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What is Nirvana in Buddhism?
What is Nirvana in Buddhism?
Islam follows the Five Pillars of Islam which include confession of faith, prayer, alms giving, fasting, and pilgrimage.
Islam follows the Five Pillars of Islam which include confession of faith, prayer, alms giving, fasting, and pilgrimage.
True
In Hindu philosophy, every living thing consists of an eternal soul known as ______.
In Hindu philosophy, every living thing consists of an eternal soul known as ______.
Jiva
Match the philosophy with its description:
Match the philosophy with its description:
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What is the goal of Spartan Education?
What is the goal of Spartan Education?
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What is ethics concerned with?
What is ethics concerned with?
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Which area of philosophy focuses on studying beauty and taste?
Which area of philosophy focuses on studying beauty and taste?
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Logic is primarily concerned with analyzing emotional responses.
Logic is primarily concerned with analyzing emotional responses.
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In Logic, two premises are used to make a conclusion, a structure known as a __________.
In Logic, two premises are used to make a conclusion, a structure known as a __________.
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Match the following teachings with the respective proponents:
Match the following teachings with the respective proponents:
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What is the focus of cultural anthropology?
What is the focus of cultural anthropology?
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What is the primary interest of linguistic anthropology?
What is the primary interest of linguistic anthropology?
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What does archaeology study?
What does archaeology study?
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Cultural anthropology focuses on present-day societal behaviors.
Cultural anthropology focuses on present-day societal behaviors.
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Which branch of anthropology studies human communication?
Which branch of anthropology studies human communication?
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What does the word philosophy originate from and what does it mean?
What does the word philosophy originate from and what does it mean?
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What period in Philippine history focused on the promotion of vocational education and development of love for labor?
What period in Philippine history focused on the promotion of vocational education and development of love for labor?
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Which period in Philippine history emphasized nationalism?
Which period in Philippine history emphasized nationalism?
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Define Metaphysics.
Define Metaphysics.
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John Locke believed that education is the acquisition of knowledge contained in the Great Books.
John Locke believed that education is the acquisition of knowledge contained in the Great Books.
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Epistemology is concerned with the nature and scope of _____________.
Epistemology is concerned with the nature and scope of _____________.
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Herbert Spencer believed in the concept of 'Survival of the fittest' and that individual __________ leads to social progress.
Herbert Spencer believed in the concept of 'Survival of the fittest' and that individual __________ leads to social progress.
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Empirical knowledge is based on sensory experiences.
Empirical knowledge is based on sensory experiences.
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Match the philosopher with their educational approach:
Match the philosopher with their educational approach:
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Match the following branches of philosophy with their descriptions:
Match the following branches of philosophy with their descriptions:
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According to George Counts, what should be the dominant method for instruction?
According to George Counts, what should be the dominant method for instruction?
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According to Theodore Brameld, what is the philosophy of social reconstructionism focused on?
According to Theodore Brameld, what is the philosophy of social reconstructionism focused on?
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Paulo Freire believed in the 'banking method' of education.
Paulo Freire believed in the 'banking method' of education.
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What is the emphasis of Consensus Theory?
What is the emphasis of Consensus Theory?
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According to the functionalist theory, institutions must perform their respective functions for the stability of society. If one institution fails to do its part, other institutions must come in for the sake of the society. This concept emphasizes the importance of ____________.
According to the functionalist theory, institutions must perform their respective functions for the stability of society. If one institution fails to do its part, other institutions must come in for the sake of the society. This concept emphasizes the importance of ____________.
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Who is the proponent of Conflict Theory?
Who is the proponent of Conflict Theory?
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Who proposed the Structural Functional Theory?
Who proposed the Structural Functional Theory?
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Which of the following is NOT listed as a strength of the Filipino character?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a strength of the Filipino character?
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Extreme family centeredness can lead to factionalism, patronage, and a lack of concern for the common good in Philippine society.
Extreme family centeredness can lead to factionalism, patronage, and a lack of concern for the common good in Philippine society.
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Which theory focuses on the symbols and details of everyday life?
Which theory focuses on the symbols and details of everyday life?
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What concept does the Filipino cultural value 'Pakikipagkapwa-tao' embody?
