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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of infection for others and for themselves?

People

Which organisms are the main hosts to cause infections?

microorganisms

Communicable diseases are often the leading causes of illnesses in the country today.

True

Communicable diseases are readily transferred from one infected person to a susceptible and uninfected person.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main mechanisms of transmission?

<p>Direct transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

Droplet spread is a form of indirect transmission.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A vehicle-borne transmission is any substance that serves as an intermediate means to transport and introduce an infectious agent into a susceptible host.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a vector-borne transmission?

<p>A vector is an animal or flying or crawling insect that serves as an intermediate means of transporting the infectious agent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A susceptible host is any person who is at risk for infection.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A compromised host is a person who is at an increased risk of acquiring an infection.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important procedure for preventing the transfer of microorganisms?

<p>Correct and frequent handwashing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three reasons for wearing gloves?

<p>Gloves are worn to protect the hands, reduce the likelihood of health workers transmitting their own microorganisms, and reduce the chance that the health worker's hands will transmit microorganisms from one client or fomite to another client.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Immunization is the process of introducing vaccine into the body to produce antibodies that will protect the body against a specific infectious agent.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A second shot or booster is needed to give the body full protection against the disease?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of transmission for tuberculosis?

<p>Inhalation of infective droplets present in the air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tuberculosis is considered as the world's deadliest disease.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

TB is the sixth leading cause of morbidity in the Philippines.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the causative agent of leprosy?

<p>Mycobacterium leprae</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leprosy is a leading cause of permanent physical disability.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is leprosy transmitted?

<p>Airborne</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children under 12 years of age are more susceptible to leprosy.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diphtheria is characterized by a patch or patches of grayish membrane from which the diphtheria bacillus is readily cultured.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diphtheria is a highly contagious disease in infants and children.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the causative agent of Whooping Cough (Pertussis)

<p>Bordetella pertussis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Whooping cough is predominantly a childhood disease.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tetanus is characterized by muscle spasms.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The soil is the source of infection for Tetanus.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leptospirosis is an occupational disease.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anthrax is a disease caused by the inhalation of spores of Bacillus anthracis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Colds are caused by the Influenza Virus.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) is a viral infection that is recognized both as emerging and re-emerging with a varying virus.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hepatitis A affects the liver.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hepatitis A is highly contagious.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a newly recognized form of a typical pneumonia.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dengue is characterized by three stages.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rabies is a fatal disease.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Scabies is a skin disease that is caused by a mite.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Scabies is a highly contagious skin disease that is easily treated.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Community and Public Health

  • The presentation covers community and public health, specifically focusing on medical and public health microbiology.
  • The presenter's name is Al Genesis F. Sales, RMT.
  • The presentation likely originated from National University-Manila.

Communicable Diseases

  • Communicable diseases are a leading cause of illness in many countries, especially affecting vulnerable populations (young and elderly).
  • They cause significant economic, psychological, and physical harm to individuals, families, and communities.
  • The emergence of new and re-emergence of older diseases is a concerning trend.
  • Communicable diseases are spread from infected to susceptible individuals through various means and may be caused by microorganisms.

Types of Microorganisms Causing Infections

  • Bacteria
  • Virus
  • Fungi
  • Parasite

Chain of Infection

  • The chain consists of next sick person (susceptible host), How germs get in (Portal of Entry), Germs (Agent), Where germs live (Reservoir), How germs get around (Mode of Transmission), and How germs get out (Portal of Exit).
  • Each stage in the chain shows how communicable diseases are spread and the factors involved

Etiologic Agent

  • The ability of microorganisms to cause an infection depends on factors such as pathogenicity (ability to produce infection), the number of microorganisms, the susceptibility of the host, and the ability of microorganisms to live within the host's body.
  • Common sources of microorganisms include other humans, the client's own microorganisms, plants, animals, or the general environment.
  • People are the most common source of infection for others and themselves.

