Pediatric Respiratory Care: Helium-Oxygen Mixtures

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What is the primary benefit of heliox therapy in reducing the work of breathing?

Decrease in carbon dioxide levels

Conversion of laminar flow to turbulent flow

Conversion of turbulent flow to laminar flow (correct)

Increase in oxygen levels

What is a condition that may delay the normal relaxation of the pulmonary bed?

Respiratory distress syndrome

Diaphragmatic hernia

Meconium aspiration syndrome

All of the above (correct)

What is a key characteristic of helium that makes it safe for use in medical treatments?

It is highly reactive

It is a corrosive gas

It is inert and non-toxic (correct)

It is toxic in high concentrations

What is the therapeutic aim of iNO administration to pediatric patients with ARDS?

To reduce PH and intrapulmonary shunting Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of combining helium with oxygen in medical treatments?

To make the mixture compatible with life Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn do not respond or sustain a response to iNO?

40% Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the iNOmax DSIR?

To provide a constant dose of iNO to the inspiratory limb of the circuit Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of failing to maintain a reliable air or oxygen gas source when using a blending system?

Administration of 100% helium Signup and view all the answers

What is the Reynold's number (Re) that describes turbulent flow through a tube?

Re >4000 Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered if oxygenation and hemodynamic parameters do not improve despite interventions?

ECMO Signup and view all the answers

What has been demonstrated by multiple large studies regarding the effect of iNO?

An improvement in oxygenation and a reduction in the need for ECMO Signup and view all the answers

What is the mixture of helium and oxygen often referred to as?

Heliox Signup and view all the answers

What is a condition associated with hypoxic respiratory failure that may be treated with heliox therapy?

Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular weight of helium?

4 grams Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the density of a gas and its benefit to gas flow during ventilation under turbulent conditions?

The lower the density, the greater the benefit Signup and view all the answers

What is the measure of the magnitude to which a fluid in motion resists flow?

Viscosity Signup and view all the answers

What is the viscosity of heliox 80/20?

203.6 poise (μP) Signup and view all the answers

What are the components that make up the tracheobronchial tree?

Trachea, carina, left and right mainstem bronchi, lobar bronchus, segmental bronchus, bronchi, and the alveolar ducts and sacs Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical weaning process for iNO?

Stepwise dose reductions Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended time period between iNO dose changes during weaning?

4 hours Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to optimize alveolar recruitment during iNO administration?

To increase the dilation effect on the pulmonary vasculature Signup and view all the answers

What is a common limitation of iNO therapy?

It has a high cost and requires a complex delivery system Signup and view all the answers

What medication has been shown to ameliorate rebound PH during weaning and discontinuation of iNO therapy?

Sildenafil Signup and view all the answers

What may be necessary when iNO reaches 1 ppm or is discontinued?

Increasing the FiO2 Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of discontinuing iNO therapy?

Rebound PH Signup and view all the answers

What happens to endogenous NO production during iNO therapy?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

What can occur shortly following discontinuation of iNO therapy?

Increase in pulmonary artery pressure and decrease in PaO2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of the transitional period after discontinuation of iNO therapy?

30 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What can be used to prevent rebound PH during the transitional period?

Sildenafil administration and increased FiO2 Signup and view all the answers