Pearl Harbor and the US Empire
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Questions and Answers

What does Franklin D. Roosevelt refer to the date of the Pearl Harbor attack as?

  • A day of national celebration
  • The date which will live in infamy (correct)
  • A date of victory
  • A turning point in American history

    • How did the attack on Pearl Harbor differ from the events in the Philippines?

  • The attack on the Philippines led to a peace treaty.
  • Pearl Harbor was followed by immediate U.S. reinforcements.
  • Japan's forces returned multiple times to the Philippines. (correct)
  • Pearl Harbor involved ground invasions, unlike the Philippines.

    • What was the impact of Japan's attack on U.S. and British territories on the same day?

  • It led to a ceasefire between Japan and the U.S.
  • It shifted public attention solely to the Philippines.
  • It was a coordinated multi-territorial military strategy. (correct)
  • It prompted immediate surrender from all attacked nations.

    • What did Sumner Welles, FDR's undersecretary of state, describe the events as?

    <p>An attack upon Hawaii and the Philippines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which headline reflects a common perception of the events on December 7, 1941?

    <p>Japs bomb Manila, Hawaii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Eleanor Roosevelt emphasize in her radio address on December 7?

    <p>Japan's attack on civilians in Hawaii and the Philippines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Roosevelt alter the references to the Philippines in his speech draft?

    <p>He believed it was less important than Hawaii.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the immediate consequence of the attacks on the U.S. territories?

    <p>An official declaration of war was made soon after.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has contributed to the ignorance of the US's empire among mainlanders?

    <p>The perception of the US as a republic rather than an empire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which territory became a commonwealth after its relationship with the US was redefined?

    <p>Puerto Rico</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one distinct feature of the US empire mentioned in the content?

    <p>It is often confused and ignored.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change in status did Hawaii and Alaska undergo?

    <p>They achieved statehood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept reflects a form of identity crisis in the US's self-image?

    <p>A commitment to anti-imperialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The logo map's impact is felt predominantly by which group?

    <p>The inhabitants of the territories and military bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated as a significant outcome of including overseas territories in US history?

    <p>A full understanding of the US's global influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best characterizes the relationship between the mainland and its overseas territories?

    <p>A relationship largely viewed with indifference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the author come to recognize the historical significance of the territories?

    <p>By traveling to Manila and experiencing the culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What legacy does the US's 'logo map' create for its own citizens?

    <p>A fragmented view of their own history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people in the US lived outside the states on the eve of the second world war?

    <p>Approximately 1 in 8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How were colonial subjects treated in comparison to African Americans according to the context?

    <p>They were denied the vote and citizenship rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Rand McNally state about Hawaii in its atlas during the second world war?

    <p>Hawaii is a foreign territory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What misconception did many educated individuals in the US have about overseas territories during the second world war?

    <p>They believed only the British had an empire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of 'coca-colonisation' refer to?

    <p>The influence of US culture and commerce abroad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way did WEB Du Bois compare black people in the US to colonised subjects?

    <p>He argued they were treated as inferior to whites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one difficulty mainlanders faced in understanding the US map during the second world war?

    <p>Territories were not included in national maps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following territories was incorrectly labeled as 'foreign' by many atlases during the second world war?

    <p>Hawaii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Following the second world war, how many times has the US armed forces been deployed abroad for conflicts or potential conflicts?

    <p>211 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common viewpoint did the governmental report conclude about Americans' knowledge of overseas possessions?

    <p>Most were unaware of their existence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What argument is presented regarding the US as an empire?

    <p>The US has historically engaged in both military and territorial imperialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common theme during the interwar period among black intellectuals regarding their status?

    <p>They viewed themselves more like colonised subjects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the practice of the US government underrepresenting the population of overseas territories in census counts?

    <p>Statistical omission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups is mentioned as being part of the struggles regarding race in the US?

    <p>Filipinos, Hawaiians, and Chamoru among others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reason did Roosevelt have for emphasizing Hawaii over the Philippines in his speech?

    <p>Hawaii was perceived as more 'American' by the public.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term was officially discouraged when referring to regions such as the Philippines during Roosevelt's time?

    <p>Colony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the public generally view the territories acquired by the United States at the turn of the 20th century?

    <p>As remote lands of lesser importance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'logo map' concept refer to regarding the perception of the U.S.?