Method of Transmission

  • After leaving the reservoir, the microorganisms need a means (mode) of transmission to reach a new host.
  • Direct transmission occurs when the agent moves directly from one person to another via physical contact (touching, biting, kissing, or sexual intercourse).
  • Droplet spread is a type of direct transmission that occurs if the source and host are within 3 feet of each other (sneezing, coughing, etc).
  • Indirect transmission occurs via a vehicle which is an inanimate object (fomite) or vector (insect/animal)

Portal of Entry

  • For infection to occur, microorganisms must enter a host, and the skin normally acts as a barrier.
  • Breaks in the skin (cuts, scrapes) provide easy entry portals.

Susceptible Host

  • A susceptible host is anyone at risk of an infection.
  • A compromised host has increased susceptibility due to impairment of natural defenses or other factors.

Ways to Break the Chain of Infection

  • Increase host resistance
  • Destroy the source and reservoir
  • Eliminate the agent in the environment
  • Avoid exposure

Handwashing

  • Proper handwashing is crucial for preventing the spread of microorganisms, and therefore, nosocomial infections.
  • Handwashing is important before and after prolonged contact with patients, before and after invasive procedures, before and after touching wounds, before and after contact with susceptible patients, and before and after contact with body substances (even with gloves).

Gloves

  • Gloves are used for three reasons: to protect the health worker's hands from body substances (blood, urine, etc.), to reduce the likelihood of transmitting the worker's microorganisms to patients, and to reduce the chance of transmitting microorganisms from one client to another.
  • Changing gloves between patients or contacts is crucial.

Immunization

  • Immunization, or vaccination, introduces a vaccine into the body to produce antibodies that protect against specific infectious agents.
  • Most vaccines require multiple doses (a second shot or booster).

Vaccines Available

  • A list of specific vaccines discussed.

Chemoprophylaxis

  • Chemoprophylaxis involves using drugs to prevent the occurrence of an infection (e.g., penicillin for gonorrhea, chloroquine for malaria, INH for tuberculosis).

Tuberculosis

  • Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly contagious bacterial infection, often affecting the lungs but potentially affecting other organs.
  • It's a major public health problem, particularly in developing countries, often occurring in children after a bout of a debilitating childhood illness (like measles).
  • In the Philippines, TB is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality.
  • This section details the causative agent, symptoms, mode of transmission, period of communicability, and treatment.

Leprosy

  • Leprosy is a chronic communicable disease primarily affecting the skin, peripheral nerves, eyes, and mucosa.
  • The causative agent is Mycobacterium leprae.
  • Symptoms of leprosy are categorized into early and late stages and include significant changes in the skin or other symptoms.
  • Prevention and treatment are discussed in this section.

Diphtheria

  • Diphtheria is an acute bacterial infection of the tonsils, throat, nose, larynx, or wound marked by a grayish membrane.
  • The causative agent is Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
  • The source of infection is discharges or secretions from the mucus surfaces of the nose, nasopharynx, and skin.
  • Transmission is discussed, along with the period of communicability, susceptibility, resistance, and prevention/control measures.

Whooping Cough (Pertussis)

  • Whooping cough is an acute respiratory infection beginning as a common cold and becoming increasingly severe, with paroxysms of cough.
  • The causative agent is Bordetella pertussis. The source of infection is secretions from the laryngeal and bronchial mucous membranes. Modes of transmision, risk factors, and prevention are included.

Tetanus

  • Tetanus is an acute disease caused by the toxin of the tetanus bacterium found in soil, dust, animal and human feces.
  • The causative agent is Clostridium tetani.
  • Its source of infection is in untreated wounds particularly in umbilicus of infants and the resulting infection is characterized by muscle spasms and contractions. Modes of transmission, risk, and prevention are described in detail.

Leptospirosis

  • A worldwide zoonotic disease, Leptospirosis is often contracted by those in contact with animals, water, or other contaminated areas.
  • The causative agent is Leptospira interrogans.
  • Transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, and prevention/control are highlighted.

Anthrax

  • Anthrax is an acute bacterial disease that can affect the skin, oropharynx, lower respiratory tract, mediastinum, and intestines.
  • The causative agent is Bacillus anthracis.
  • Three forms of anthrax are explained, including their mode of transmission, risk factors, symptoms, and diagnosis.