What concept does the Filipino cultural value 'Pakikipagkapwa-tao' embody?
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According to the Functionalist perspective, schooling prepares students for later work roles; select and train the labor force needed by society; these are known as __________ purposes.
According to the Functionalist perspective, schooling prepares students for later work roles; select and train the labor force needed by society; these are known as __________ purposes.
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Match the form of violence with its description:
Match the form of violence with its description:
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Match the following global issues with their descriptions:
Match the following global issues with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Philosophical Foundations of Education
- The word "philosophy" comes from the Greek words "philos" (love) and "sophi" (wisdom)
- Philosophy is the study or creation of theories about basic things such as the nature of existence, knowledge, thought, or about how people should live
- Branches of Philosophy:
- Metaphysics: Study of the nature of reality or existence
- Epistemology: Study of the nature and scope of knowledge
- Axiology: Study of the nature of value and valuation
- Logic: Focus on logical and accurate thought patterns
- Ethics: Study of what is right and wrong in human behavior
- Aesthetics: Study of beauty and taste
Branches of Philosophy with Sub-branches
- Metaphysics:
- Cosmology: Study of the origin, nature, and development of the universe
- Ontology: Study of the nature of existence
- Theology: Deals with conceptions of and about God
- Anthropology: Study of human beings
- Epistemology:
- Empirical knowledge: Appears to be built into the very nature of human experience
- Revealed knowledge: Has been of prime importance in the field of religion
- Authoritative knowledge: Accepted as true because it comes from experts or has been sanctified over time as tradition
- Rationalist knowledge: The view that reasoning, thought, or logic is the central factor in knowledge
- Intuitive knowledge: Direct apprehension of knowledge that is not derived from conscious reasoning or immediate sense perception
- Axiology:
- Ethics: Study of moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity
- Aesthetics: Set of principles concerned with the nature and appreciation of beauty
Influential Sources of Knowledge
- Empirical knowledge: Appears to be built into the very nature of human experience
- Revealed knowledge: Has been of prime importance in the field of religion
- Authoritative knowledge: Accepted as true because it comes from experts or has been sanctified over time as tradition
- Rationalist knowledge: The view that reasoning, thought, or logic is the central factor in knowledge
- Intuitive knowledge: Direct apprehension of knowledge that is not derived from conscious reasoning or immediate sense perception
Philosophy and Education
- Philosophy is a critical examination of reality characterized by rational inquiry that aims at the truth for the sake of attaining wisdom
- Curriculum must go beyond its content and consider what the students can become
- The goal of all curricula must be the development of the ability of students to think logically### Eastern Philosophy
- Book of Lord Shang:
- Focused on laws, realpolitik, and bureaucratic management
- Laws are designed to maintain stability of the state from people who are innately selfish and ignorant
- Indian Philosophy:
- Hinduism:
- Divinity of the soul; control desire
- Brahman (oneness of Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva)
- Reincarnation; Karma; Moksha (rebirth to spiritual perfection)
- Bhagavad-Gita: whole world of nature; union of one's soul with Gita
- Yoga (Patanjali): state of mental and physical exercise to free the soul from reliance on the body
- Dharma: obligation, motivation, purpose of human action
- Ahinsa: non-violence in words, thought, and deeds; love and service towards others
- Buddhism:
- Freedom from suffering (Dukkah); achieve enlightenment and Nirvana (state of completeness and peace)
- Four Noble Truths:
- Life is pain and suffering (dukha)
- The cause of pain is self-craving
- The cause of pain can be eliminated
- The way to end suffering is by the Eightfold Path
- Eightfold Path:
- Right Faith
- Right Resolve
- Right Speech
- Right Action
- Right Living
- Right Effort
- Right Thought
- Right Connection
- Jainism:
- Path to enlightenment is through Ahimsa
- Jiva: every living thing consists of an eternal soul
- Jinas: persons who attained enlightenment
- Karma; Dharma; Reincarnation
- Charvaka (Lokayata):
