Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which route of drug administration typically results in the most rapid onset of drug action?
Which route of drug administration typically results in the most rapid onset of drug action?
- Subcutaneous injection
- Intravenous injection (correct)
- Intramuscular injection
- Oral
In the process of drug absorption, which factor facilitates passive diffusion across cell membranes?
In the process of drug absorption, which factor facilitates passive diffusion across cell membranes?
- Large molecular size
- Small size and lipid solubility (correct)
- Lipid insolubility
- High electrical charge
What characteristic of a drug increases its likelihood of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
What characteristic of a drug increases its likelihood of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
- High protein binding affinity
- Low lipid solubility
- High lipid solubility (correct)
- High water solubility
How does the binding of a drug to plasma proteins affect its ability to act on tissues?
How does the binding of a drug to plasma proteins affect its ability to act on tissues?
During which phase of pharmacokinetics does the drug move from the bloodstream into body tissues?
During which phase of pharmacokinetics does the drug move from the bloodstream into body tissues?
A drug is administered subcutaneously. How does this route of administration affect drug absorption?
A drug is administered subcutaneously. How does this route of administration affect drug absorption?
In order for a drug to be effective it must not be bound to:
In order for a drug to be effective it must not be bound to:
Which of the following is NOT a mode of drug absorption?
Which of the following is NOT a mode of drug absorption?
In the context of pharmacology, what does 'mechanism of action' primarily refer to?
In the context of pharmacology, what does 'mechanism of action' primarily refer to?
When studying a new drug, what is the primary emphasis of the 'nursing process' component?
When studying a new drug, what is the primary emphasis of the 'nursing process' component?
Which of the following best describes the utility of knowing drug class naming conventions (e.g., common suffixes)?
Which of the following best describes the utility of knowing drug class naming conventions (e.g., common suffixes)?
What is the significance of 'generic names' in the context of pharmacology?
What is the significance of 'generic names' in the context of pharmacology?
When reviewing a disease process, what does 'morbidity' typically refer to?
When reviewing a disease process, what does 'morbidity' typically refer to?
In the context of pathophysiology, what is the main focus when considering 'manifestations' of a disease?
In the context of pathophysiology, what is the main focus when considering 'manifestations' of a disease?
What is the primary purpose of referencing 'prototypes' when discussing specific drugs?
What is the primary purpose of referencing 'prototypes' when discussing specific drugs?
What does the term 'off-label use' refer to regarding a medication?
What does the term 'off-label use' refer to regarding a medication?
What is the primary purpose of preclinical trials in drug development?
What is the primary purpose of preclinical trials in drug development?
Which term refers to the original designation a drug receives when a pharmaceutical company applies for approval?
Which term refers to the original designation a drug receives when a pharmaceutical company applies for approval?
Which of the following clinical manifestations is associated with HYPOnatremia?
Which of the following clinical manifestations is associated with HYPOnatremia?
An intracellular fluid (ICF) is primarily abundant in which electrolyte?
An intracellular fluid (ICF) is primarily abundant in which electrolyte?
Which of the following best describes a 'sign' in the context of clinical manifestations?
Which of the following best describes a 'sign' in the context of clinical manifestations?
What is the typical duration of the entire drug development process, from preclinical trials to market approval?
What is the typical duration of the entire drug development process, from preclinical trials to market approval?
Which phase of drug development involves testing the drug in human patients who have the disease it is designed to treat?
Which phase of drug development involves testing the drug in human patients who have the disease it is designed to treat?
In the context of electrolyte imbalances, which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of hypernatremia?
In the context of electrolyte imbalances, which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of hypernatremia?
A patient is experiencing a rapid, irregular heartbeat, along with orthostatic hypotension. Which of the following electrolyte imbalances is most likely the cause?
A patient is experiencing a rapid, irregular heartbeat, along with orthostatic hypotension. Which of the following electrolyte imbalances is most likely the cause?
