Pediatric Examination Techniques

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Why is special attention necessary for pediatric patients during examinations?

Building trust with pediatric patients and their families is essential. (correct)

Most pediatric examinations do not require any special considerations.

Children's symptoms are easier to understand than adults'.

Children have the same physiological responses as adults.

What does the phrase 'Children are not just small adults' imply in the context of pediatric examinations?

Children respond similarly to examinations as adults do.

Trust-building is less important in pediatric care.

Pediatric examinations require different approaches compared to adult examinations. (correct)

The equipment used for children is identical to that used for adults.

What is a key factor in ensuring a successful examination of pediatric patients?

Using complex medical terminology.

Quickly completing the examination.

Maintaining a strict clinical approach.

Establishing trust with the patient and family. (correct)

Which of the following statements is true regarding the examination of pediatric patients?

Different considerations apply to children based on their age and development stage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of Dr. Armand's quote regarding pediatric examinations?

Building a relationship is important for conducting examinations with children. Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum extension of the liver's right lobe below the costal margin in infants?

1 cm Signup and view all the answers

For older infants and children, how far should the liver's right lobe extend below the costal margin?

It should not extend below the margin Signup and view all the answers

What is the upper limit of portal vein diameter for neonates?

3-5 mm Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the liver measurements in children?

The liver should not extend below the right costal margin Signup and view all the answers

What would indicate a potential liver abnormality in infants based on the sonographic measurements?

Extension greater than 1 cm below the costal margin Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of using sonography for evaluating the neonatal and pediatric abdomen?

It provides excellent visualization without ionizing radiation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT commonly treated surgically in the pediatric population?

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Signup and view all the answers

Which pediatric condition is associated with atresia of the bile ducts?

Biliary atresia Signup and view all the answers

What is a common presenting symptom of appendicitis in the pediatric population?

Severe right abdominal pain at McBurney's point Signup and view all the answers

What does an ultrasound-first approach in pediatric diagnostics aim to achieve?

Obviate the need for more testing or imaging in some cases. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of neonatal and pediatric diseases in comparison to adults?

Pediatric diseases can have unique features. Signup and view all the answers

How does childhood obesity relate to hepatic diseases in pediatric patients?

It increases the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves a blockage of the intestinal lumen, potentially requiring surgical intervention?

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the median age of onset for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

6 years Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is true?

ASD is diagnosed based on social interaction challenges. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when approaching different family dynamics?

Respecting all family types without bias. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a form of child abuse?

Over-parenting Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of children are affected by food allergies?

30%-35% Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended NPO period before an abdominal ultrasound for children aged 5-10 years?

5-6 hours Signup and view all the answers

When should a child aged 3-5 years drink fluids before a pelvic ultrasound?

30-60 minutes prior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of childhood obesity?

Higher likelihood of sleep apnea Signup and view all the answers

In the context of critically ill or dying children, which approach is most important?

Maintain a child-centered and respectful approach Signup and view all the answers

What might trigger anaphylactic shock in children with peanut allergies?

Touching peanuts Signup and view all the answers

Why is adequate distention of the urinary bladder important during a pelvic examination?

It aids in evaluating the bladder and distinguishing gastrointestinal abnormalities. Signup and view all the answers

Which frequency of transducer is typically ideal for imaging infants?

5MHz transducer for adequate resolution. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason for maintaining body temperature in neonates during imaging?

To prevent rapid heat loss which they are prone to. Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is considered best for acquiring ultrasound images of infants and young children?

Modifying protocols to meet the patient's specific needs and minimizing their discomfort. Signup and view all the answers

What type of ultrasound study is ideal for evaluating the neonatal or pediatric abdomen?

A full abdominal ultrasound examination. Signup and view all the answers

How does the pancreatic size change from infancy to adolescence based on the provided dimensions?

The dimensions of the pancreas generally increase with age. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices should be avoided during pediatric ultrasound scanning?

Using a single probe frequency for all patients. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant feature of the normal neonatal pancreas during ultrasound imaging?

The presence of visible bilateral adrenal glands along with pancreatic structures. Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the bowel wall is the outermost layer?

Echogenic outer serosa Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary imaging modality used to evaluate acute pancreatitis in children?

Ultrasound Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is most commonly associated with splenic sequestration syndrome?

Sickle cell disease Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom best characterizes splenic sequestration syndrome?

Rapid splenic enlargement and acute fall in hematocrit Signup and view all the answers

What is a common initial appearance of liver lacerations on imaging?

Echogenic at first Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by an enlarged pancreatic duct measuring less than 2mm?

Acute pancreatitis Signup and view all the answers

In children, which condition is marked by echogenic foci within the gallbladder or biliary duct?

Choledocholithiasis (gallstones) Signup and view all the answers

Which underlying condition can lead to chronic pancreatitis in children?

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is commonly linked to obesity in adolescents?

Fatty Liver (NAFLD) Signup and view all the answers

What imaging technique is beneficial for assessing liver tissue stiffness?

Elastography Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following might suggest portal hypertension?

Hepatofugal flow pattern in the portal vein Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of pediatric cirrhosis?

Diabetes mellitus Signup and view all the answers

What does a pulsatility in the portal vein indicate?

Suspicion of portal hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Which syndrome is associated with an increased risk of hepatoblastoma?

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication related to cystic fibrosis (CF)?

Chronic pancreatitis Signup and view all the answers

What can decreased peak systolic velocities in the portal vein indicate?

Portal hypertension Signup and view all the answers

What is the acceptable length of the gallbladder in pediatric patients compared to the kidney?

It should not exceed the length of the kidney. Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a potential issue when examining the spleen in pediatric patients?

Presence of focal masses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum normal thickness for large bowel when distended?

3 mm Signup and view all the answers

Which condition may lead to the visibility of pelvic masses or free fluid in the lower abdomen?

Ventriculoperitoneal shunts Signup and view all the answers

What should be evaluated in the retroperitoneal area during an ultrasound?

Presence of masses. Signup and view all the answers

What finding in vessel relationships could indicate situs inversus?

Thrombus in the inferior vena cava. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an abnormal finding related to the bowel during an ultrasound?

Thickening of the bowel wall. Signup and view all the answers

In evaluating splenic abnormalities, what is typically not visible?

Lymph nodes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of neonatal jaundice observed in newborns?

Bilirubin buildup due to an immature liver Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of obstructive jaundice in newborns?

Maternal infections Signup and view all the answers

What critical factor is necessary for diagnosing whether jaundice is obstructive or nonobstructive?

Differential diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

In the context of neonatal jaundice, which infections are included in the TORCH complex?

Toxoplasmosis, other infections, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of hepatic scans used in diagnosing neonatal jaundice?

They visualize the gallbladder and biliary ducts. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common sonographic finding in infants experiencing jaundice?

Hyperechoic and coarse parenchyma pattern Signup and view all the answers

Which condition would necessitate immediate intervention to prevent cirrhosis in a newborn?

Extensive biliary atresia Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates hepatocellular jaundice from obstructive jaundice?

Presence of bile flow obstruction Signup and view all the answers

What does an increased liver stiffness of 3.0 m/sec in a teenager indicate?

Presence of liver fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic finding on ultrasound in a patient with cholangitis?

Duct dilation and cirrhosis Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of children with cystic fibrosis are likely to experience pancreatic disease?

85% to 90% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common presentation of newly diagnosed leukemia?

Hepatosplenomegaly Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant risk associated with chronic cholangitis?