- Materialism; Hedonism; Philosophy of the people
- Only the material world exists
- Ritual is livelihood; Pleasure and pain; Hell is mundane
- Intelligence resides in the body
- Hinduism:
Middle East Philosophy
- Islam:
- Submission to Allah
- Five Pillars of Islam:
- Shahada (confession of faith)
- Salat (prayer)
- Zakat (alms giving)
- Ramadan (fasting)
- Haji (pilgrimage)
Japanese Philosophy
- Zen Buddhism:
- Harmony, purity in all spheres of life
- Koan: anecdote/riddle used as a tool to invoke insights
- Practice what you preach; practice what one learns
- Shintoism:
- Kami: spirits
- Respect and care for environment
- Physical dimension of men
Historical Foundations of Education
- Ancient Period:
- Aim: survival, security, preservation of tradition
- Education for Conformity
- Primitive Era Education:
- Informal, vocational, practical
- Curriculum: hunting, fishing, songs, poems, dances
- Agents: parents, tribal leaders, religious leaders
- Influence on Education: transmission of skills
- Sumerian Education:
- Aim: training of scribes, bookkeepers, teachers
- Method: imitation, copying, tablet preparation
- Curriculum: 3Rs, Astronomy, Architecture, Agriculture, Art, Vocational training, Law
- Agents: Home, school, temple/apprentice school
- Influence on Education: cuneiform writing
- Oriental Education:
- Chinese-Confucian:
- Goal: to preserve and perpetuate ancestral tradition
- Indian System:
- Goal: to preserve the tradition of the Hindu Caste System
- Law of Dharma and Karma
- Egyptian Education:
- Goal: to preserve religious tradition
- Age of Pyramids; Tomb of the Egyptian Pharaoh; Afterlife; Mummification; Sarcophagus; Walls of the pyramids
- Chinese-Confucian:
- Greek Education:
- Spartan Education:
- Goal: to develop the best citizen that is a soldier
- Content: Military Training; Art of Warfare
- Achievement/Contribution:
- Military Training
- Patriotism and Discipline
- Athenian Education:
- Goal: perfection of the mind and body
- Content: Liberal Education (Music, Arts, Literature)
- Achievement/Contribution:
- Development of all human capacities
- Olympic Games
- Spartan Education:
Anthropology
- Biological Anthropology:
- Study of human biology, primatology, and paleoanthropology
- Goals: find answers about human evolution by researching evolution mechanisms and genetics
- Cultural Anthropology:
- Study of human culture by researching behaviors, beliefs, and traditions of societies around the world
- Goals: learn about similarities and differences between societies to understand human diversity
- Linguistic Anthropology:
- Study of human communication, including language change, socio-cultural influences, nonverbal communication, speech physiology/phonetics, and language differences across cultures
- Goals: understand how language shapes communication and the role it has in social identity and the formation of beliefs and ideologies
- Archaeology:
- Study of human cultures of the past
- Goals: understand the evolution of human behavior and culture by excavating sites of ancient civilizations and analyzing artifacts
Importance of Studying History of Education
- Educational issues and problems are often rooted in the past; studying educational history can help us understand and solve today's problems
- Realistic effort to reform education begins with present conditions, which are a product of our past; by using our past, we can shape the future
- The study of education's past provides a perspective that explains and illuminates our present activities as teachers### Key Periods in Educational History (1000 BC to AD 1600)
- Primitive Societies (7000 BC to 5000 BC):
- Goals: Teach survival skills, cultivate group cohesiveness
- Curriculum: Practical skills of hunting, fishing, food gathering, stories, myths, songs, poems, dances
- Agents: Parents, tribal elders, and priests
- Greek Period (1600 BC to 300 BC):
- Goals: Cultivate civic responsibility, identity with city-state, develop well-rounded persons
- Curriculum: Reading, writing, arithmetic, drama, music, literature, poetry, physical education
- Agents: Private teachers, schools, Sophists, philosophers
- Roman Period (750 BC to AD 450):
- Goals: Develop sense of civic responsibility for republic and empire, develop administrative and military skills
- Curriculum: Reading, writing, arithmetic, laws, philosophy, literature, poetry, military songs, tactics
- Agents: Private schools, teachers, schools of rhetoric
- Arabic Period (AD 700 to AD 1350):
- Goals: Cultivate religious commitment to Islamic beliefs, develop expertise in mathematics, medicine, and science
- Curriculum: Reading, writing, mathematics, religious literature, scientific studies
- Agents: Mosques, court schools
- Renaissance Period (AD 1350 to AD 1500):
