Pedestrian Collision Analysis

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Questions and Answers

What is forward projection in pedestrian collision analysis?

  • When a pedestrian is thrown in the same direction as the vehicle’s movement. (correct)
  • When a pedestrian is thrown backward after the impact.
  • When the pedestrian remains stationary after the impact.
  • When a pedestrian is thrown over the vehicle.

Forward projection typically occurs with high-profile vehicles and at high speeds.

False (B)

What are the two subcases of wrap projection mentioned in the text?

fender vault and roof vault

In a fender vault, the pedestrian is usually deflected ______ over the side of the vehicle.

<p>laterally</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical injury pattern in forward projection?

<p>Side torso injuries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a roof vault, the pedestrian is propelled over the roof of the vehicle.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what speed does the content suggest forward projection is most likely to occur?

<p>Lower speeds, such as 30 km/h or 20 mph</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Forward Projection = Pedestrian is thrown in the same direction as the vehicle's movement Fender Vault = Pedestrian is deflected laterally over the side of the vehicle Roof Vault = Pedestrian is propelled over the roof of the vehicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of injury is most likely to result from a forward projection in a car accident?

<p>Primarily lower limb injuries and ground contact (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The alternator's primary function is to start the car's engine.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the car's fuse box?

<p>To protect the electrical system by housing all of the vehicle’s fuses, maintaining organization and protecting from damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The car's battery is typically a ______ volt lead-acid battery.

<p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between forward and wrap projections in vehicle accidents?

<p>Forward projections typically involve lower limb injuries, while wrap projections include more severe injuries including head, torso, and spine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following electrical components with their primary functions:

<p>Battery = Stores electrical energy Starter = Crank the engine Alternator = Recharge the battery and supply power ECU = Manage fuel injection and ignition</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Engine Control Unit (ECU) only controls the fuel levels within a vehicle.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is responsible for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy to recharge the battery?

<p>Alternator (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The starter is activated when the ignition key is turned or the ______ button is pressed.

<p>start</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk if the electrical wires in a vehicle are not properly insulated?

<p>Short circuits</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Forward Projection

The pedestrian is thrown forward in the same direction as the moving vehicle after impact.

Roof Vault

Pedestrian is propelled over the roof of the vehicle after impact.

Fender Vault

The pedestrian is deflected sideways after impact, often over the side of the vehicle.

Initial Impact in Forward Projection

Impact occurs at the pedestrian's lower extremities, pushing them forward, often resulting in lower limb injuries.

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Body Movement in Forward Projection

Pedestrian's body is pushed forward, either falling in front of the vehicle or carried a short distance.

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Injury Patterns in Forward Projection

Primary injuries result from initial contact with the bumper, while secondary injuries occur from the pedestrian's contact with the ground.

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Factors Influencing Forward Projection

Factors influencing forward projection, such as vehicle speed, point of impact, pedestrian's posture, and vehicle type.

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Typical Scenarios of Forward Projection

Forward projection is more common with low-profile vehicles at lower speeds, especially when the pedestrian's center of gravity is at or above the bumper height.

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Wrap Projection

The force that throws a pedestrian over the hood, windshield, or roof of a vehicle during a collision. This occurs at moderate to high speeds and causes injuries to the lower limbs, torso, head, and spine.

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Battery

The primary energy storage unit in a car, providing power for starting the engine and running electrical components when the engine is off.

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Starter Motor

Responsible for cranking the engine to initiate the internal combustion process, using electrical energy from the battery.

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Alternator

Generates electrical energy to recharge the battery and power the vehicle’s electrical systems while the engine is running.

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Wires and Plugs

Transmit electrical signals and power between various parts of the car.

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Fuses

Protect the electrical system by breaking the circuit in case of an overcurrent or short circuit.

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Car Fuse Box

A centralized hub for all the vehicle’s fuses, ensuring the electrical system remains organized and protected.

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Engine Control Unit (ECU)

The brain of the car’s engine system, managing fuel injection, ignition timing, and other critical functions.

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Role of Battery in the Electrical System

Provides initial power to the starter motor and ECU, while alternator recharges it and powers electrical components during operation.

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Study Notes

Pedestrian Collision Analysis

  • Forward Projection: Pedestrian is propelled forward in the same direction as vehicle movement, typically at low speeds with low-profile vehicles (like sedans).
  • Mechanism (Forward Projection): Initial impact on lower extremities, pushing the pedestrian forward. Pedestrian may fall or be carried short distances.
  • Injury Patterns (Forward Projection): Primarily lower limb fractures and bruises from bumper/grille impact; secondary injuries from ground impact (abrasions, head trauma, fractures).
  • Typical Scenarios (Forward Projection): Vehicles traveling below 30 km/h (20 mph); upright pedestrians with center of gravity above bumper height.
  • Fender Vault: Pedestrian deflected laterally (sideways) over the vehicle; lower extremities contact the bumper/fender, causing rotation around impact point. Often occurs with edge strikes or angled approaches.
  • Injury Patterns (Fender Vault): Lower limb fractures, side torso injuries, and lateral head trauma. Possible ground impact injuries.
  • Roof Vault: Pedestrian propelled over the vehicle's roof at moderate to high speeds, center of gravity aligns with the hood/roof. Pedestrian rolls over hood, continuing over roof before falling behind vehicle.
  • Injury Patterns (Roof Vault): Severe injuries to torso, head, spine from contact with hood, windshield, roof, and ground; often fatal.
  • Key Differences (Forward vs Wrap): Forward projection is low speed, pedestrian travels away from vehicle; wrap projection is moderate to high speed, pedestrian travels over vehicle components into the side or roof.

Car Electrical System

  • Battery: Primary energy storage; 12-volt lead-acid battery; powers starter and components when engine is off.
  • Starter: Cranks engine using electrical energy from battery; activated by ignition key/start button. Employs a solenoid for engagement.
  • Alternator: Generates electricity to recharge battery and power systems while engine runs; converts mechanical energy from engine into electrical energy. Controlled by voltage regulator for consistent output.
  • Wires and Plugs: Transmit power and signals between vehicle parts; (i.e., power wires, signal wires, spark plugs). Wires insulated for safety.
  • Fuses: Protect electrical system; break circuit if overcurrent/short circuit; found in fuse box (under hood or inside cabin).
  • Fuse Box: Central hub for all fuses; organized electrical protection; labeled for identification & replacement.
  • ECU (Engine Control Unit): Brain of engine system; manages fuel injection, ignition timing; receives sensor data and sends signals to actuators.
  • Other Electrical Units: Incorporate lighting (headlights, taillights), infotainment (stereo, navigation), climate control (heating, air conditioning), power systems (windows, mirrors) and safety features (airbags, ABS).
  • Interconnections: Battery powers starter and ECU; alternator recharges battery and powers systems; fuse box protects circuits; ECU coordinates performance; wires facilitate communication and power distribution.

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