A pharmaceutical company is developing a new drug. After demonstrating initial safety in phase I trials, what is the next step in drug development?
A pharmaceutical company is developing a new drug. After demonstrating initial safety in phase I trials, what is the next step in drug development?
Flashcards
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Understanding how a disease disrupts normal body processes, its course, and its impact on health.
Manifestations
Manifestations
The effects or symptoms a person experiences due to a disease.
Treatments
Treatments
Possible ways to treat a disease using medication and other interventions.
Mechanism of action
Mechanism of action
The mechanism by which a drug acts on the body.
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Therapeutic use
Therapeutic use
The intended use of a drug to treat a specific condition.
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Nursing Process
Nursing Process
Information needed to safely administer a drug, monitor its effects, and assess its effectiveness.
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Adverse Effects
Adverse Effects
Unintended effects or side effects of a drug.
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Off-label use
Off-label use
Uses of a drug that are not specifically approved by regulatory agencies.
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Hypernatremia
Hypernatremia
An electrolyte imbalance where there's too much sodium in the bloodstream.
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Hyponatremia
Hyponatremia
An electrolyte imbalance where there is too little sodium in the bloodstream.
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Etiology
Etiology
The cause of a disease.
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Predisposing factor
Predisposing factor
A factor that increases the likelihood of developing a specific disease.
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Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis
The process of how a disease develops.
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Acute occurrence
Acute occurrence
A disease or condition that resolves quickly.
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Chronic occurrence
Chronic occurrence
A disease or condition that persists for a long time (typically over 6 months).
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Sign
Sign
An objective observation that can be measured or seen.
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Symptom
Symptom
A subjective experience reported by the patient.
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Absorption
Absorption
The process of drug absorption is how a medication enters the body and reaches the bloodstream. It's influenced by the route of administration, like taking a pill orally or getting an injection. The way the drug is administered greatly affects how quickly it reaches the bloodstream and starts working.
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Oral Route of Administration
Oral Route of Administration
Oral administration means swallowing a pill or liquid. This method allows the drug to be absorbed more slowly through the gastrointestinal tract. It can be affected by whether you take it on an empty or full stomach. The pH of your stomach can change how well the drug breaks down for use.
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Intravenous (IV) Route of Administration
Intravenous (IV) Route of Administration
Intravenous (IV) administration means injecting the drug directly into a vein. This allows the drug to enter the bloodstream immediately, leading to a rapid onset of action.
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Intramuscular (IM) Route of Administration
Intramuscular (IM) Route of Administration
Intramuscular (IM) administration involves injecting the drug directly into a muscle. This allows the drug to be absorbed quickly into the bloodstream through capillaries, making it the second fastest route.
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Subcutaneous (SC) Route of Administration
Subcutaneous (SC) Route of Administration
Subcutaneous (SC) administration involves injecting the drug just below the skin, where it is slowly absorbed into circulation.
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Passive Diffusion
Passive Diffusion
Passive diffusion is a simple movement of drug molecules across cell membranes. It doesn't require any energy from the cell. Larger molecules, water-soluble drugs, or those with an electrical charge move more slowly through this process.
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Active Transport
Active Transport
Active transport requires energy for drug molecules to move across cell membranes. This process can be used for larger molecules or drugs that need to move against their concentration gradient. It's important for drug excretion in the kidneys.
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Distribution
Distribution
Distribution refers to the drug's movement throughout the body. It's influenced by factors such as the drug's solubility, the blood flow to different organs, and how much the drug binds to proteins in the blood.
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Exam 1 Study Guide
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Pathophysiology: Review diseases, illnesses, and syndromes, focusing on the pathophysiology (how normal body processes are disrupted), symptoms, treatments, and prognosis (outcomes).
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Pharmacology: Learn about various drugs and drug classes. Understand mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, nursing implications (safe administration and monitoring), adverse effects, and potential off-label uses.