- Goals: Cultivate humanists who are experts in the classics, prepare courtiers for service to dynastic leaders
- Curriculum: Latin, Greek, classical literature, poetry, art, Latin grammar
- Agents: Classical humanist educators, schools such as lycees, gymnasiums, Latin grammar schools
- Reformation Period (AD 1500 to AD 1600):
- Goals: Cultivate sense of commitment to a particular religious denomination, cultivate general literacy
- Curriculum: Reading, writing, arithmetic, catechism, religious concepts, theology, Latin and Greek
- Agents: Vernacular elementary schools, classical schools, churches
Periods of Development in Philippine History
- Pre-Spanish Period:
- Focus: Survival, practical skills
- Educational goals: None
- Spanish Period (1521-1898):
- Goals: Beginning of formal instruction, introduction of Christianity
- Curriculum: Reading, writing, arithmetic, Christian doctrine, music, arts, trades
- Agents: Parochial schools, Christian missionaries
- American Period (1898-1946):
- Goals: Promotion of democratic ideals, implementation of free public education
- Curriculum: Reading, writing, arithmetic, good manners, right conduct, civics, hygiene, domestic science, American history
- Agents: Public schools, American teachers
- Japanese Occupation (1942-1945):
- Goals: Development of love for labor, promotion of vocational education
- Curriculum: Diffusion of elementary education, vocational education, health education
- Agents: Japanese schools, teachers
- Third Republic (1946-1972):
- Goals: Full realization of democracy
- Curriculum: Promotion of nationalism, moral character, personal discipline, civic consciousness, vocational efficiency
- Agents: Public schools, Filipino teachers
- The New Society (1972-1986):
- Goals: Education for national development
- Curriculum: Bilingual education, development of moral character, self-discipline, scientific, technological, and vocational efficiency
- Agents: Public schools, Filipino teachers
- Fifth Republic (1986-present):
- Goals: Promotion of values education, Corazon Aquino, Fidel Ramos, Gloria Arroyo, Benigno Aquino III, Rodrigo Duterte
- Curriculum: Trifocalization, DepEd, K-12, free tertiary education
- Agents: Public schools, Filipino teachers
Basic Philosophical Systems
- Idealism (Plato):
- Fundamental idea: Importance of mind and spirit, reality is in the ideas independent of sense and experience
- Curricular implications: Subject matter- or content-focused, believing that this is essential to mental and oral development
- Empiricism (Aristotle):
- Fundamental idea: Truth can be tested/proven, knowledge is derived from sense experience
- Curricular implications: Curriculum is subject-centered, organized from simple to complex, and stressing mastery of facts and development of process and objective skills
- Pragmatism (W.James, Dewey, Rousseau):
- Fundamental idea: The world is a world of change, man can know anything within his experience, belief in "learning by doing"
- Curricular implications: Provisions for direct experiences, activity/learner-centered, basis: problems of democratic society
- Humanism (Hutchins, Adler):
- Fundamental idea: Human beings are rational and their existence remains the same throughout differing environments
- Curricular implications: Subject matter consists of perennial basic education of rational men, history, language, math, logic, classical literature, science, fine arts, and cultural heritage
- Existentialism (Kierkegaard, Marcel, Sartre):
- Fundamental idea: Reality is a matter of individual existence, the meaning of life is what each individual makes
- Curricular implications: Curriculum stress activity, recognition of individual differences, opportunities for making choices and awareness of consequence, of introspection and self-analysis through individualized learning experiences
- Essentialism (Bagley):
- Fundamental idea: There are certain ideas that men should know for social stability
- Curricular implications: Curriculum focused on assimilation of prescribed basic subject matter, 3Rs, history, science, math, language
- Reconstructionism (Plato, Augustine, Dewey, Counts, Rugg):
- Fundamental idea: Societal reform needed towards experiencing the good life now and in the future, schools are the chief means for building new social order
- Curricular implications: Curriculum should include subjects that deal with social and cultural crises to prepare students to make become analyzers and ensure that democratic principles are followed
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Description
Explore the philosophical foundations of education, including the concept of philosophy, its meaning, and its significance in the teaching-learning process.
