Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Exam 1
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Questions and Answers

Which route of drug administration typically results in the most rapid onset of drug action?

  • Subcutaneous injection
  • Intravenous injection (correct)
  • Intramuscular injection
  • Oral

In the process of drug absorption, which factor facilitates passive diffusion across cell membranes?

  • Large molecular size
  • Small size and lipid solubility (correct)
  • Lipid insolubility
  • High electrical charge

What characteristic of a drug increases its likelihood of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

  • High protein binding affinity
  • Low lipid solubility
  • High lipid solubility (correct)
  • High water solubility

How does the binding of a drug to plasma proteins affect its ability to act on tissues?

<p>It prevents the drug from acting on the tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of pharmacokinetics does the drug move from the bloodstream into body tissues?

<p>Distribution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A drug is administered subcutaneously. How does this route of administration affect drug absorption?

<p>Absorption is slow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In order for a drug to be effective it must not be bound to:

<p>plasma proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mode of drug absorption?

<p>Protein binding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of pharmacology, what does 'mechanism of action' primarily refer to?

<p>How a drug works at a molecular or cellular level to produce a therapeutic effect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When studying a new drug, what is the primary emphasis of the 'nursing process' component?

<p>Ensuring the safe administration of the drug and monitoring for its effectiveness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the utility of knowing drug class naming conventions (e.g., common suffixes)?

<p>They can assist in identifying drugs that share similar chemical structures or mechanisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'generic names' in the context of pharmacology?

<p>Generic names are the universal, standardized language used to identify drugs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When reviewing a disease process, what does 'morbidity' typically refer to?

<p>The state of being diseased or unhealthy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of pathophysiology, what is the main focus when considering 'manifestations' of a disease?

<p>Identifying the signs and symptoms that a person with the disease might exhibit or experience. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of referencing 'prototypes' when discussing specific drugs?

<p>To understand a typical example of a drug within a class as a representative. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'off-label use' refer to regarding a medication?

<p>The use of a drug for an indication that has not been officially approved by a regulatory agency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of preclinical trials in drug development?

<p>To assess the drug's potential therapeutic effects and adverse reactions in living tissues, outside of humans. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the original designation a drug receives when a pharmaceutical company applies for approval?

<p>Generic name (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following clinical manifestations is associated with HYPOnatremia?

<p>Shallow respirations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An intracellular fluid (ICF) is primarily abundant in which electrolyte?

<p>Potassium (K+) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a 'sign' in the context of clinical manifestations?

<p>An objective observation made by a healthcare professional. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of the entire drug development process, from preclinical trials to market approval?

<p>5-6 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of drug development involves testing the drug in human patients who have the disease it is designed to treat?

<p>Phase II studies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of electrolyte imbalances, which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of hypernatremia?

<p>Tachycardia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is experiencing a rapid, irregular heartbeat, along with orthostatic hypotension. Which of the following electrolyte imbalances is most likely the cause?

<p>Hyponatremia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pharmaceutical company is developing a new drug. After demonstrating initial safety in phase I trials, what is the next step in drug development?

<p>Evaluating the drug in patients with the targeted disease group. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pathophysiology

Understanding how a disease disrupts normal body processes, its course, and its impact on health.

Manifestations

The effects or symptoms a person experiences due to a disease.

Treatments

Possible ways to treat a disease using medication and other interventions.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism by which a drug acts on the body.

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Therapeutic use

The intended use of a drug to treat a specific condition.

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Nursing Process

Information needed to safely administer a drug, monitor its effects, and assess its effectiveness.

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Adverse Effects

Unintended effects or side effects of a drug.

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Off-label use

Uses of a drug that are not specifically approved by regulatory agencies.

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Hypernatremia

An electrolyte imbalance where there's too much sodium in the bloodstream.

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Hyponatremia

An electrolyte imbalance where there is too little sodium in the bloodstream.

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Etiology

The cause of a disease.

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Predisposing factor

A factor that increases the likelihood of developing a specific disease.

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Pathogenesis

The process of how a disease develops.

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Acute occurrence

A disease or condition that resolves quickly.

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Chronic occurrence

A disease or condition that persists for a long time (typically over 6 months).

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Sign

An objective observation that can be measured or seen.

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Symptom

A subjective experience reported by the patient.

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Absorption

The process of drug absorption is how a medication enters the body and reaches the bloodstream. It's influenced by the route of administration, like taking a pill orally or getting an injection. The way the drug is administered greatly affects how quickly it reaches the bloodstream and starts working.

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Oral Route of Administration

Oral administration means swallowing a pill or liquid. This method allows the drug to be absorbed more slowly through the gastrointestinal tract. It can be affected by whether you take it on an empty or full stomach. The pH of your stomach can change how well the drug breaks down for use.

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Intravenous (IV) Route of Administration

Intravenous (IV) administration means injecting the drug directly into a vein. This allows the drug to enter the bloodstream immediately, leading to a rapid onset of action.

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Intramuscular (IM) Route of Administration

Intramuscular (IM) administration involves injecting the drug directly into a muscle. This allows the drug to be absorbed quickly into the bloodstream through capillaries, making it the second fastest route.