Cholera

  • Cholera is an acute bacterial intestinal infection characterized by severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and muscular cramps.
  • The causative agent is Vibrio cholerae.
  • The source of infection is the feces of infected people and convalescent or healthy carriers.
  • Measures for prevention and control, along with susceptibility and implications are emphasized.

Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis)

  • A bacterial intestinal infection marked by diarrhea, fever, tenesmus (straining to defecate), and potentially bloody mucoid stools.
  • The causative agents are specific types of Shigella bacteria.
  • Feces from infected individuals are a key source of infection.

Typhoid Fever

  • This systemic infection involves lymphoid tissues, often characterized by prolonged fever, malaise, anorexia, and diarrhea.
  • The causative agent is Salmonella typhi.
  • Transmission modes, infection periods and susceptible/resistant factors are covered.

Meningococcemia

  • Meningococcemia is a severe infection that affects the lining of the brain and spinal cord.
  • The causative agent is Neisseria meningitidis. (Mode of transmission, symptoms, diagnosis and prevention measures are explained)

Pneumonia

  • Pneumonia is an acute lung infection often caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Diplococcus pneumoniae) or other agents.
  • Symptoms and treatment are given.

Measles

  • Measles is an acute communicable viral infection of the respiratory system characterized by fever, characteristic rash, and other symptoms. It also covers the incubation period, period of communicability and methods of control
  • The source of infection is secretions from the nose and throat of infected persons.
  • Methods of prevention are recommended to prevent spreading.

Chickenpox

  • Chickenpox (varicella) is a highly contagious viral disease with skin lesions.
  • The causative agent is Varicella-Zoster Virus.
  • Source of infection transmission, and incubation period are mentioned.

Mumps

  • Mumps is an acute contagious viral disease characterized by swelling of the salivary glands (parotitis).
  • The causative agent is mumps virus.
  • Methods of transmission and prevention are explained.

Influenza

  • Commonly referred to as the flu, influenza is an acute viral infection of the respiratory tract.
  • The causative agent is the influenza virus.
  • Details of source of infection, methods transmission, period of communicability, susceptibility and occurrence and measures for prevention and control are described.

Avian Influenza

  • Avian influenza is an infectious disease affecting birds, also transmittable to humans.
  • Virus subtype H5N1 is highlighted for its potential to spread between humans.
  • This section details the source of infection, the symptoms associated with it, as well as the critical control measures and preventative measures needed.

Hepatitis A

  • This form of hepatitis causes inflammation of the liver and is primarily transmitted via contaminated food or water.
  • Young people, especially school-aged children, are frequently affected.
  • Prevention and treatment are covered, along with predisposing factors and symptoms.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

  • SARS is a severe form of pneumonia. The causative agent is a novel coronavirus.
  • It is a highly contagious disease that was first recognized in 2002, primarily via respiratory droplets.
  • Specific control methods and symptoms are listed.

Dengue

  • Dengue fever, also known as breakbone fever, is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes from the Aedes species, particularly Aedes aegypti.
  • This section describes the causative agents (dengue viruses types 1, 2, 3, and 4) and the mode of transmission.
  • Clinical presentations in terms of onset, stages, and symptoms are elaborated on.
  • A diagnosis procedure, such as the Torniquet test (Rumpel Leads Test), and a platelet count test, are included to confirm the infection.
  • Supportive and symptomatic treatment, as well as control measures that minimize transmission, are also part of the presentation's scope.

Rabies

  • Rabies is a viral disease transmissible to humans and other mammals.
  • The virus can be transmitted by the saliva of infected animals via bites or scratches.
  • This section details the mode of transmission, incubation period, susceptibility, and symptoms.
  • Management and prevention methods are provided. Emergency treatment is discussed and also public health measures.

Scabies

  • Scabies is a skin disease caused by mites.
  • The disease affects the skin and results in intense itching and skin irritation.
  • Methods of transmission, predisposing factors, and methods of treatment for scabies are included in the section.

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