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What is the purpose of pdfFactory?
What is the purpose of pdfFactory?
PdfFactory can only be used in trial version mode.
PdfFactory can only be used in trial version mode.
True
What file type does pdfFactory primarily generate?
What file type does pdfFactory primarily generate?
PdfFactory is a tool for creating __________ documents.
PdfFactory is a tool for creating __________ documents.
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Match the following features with their descriptions:
Match the following features with their descriptions:
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What is the primary purpose of the software mentioned?
What is the primary purpose of the software mentioned?
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The content indicates that pdfFactory trial version has unlimited usage.
The content indicates that pdfFactory trial version has unlimited usage.
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What type of file does pdfFactory create?
What type of file does pdfFactory create?
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The software provides a ______ trial version.
The software provides a ______ trial version.
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Match the following features with pdfFactory:
Match the following features with pdfFactory:
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Which of the following features is commonly associated with pdfFactory?
Which of the following features is commonly associated with pdfFactory?
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PdfFactory can only be used on Windows operating systems.
PdfFactory can only be used on Windows operating systems.
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Name one common use of PDF files.
Name one common use of PDF files.
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Study Notes
Animal Nutrition (Animal Feeds) Study Notes
- Course Aims: Define basic animal nutrition terms, collect representative feed samples for lab evaluation, discuss proximate analysis and energy measurement systems, discuss feedstuff sampling and submission, identify different feedstuffs used in rations, discuss proximate analysis (Van Soest procedure for fiber analysis), classify, describe, and compare feedstuffs, understand how processing affects nutritional value.
Technical Terms
- Nutrition: Chemical and physiological processes transforming food into body tissues and activities (ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, metabolism).
- Food: Natural or synthetic product/byproduct with nutritive value.
- Nutrient: Any feed constituent or group of food constituents with similar chemical composition and nutritive support for animal life (carbohydrates, protein, fats, minerals, vitamins, water).
- Digestible nutrient: Portion of nutrient digested and absorbed, expressed as percentage of the dry matter (DM).
- Digestion coefficient (DC): Percentage of a particular nutrient digested in a feeding stuff or ration. Calculated as: ((Nutrient consumed − Nutrient in feces) / Nutrient consumed) * 100.
Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN)
- TDN represents approximate energy of a feed, including digestible protein, carbohydrates, and fats (multiplied by 2.25).
- 1g carbohydrate= 4.15 kcal
- 1g protein= 5.65 kcal
- 1g fat= 9.45 kcal
Feeding Stuff
- Any animal or plant product and by-product used in animal diets with nutritive value.
- Natural and synthetic products, including by-products, supplements (urea, minerals, vitamins)
Maintenance Ration
- Daily food supply required for maintaining animal life without gain or loss, given to idle animals.
- It provides sufficient protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and vitamins needed for daily bodily functions.
Nutritive Ratio (NR)
- Ratio of digestible crude protein (DCP) to digestible carbohydrates and fats (multiplied by 2.25).
- Expresses the protein quantity of feed.
Biological Value (BV)
- Proportion of absorbed nitrogen retained by the body relative to nitrogen intake.
- Expresses the protein quality of a feedstuff.
- Higher BV means higher proportion of absorbed nitrogen is retained by the animal.
Chemical Analysis of Feedstuffs
- Proximate Analysis: Scheme for describing animal feedstuffs, determining the amount of macronutrients in feedstuffs (moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fiber, crude lipid, and NFE).
- Sampling: Representative collection of feed samples from the entire lot, grinding, chopping for accurate analysis..
- Moisture Content Determination: Evaporating water and measuring loss in weight.
Moisture Content Determination
- Heated in oven to evaporate water and determining the loss in weight. Followed by weighing in a desiccator
Ash Content Determination
- Assigning of feedstuff in a muffle furnace oven at 550-600 °C to burn off organic matter (5-6 hrs) and determine ash content.
Crude Protein Determination
- Convert various nitrogenous compounds in the sample to ammonium sulfate through digestion.
- Decomposition of ammonium sulfate through titration with NaOH to collect the released ammonia.
- Measurement of the ammonia released through titration with an acid.
Crude Fiber Determination
- Digestive step: Boiling samples in concentrated sulfuric acid.
- Distillation/decomposition: To convert nitrogen to ammonium sulfate.
- Titration: Titrating ammonium with a sulfuric acid.
- Calculation: Calculating results and percentages.
Ether Extract (EE) Determination
- Boiling sample in the ether organic solvent.
- Evaporate the ether for measuring the exact weight loss, resulting from soluble fat.
Determination of Crude Fiber
- Boiling in weak sulfuric acid (1.25% H2SO4) (to remove sugar and starch) and filtering.
- Boiling in weak alkali (1.25% NaOH) (to remove protein) and filtering
- Measuring, the difference between filtered dried sample and the ash in a muffle furnace.
Van Soest System of Partitioning Forages
- Categorizing of fiber components according to their digestibility by different enzymes.
- It has two fractions: Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF).
- NDF is composed mainly cellulose, and hemicellulose, and lignin.
- ADF includes cellulose and lignin.
Method of Determining Digestibility (Direct Method)
- Measuring feed intake and faeces output.
- Animals (Four to six adults of same species) are used for the trial
- Collecting, drying, and measuring feces and the daily residue.
- Calculate the digestion coefficient of feedstuff DM.
Method of Determining Digestibility (Indirect Method)
- Using a known feed and a test feed to determine the digestibility of the test feed.
- This method establishes baseline digestibility for known feed.
Method of Determining Digestibility (Indicator Method)
- Using an indicator substance that is completely indigestible.
- Measuring the concentration of indicator in feed and faeces, gives digestibility estimate.
Methods of Determining Digestibility (Laboratory Methods)
- Involves reproducing digestion within a laboratory setting.
- This can either be vivo (using animal cells/organisms) or vitro (non-living chemical systems).
Factors Affecting Digestibility
- Feed composition: lignin concentration, lipid, silica.
- Ration composition
- Animal Factors: age, species or differences in animal physiology
- Method of feed preparation
Feed Energy (Energy Metabolism)
- Energy in feed is measured as heat released from complete oxidation using a bomb calorimeter.
- Gross energy (GE): total amount of heat produced from the complete combustion of the feedstuffs in oxygen.
- Digestible energy (DE): gross energy minus heat loss in faeces.
- Metabolizable energy (ME): digestible energy minus heat loss in urine and methane.
- Net energy (NE): metabolizable energy minus the heat increment of feed.
Classification of Feedingstuffs
- Concentrates: low crude fiber (less than 18%).
- Forages: high water content and moderate fiber (more than 18%).
- Roughages: high crude fiber (more than 18%)
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Test your knowledge on pdfFactory, a software tool primarily for creating PDF documents. This quiz covers its features, functionality, and the specifics of its trial version. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand the common uses and characteristics associated with pdfFactory.
