Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus (Week 13, Spring 2024)

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What is the primary characteristic of glucose uptake in Diabetes Mellitus?

Euglycemia
Glucose uptake enhancement
Glucose uptake dysfunction (correct)
Hypoglycemia

What is the typical clinical manifestation of Diabetes Mellitus characterized by excessive thirst?

Polyuria
Polyphagia
Polydipsia (correct)
Fatigue

What is the main difference between DM Type I and DM Type II?

DM Type I is reversible, while DM Type II is irreversible
DM Type I is adult-onset, while DM Type II is juvenile-onset
DM Type I is insulin-dependent, while DM Type II is insulin-resistant (correct)
DM Type I is insulin-resistant, while DM Type II is insulin-dependent

What is the characteristic of DM Type I that makes it a chronic condition?

Absolute insulin deficiency (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential progression of DM Type II?

Progression to an insulin-dependent form (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinguishing feature of primary hypothyroidism in terms of TSH levels?

TSH levels increase (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is common to both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism?

Dysmenorrhea (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of levothyroxine in the treatment of hypothyroidism?

Stimulating the production of thyroid hormones (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Hashimoto's thyroiditis?

Autoimmune origin (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical effect of hyperthyroidism on the body's metabolism?

Rapid metabolism (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of Grave's disease?

Bulging eyes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of managing Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Reverse acidosis and restore fluid/electrolyte balance (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Diabetic retinopathy?

Friable blood vessels and retinal edema (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnostic criterion for Fasting blood glucose (FBS)?

≥ 126 mg/dL (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of fluid resuscitation in Hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar-nonketotic syndrome (HHNS)?

Maintain a urine output of 30-60 ml/hr (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a chronic complication of diabetes?

Diabetic neuropathy (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the intervention for hypoglycemia?

Provide 15g of simple carbohydrates until blood glucose level is > 70 mg/dL (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for controlling male sex hormones?

Aldosterone (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Cushing's Syndrome?

Over-secretion of glucocorticosteroids (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glucocorticosteroids?

Responding to stress and regulating metabolism (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical diagnostic test for Cushing's Syndrome?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the complication of Cushing's Syndrome?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely outcome of under-secretion of glucocorticosteroids?

Adrenal Insufficiency (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of hyponatremia in SIADH?

Increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical response to an insulin challenge in a patient with Addison's disease?

Increased cortisol levels (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of hypotension in an Addisonian crisis?

Decreased aldosterone levels (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of hyperpigmentation in Addison's disease?

Increased ACTH levels (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Diabetes Insipidus that distinguishes it from SIADH?

Hypernatremia and dehydration (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary underlying cause of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Disorders?

Brain injury or trauma (A) Signup and view all the answers