior choanae.

The posterior choanae are the openings at the back of the nasal cavity that connect to the pharynx. They are formed when the nasobuccal membrane ruptures during embryonic development.

Choanal atresia can be caused by abnormal or incomplete development of the nasal cavity during gestation. The exact cause is unknown, but several risk factors are associated with it.

These medications, which are used to treat hyperthyroidism, have been linked to an increased risk of choanal atresia in babies. The exact mechanism is not fully understood.

Low intake of retinoic acid, a derivative of Vitamin A, can also influence the development of the nasal cavity. This might be a contributing factor to choanal atresia.

Choanal atresia can present with various symptoms depending on whether it is unilateral or bilateral and the severity of the obstruction. Symptoms can include difficulty breathing, noisy breathing, nasal discharge, and feeding problems.

The most common type of choanal atresia where the blockage is a thin membrane.

Choanal atresia that affects both nostrils, posing a serious risk to breathing.

Choanal atresia that only affects one nostril, often detected later in life.

A temporary solution to maintain an airway in infants with bilateral choanal atresia, involving devices that keep the mouth open.

A diagnostic tool used to visualize the nasal passage and confirm a blockage in choanal atresia.

The preferred imaging method to diagnose choanal atresia, providing detailed images of the nasal passage.

A clinical sign of choanal atresia where a cotton wisp placed under the nostrils doesn't move when the mouth is closed.

A condition where the back of the nasal passage is blocked, preventing air from passing through.

The preferred oral airway for infants with Choanal Atresia, especially if intubation is not needed.

A surgical procedure to open the blocked nasal passage in Choanal Atresia.

A surgical approach to Choanal Atresia repair where a small opening is made in the septum (the wall between the nostrils) to reach the blockage.

A type of transnasal approach to Choanal Atresia repair where the surgeon uses special instruments to make the opening without direct vision.

A common complication after transnasal Choanal Atresia Repair where the opened passage closes up again.

A surgical approach to Choanal Atresia repair where the opening is made through the roof of the mouth (palate).

An issue with the palatal approach for Choanal Atresia repair where the surgical opening is made too large, potentially causing complications.

Involves placing a small tube inside the nose after surgery to maintain an open passage and prevent blockage.

A controversial topic in the field, with recent studies showing similar restenosis rates with or without stenting. Some surgeons still consider it valuable to prevent blockage.

Repair without stenting simplifies post-operative care but requires diligent follow-up to manage potential complications. This includes regular nasal cleaning, removal of crusting, and periodic nasal irrigation.

Common complications associated with stents include discomfort, localized infection, scar tissue formation, and in severe cases, tissue death in the septum or columella.

After stenting, daily saline drops are applied, followed by stent removal around 6 weeks. Without stenting, saline drops, frequent suctioning, and oral antibiotics are used.

Early removal of crusting, granulations, and scar tissue within the first week is crucial in the non-stenting approach to ensure proper healing and minimize stenosis.

Regular endoscopic checks are recommended every 2-3 weeks initially and then as needed, depending on the patient's tolerance. This ensures optimal healing and early detection of any issues.

In cases of bony atresia, revision surgery is more likely compared to membranous or mixed types. Patients with genetic conditions like CHARGE syndrome also tend to have higher rates of revision surgery.