    <p>A shape including only the continental U.S. states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Roosevelt's emphasis in his speech regarding casualties?

    <p>He claimed many American lives were lost in Hawaii specifically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region was referred to as a 'mainland' by residents of the U.S. territories?

    <p>Continental U.S.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a notable feature of the U.S. territories at the time leading up to the Pearl Harbor attack?

    <p>Their populations were often overlooked in discussions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the 'Greater United States' concept encompass?

    <p>All U.S. territories and states post-1898.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the approximate population of U.S. territories during the 1940 census?

    <p>Nearly 19 million.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the public's general sentiment towards the military defense of the territories?

    <p>Indifference towards defending remote territories like the Philippines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Roosevelt modify his description of Oahu to connect it to the American audience?

    <p>He called it an 'American island'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the air-raid sirens in Manila signify to the residents during Roosevelt's speech?

    <p>The war was ongoing and present in their lives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurred in public terminology regarding U.S. territories in the years following the turn of the 20th century?

    <p>The word 'colony' was replaced with 'territory'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was emphasized in the media coverage of Roosevelt's speech in relation to the Philippines?

    <p>Its importance was downplayed in favor of Hawaii.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pearl Harbor and the US Empire

    • The attack on Pearl Harbor was part of a larger Japanese attack on US and British holdings in the Pacific
    • Japanese attacked Hawaii, the Philippines, Guam, Midway Island, Wake Island, Malaya, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Thailand on the same day
    • Initially, the attack was referred to as "Japs bomb Manila, Hawaii" and similar titles highlighting multiple locations
    • FDR initially called the event a "bombing in Hawaii and the Philippines," but later minimized the Philippines attacks in his speech.
    • This downplaying of the Philippines attack reflected a perceived lack of public support for military defense of the territories, and a belief that Hawaii was more clearly "American".
    • US territories were often seen as peripheral and not an integral part of the US, reflected in public perception and maps.
    • The "logo map" of the US, emphasizing contiguous states, omits territories
    • The "Greater United States" includes territories and colonies in the Pacific and Caribbean, and those areas are often neglected in discussion of the US

    Territorial Status and the US

    • At the turn of the 20th century, US territories were considered colonies, but this was later downplayed in public discourse
    • The term "territory" replaced "colony" due to negative connotations
    • Populations in territories, especially the Philippines, were often ignored in demographics and public consciousness
    • Large numbers of people inhabited overseas territories; nearly 19 million in 1940
    • A significant number of people in the US lived in territories, exceeding the percentage of African Americans
    • US territories had similar struggles to African Americans due to racism, denial of rights, and use as pawns in war

    US Empire and the Logo Map

    • The US has a history of acquiring territories through various means (e.g., wars, annexation); it maintained nearly 100 uninhabited islands in the Caribbean and Pacific
    • The idea of the US as an empire is less controversial today, encompassing dispossession of Native Americans, war with Mexico, and war with Spain
    • Spread of economic power abroad (e.g., trade, McDonald's), military interventions (e.g., Korea, Vietnam, Iraq, Afghanistan)
    • US empire is often overlooked compared to details of other imperial projects
    • The "logo map" obscures the true extent and complexity of the US's territorial holdings, leading to misperceptions of its history.

    Maps, Perceptions, and Public Understanding

    • Early 20th-century maps excluded territories, often listing Hawaii and the Philippines as "foreign" even within the US geography
    • This confusion was demonstrated by a class of 7th-grade girls who corrected Rand McNally's classification of Hawaii.
    • The census counted states but also often included territories
    • Overseas territories' demographic data was often excluded from mainland US statistics.
    • This selective presentation of the US produced a skewed view; many people in the US either knew little or nothing about overseas possessions or that the US behaved like an empire

    Implications and Conclusion

    • Understanding the "Greater United States" and its history helps to see a fuller picture, impacting how one comprehends "American-ness"
    • The neglect of territories led to confusion and a misconstrued sense of US identity, impacting residents of, and even perception of, those territories
    • The US empire has affected its residents and conflicts and is often ignored in discussions of US history
    • Residents within areas of US military installations and territories have been subject to a variety of negative and violent actions for prolonged periods.

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    Description

    Explore the complexities surrounding the attack on Pearl Harbor and its implications on US territories in the Pacific. Understand how public perception influenced governmental responses and how the concept of American territory was shaped during this pivotal moment in history.

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