Module 1: Foundations of Pathophysiology
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Cell Membrane: The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer, selectively permeable, maintaining homeostasis.
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Cellular Components: Understand the structure and function of the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
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Cellular Energy Production: Learn about cell metabolism, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Also describe anabolism and catabolism.
Pathologic Conditions Related to Cell Alterations
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Apoptosis: Normal, controlled cellular turnover, allowing for new cell growth.
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Ischemia: Lack of oxygen or blood supply to cells or organs; can be reversed depending on the degree of injury.
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Necrosis: Cell death due to oxygen or blood supply deprivation; irreversible.
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Hypoxia: Reduced oxygen level in cells leading to cellular dysfunction and potentially irreversible damage.
Fluid Volume Imbalances
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Fluid Volume Deficit (Dehydration): Isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic dehydration. Causes, clinical manifestations, and management/treatment (including I/O, daily weight, labs).
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Fluid Volume Overload (Edema): Isotonic fluid volume excess and related concepts. causes, clinical manifestations, and management/treatment (including I/O, daily weight, labs).
Hypernatremia and Hyponatremia
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Hypernatremia: Higher than 145 mEq/L sodium; causes, clinical manifestations, and management/treatment (gradual lowering, fluids, restricting intake).
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Hyponatremia: Lower than 135 mEq/L sodium; causes, clinical manifestations, and management/treatment (sodium replacement, water restriction).
Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia
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Hyperkalemia: Potassium above 5 mEq/L; causes, clinical, Manifestations, management/treatments.
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Hypokalemia: Potassium below 3.5 mEq/L; causes, clinical manifestations, and management/treatments.
Drug Development and Classification
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Drug Development Phases: Describe phase I, II, and III clinical trials for drug testing.
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Generic vs. Trade Names: Differentiate between generic and trade names of medications.
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Drug Schedules: Classify controlled substances based on their abuse potential (Schedule I, II, III, IV, V).
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Pregnancy Categories: Understand the categories used to classify drugs based on risk to a developing fetus during pregnancy (Category A-X).
Pharmacokinetics
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Absorption: The process of a drug moving from its site of administration to the bloodstream.
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Distribution: The movement of a drug throughout the body.
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Metabolism: The process of changing a drug into a different form, usually by the liver.
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Excretion: The removal of a drug from the body, primarily by the kidneys.
Pharmacology - Adverse Effects
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Toxic Effects: Undesired effects caused by an excessive dose.
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Secondary Actions: Unintended consequences from the primary action of the drug.
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Drug Allergies/Hypersensitivity, including anaphylaxis.
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Drug-Induced Tissue Damage: Including dermatologic effects.
Module 2: Core Pharmacology
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Drug Schedules: Understand Schedule I - V
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Drug Development: Describe phases I-III
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Pharmacodynamics: Learn about the mechanisms of how a drug works in the body, including receptor sites and maximal efficacy.
Module 3: Immunity
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Innate Immunity: The body's first line of defense against pathogens, immediate and nonspecific immune response.
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Adaptive Immunity: The body's second and more specific line of defense against pathogens, involving a slow/targeted immune response.
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Inflammatory Response: The body's protective response to tissue damage or infection.
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Immune Disorders: Understand immune deficiency (primary and secondary) and autoimmune disorders. Distinguish hypersensitivity types I-IV.
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Infection: Review bacteria classification and types, mechanism of infection, and the role of the immune system in response to bacterial infections. Review vaccines for pathogen response.
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Immune Cells: Understand mast cells, T-cells, B-cells, and the functions of other immune cells.
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Note:* This is a summary, not exhaustive. Further study using the provided material is absolutely essential for exam preparation.
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Description
Prepare for your Exam 1 with this comprehensive study guide covering key concepts in pathophysiology and pharmacology. Review the structure and function of cellular components, mechanisms of disease, and drug classifications. Ensure you're familiar with cellular metabolism and the implications for nursing practice.