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Another technology involves creating copies of DNA. This process is called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and it can be used to copy an entire copy of DNA or just individual segments.
Another technology involves creating copies of DNA. This process is called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and it can be used to copy an entire copy of DNA or just individual segments.
multiple
This process can produce an unlimited quantity of DNA and can make it easier for scientists to study the DNA.
This process can produce an unlimited quantity of DNA and can make it easier for scientists to study the DNA.
unlimited, study
The process involves a device called a thermalcycler. This device repeatedly heats and then cools the DNA.
The process involves a device called a thermalcycler. This device repeatedly heats and then cools the DNA.
thermalcycler, heats
The heating part causes the DNA to unzip or separate and the cooling process enables it to reform.
The heating part causes the DNA to unzip or separate and the cooling process enables it to reform.
Regular DNA Polymerase cannot be used as the heating process would destroy it. Instead, something called taq polymerase is used. This enzyme was found in thermophillic bacteria that can withstand the high temperatures.
Regular DNA Polymerase cannot be used as the heating process would destroy it. Instead, something called taq polymerase is used. This enzyme was found in thermophillic bacteria that can withstand the high temperatures.
Another category of DNA technology is gene editing. This involves either modifying an existing gene or removing a gene and then replacing it with a different gene.
Another category of DNA technology is gene editing. This involves either modifying an existing gene or removing a gene and then replacing it with a different gene.
The genes are removed using a special type of restriction enzyme. These special restriction enzymes are created using a process known as CRISPR, which stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats.
The genes are removed using a special type of restriction enzyme. These special restriction enzymes are created using a process known as CRISPR, which stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats.
When genes are removed from one organism and added to the DNA of another organism, the second organism will express the traits of the first. This is called recombinant DNA Technology.
When genes are removed from one organism and added to the DNA of another organism, the second organism will express the traits of the first. This is called recombinant DNA Technology.
The organisms result from this are called genetically modified organisms or simply transgenic organisms. Some examples include: bacteria that produce mammalian hormones, rice that produce vitamin A, and crops that are herbicide resistant.
The organisms result from this are called genetically modified organisms or simply transgenic organisms. Some examples include: bacteria that produce mammalian hormones, rice that produce vitamin A, and crops that are herbicide resistant.
The last bit of technology deals with cloning. A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell. This process is easy to perform with unicellular organisms, but has not been perfected with multicellular organisms.
The last bit of technology deals with cloning. A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell. This process is easy to perform with unicellular organisms, but has not been perfected with multicellular organisms.
The first mammal produced by cloning was created in 1997 by Ian Wilmut. He took a cell from the udder of a sheep and an egg cell from another sheep. The nucleus was removed from the egg. The cell taken from the udder was then fused with the hollow egg. After applying an electric shock, the cell began to divide.
The first mammal produced by cloning was created in 1997 by Ian Wilmut. He took a cell from the udder of a sheep and an egg cell from another sheep. The nucleus was removed from the egg. The cell taken from the udder was then fused with the hollow egg. After applying an electric shock, the cell began to divide.
This dividing cell was then placed into a foster mother where it developed into a lamb which they called Dolly. She was the only one out of 277 trials to survive.
This dividing cell was then placed into a foster mother where it developed into a lamb which they called Dolly. She was the only one out of 277 trials to survive.
Cloning may be used to preserve endangered species, to improve agriculture, and to advance medical technology. Some scientists are even looking at cloning organs. The major concerns center around the possibility of human cloning.
Cloning may be used to preserve endangered species, to improve agriculture, and to advance medical technology. Some scientists are even looking at cloning organs. The major concerns center around the possibility of human cloning.
Flashcards
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Creating multiple copies of a DNA segment, useful for studying DNA.
Gene Editing
Gene Editing
Technology to modify genes by either altering, removing, or replacing them in an organism's DNA.
Restriction enzyme
Restriction enzyme
An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites
CRISPR
CRISPR
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Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA Technology
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Transgenic Organisms
Transgenic Organisms
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Cloning
Cloning
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Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)
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Study Notes
- One biotechnology technique involves creating copies of DNA through a process called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
- PCR can copy an entire DNA strand or individual segments, producing an unlimited quantity of DNA for study.
- The process uses a thermalcycler to heat and cool the DNA repeatedly.
- Heating unzips or separates the DNA, while cooling allows it to reform.
- Specific DNA primers and a special type of DNA Polymerase are added to the sample.
- Taq polymerase, obtained from thermophilic bacteria, is used instead of regular DNA Polymerase due to its ability to withstand high temperatures.
Gene Editing
- Gene editing modifies existing genes or replaces them with different ones.
- Restriction enzymes are used to remove genes.
- These enzymes are created using CRISPR, which is short for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats which uses an enzyme complex known as CAS9 so scientists can create designer restriction enzymes that target specific genes.
DNA Technology
- Recombinant DNA Technology involves removing genes from one organism and adding them to the DNA of another, causing the second organism to express traits of the first.
- The result is genetically modified organisms or transgenic organisms.
- Examples of transgenic organisms include bacteria that produce mammalian hormones, rice that produces vitamin A, and herbicide-resistant crops.
Cloning
- Cloning produces genetically identical cells from a single cell.
- Cloning is easier to perform with unicellular organisms.
- The first mammal created by cloning was created by Ian Wilmut in 1997.
- Wilmut took a cell from the udder of a sheep and an egg cell from another sheep.
- The nucleus of the egg cell was removed.
- The cell from the udder was fused with the hollow egg.
- After an electric shock, and the cell began to divide.
- The resulting dividing cell was placed into a foster mother, which developed into a lamb called Dolly.
- Dolly was the only survivor out of 277 trials.
- The cloning process is also known as Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT).
- Benefits of cloning include preserving endangered species, improving agriculture, and advancing medical technology.
- Some scientists are considering cloning organs.
- The possibility of human cloning raises major concerns.
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