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Subcutaneous (SC) Route of Administration

Subcutaneous (SC) administration involves injecting the drug just below the skin, where it is slowly absorbed into circulation.

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Passive Diffusion

Passive diffusion is a simple movement of drug molecules across cell membranes. It doesn't require any energy from the cell. Larger molecules, water-soluble drugs, or those with an electrical charge move more slowly through this process.

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Active Transport

Active transport requires energy for drug molecules to move across cell membranes. This process can be used for larger molecules or drugs that need to move against their concentration gradient. It's important for drug excretion in the kidneys.

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Distribution

Distribution refers to the drug's movement throughout the body. It's influenced by factors such as the drug's solubility, the blood flow to different organs, and how much the drug binds to proteins in the blood.

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Study Notes

Exam 1 Study Guide

  • Pathophysiology: Review diseases, illnesses, and syndromes, focusing on the pathophysiology (how normal body processes are disrupted), symptoms, treatments, and prognosis (outcomes).

  • Pharmacology: Learn about various drugs and drug classes. Understand mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, nursing implications (safe administration and monitoring), adverse effects, and potential off-label uses.

Module 1: Foundations of Pathophysiology

  • Cell Membrane: The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer, selectively permeable, maintaining homeostasis.

  • Cellular Components: Understand the structure and function of the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

  • Cellular Energy Production: Learn about cell metabolism, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Also describe anabolism and catabolism.

  • Apoptosis: Normal, controlled cellular turnover, allowing for new cell growth.

  • Ischemia: Lack of oxygen or blood supply to cells or organs; can be reversed depending on the degree of injury.

  • Necrosis: Cell death due to oxygen or blood supply deprivation; irreversible.

  • Hypoxia: Reduced oxygen level in cells leading to cellular dysfunction and potentially irreversible damage.

Fluid Volume Imbalances

  • Fluid Volume Deficit (Dehydration): Isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic dehydration. Causes, clinical manifestations, and management/treatment (including I/O, daily weight, labs).

  • Fluid Volume Overload (Edema): Isotonic fluid volume excess and related concepts. causes, clinical manifestations, and management/treatment (including I/O, daily weight, labs).

Hypernatremia and Hyponatremia

  • Hypernatremia: Higher than 145 mEq/L sodium; causes, clinical manifestations, and management/treatment (gradual lowering, fluids, restricting intake).

  • Hyponatremia: Lower than 135 mEq/L sodium; causes, clinical manifestations, and management/treatment (sodium replacement, water restriction).

Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia

  • Hyperkalemia: Potassium above 5 mEq/L; causes, clinical, Manifestations, management/treatments.

  • Hypokalemia: Potassium below 3.5 mEq/L; causes, clinical manifestations, and management/treatments.

Drug Development and Classification

  • Drug Development Phases: Describe phase I, II, and III clinical trials for drug testing.

  • Generic vs. Trade Names: Differentiate between generic and trade names of medications.

  • Drug Schedules: Classify controlled substances based on their abuse potential (Schedule I, II, III, IV, V).

  • Pregnancy Categories: Understand the categories used to classify drugs based on risk to a developing fetus during pregnancy (Category A-X).

Pharmacokinetics

  • Absorption: The process of a drug moving from its site of administration to the bloodstream.

  • Distribution: The movement of a drug throughout the body.

  • Metabolism: The process of changing a drug into a different form, usually by the liver.

  • Excretion: The removal of a drug from the body, primarily by the kidneys.

Pharmacology - Adverse Effects

  • Toxic Effects: Undesired effects caused by an excessive dose.

  • Secondary Actions: Unintended consequences from the primary action of the drug.

  • Drug Allergies/Hypersensitivity, including anaphylaxis.

  • Drug-Induced Tissue Damage: Including dermatologic effects.

Module 2: Core Pharmacology

  • Drug Schedules: Understand Schedule I - V

  • Drug Development: Describe phases I-III

  • Pharmacodynamics: Learn about the mechanisms of how a drug works in the body, including receptor sites and maximal efficacy.

Module 3: Immunity

  • Innate Immunity: The body's first line of defense against pathogens, immediate and nonspecific immune response.

  • Adaptive Immunity: The body's second and more specific line of defense against pathogens, involving a slow/targeted immune response.

  • Inflammatory Response: The body's protective response to tissue damage or infection.

  • Immune Disorders: Understand immune deficiency (primary and secondary) and autoimmune disorders. Distinguish hypersensitivity types I-IV.

  • Infection: Review bacteria classification and types, mechanism of infection, and the role of the immune system in response to bacterial infections. Review vaccines for pathogen response.

  • Immune Cells: Understand mast cells, T-cells, B-cells, and the functions of other immune cells.

  • Note:* This is a summary, not exhaustive. Further study using the provided material is absolutely essential for exam preparation.

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Description

Prepare for your Exam 1 with this comprehensive study guide covering key concepts in pathophysiology and pharmacology. Review the structure and function of cellular components, mechanisms of disease, and drug classifications. Ensure you're familiar with cellular metabolism and the implications for nursing practice.

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