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Questions and Answers
What does Pathophysiology study?
What does Pathophysiology study?
The functional changes that occur within an individual due to a disease or pathologic state.
What is the definition of Aetiology?
What is the definition of Aetiology?
A study of the causes, origins and reasons for disease process.
Which of the following conditions are encompassed by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following conditions are encompassed by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)? (Select all that apply)
- Pulmonary Emboli
- Emphysema (correct)
- Asthma (correct)
- Chronic Bronchitis (correct)
What is a major consequence of the loss of elasticity in the alveoli?
What is a major consequence of the loss of elasticity in the alveoli?
What causes hypercapnia?
What causes hypercapnia?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is characterized by irreversible ______ obstruction.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is characterized by irreversible ______ obstruction.
Emphysema is characterized by reversible airway obstruction.
Emphysema is characterized by reversible airway obstruction.
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Study Notes
Pathophysiology Overview
- Aetiology is the study of causes and origins of disease processes.
- Pathophysiology involves examining functional changes in an individual due to diseases or pathological states.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- COPD is a progressive, chronic disease with irreversible airway obstruction affecting expiratory flow.
- Encompasses emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma, each with distinct pathophysiologies but contributing to airway inflammation from noxious irritants.
Emphysema
- Characterized by the destruction of elastin in alveoli, leading to reduced elasticity.
- Inflammatory response includes macrophages and neutrophils releasing mediators that recruit T-lymphocytes, causing further tissue damage.
- Elastase and other proteases contribute to degrading elastin and damaging alveolar walls.
Mechanisms of Damage
- Cell apoptosis (death) occurs in lung tissue, leading to a decreased capillary bed and increased lung compliance (flexibility).
- Loss of elasticity results in alveoli expanding during inspiration but failing to recoil properly during expiration.
Gas Exchange Implications
- Elevated levels of CO2 (hypercapnia) due to trapped air increase alveolar PCO2, impairing the diffusion of CO2 from pulmonary capillaries to alveoli.
- Bronchiole constriction exacerbates air/gas trapping, further complicating gas exchange.
Structural Changes
- Accumulation of damage leads to the formation of large air spaces in the lungs, reducing overall surface area for gas exchange.
- Surface area loss significantly impairs respiratory function and overall gas exchange efficiency.
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