Pathopharmacology Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What does Nightingale's Model for Nursing emphasize?

  • Person (correct)
  • Nursing (correct)
  • Health (correct)
  • Leadership (correct)

    • What does SDOH stand for?

  • Systemic Data on Health
  • Social Determinants of Health (correct)
  • Standard Definition of Health
  • Societal Development and Health

    • What are the key components of Nursing according to Nightingale?

    Manipulation, leadership, advocate

    What is the definition of disease?

    <p>An acute or chronic condition that leads to a physiologic dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of a disease called?

    <p>Etiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are modifiable disease risk factors? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are non-modifiable disease risk factors? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pathogenesis?

    <p>How a disease unfolds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is morphology in the context of cells?

    <p>Fundamental structure of cells and tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do clinical manifestations refer to?

    <p>Signs and symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between subjective and objective data in nursing?

    <p>Subjective is what the patient feels or tells you; objective is what you can see or determine about a patient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a compensatory mechanism in the body?

    <p>Mechanisms that the body uses to maintain balance and function in response to changes or disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a syndrome?

    <p>Compilations of signs and symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are complications in a medical context?

    <p>Side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sequela refer to?

    <p>A disorder or condition resulting from a previous disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a diagnosis?

    <p>The identification of a disease or condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pharmacotherapy?

    <p>The treatment of disease through the administration of drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are pharmacokinetics?

    <p>How drugs are absorbed and distributed by the body, ADME</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are pharmacodynamics?

    <p>How drugs affect body processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first drug of its kind called?

    <p>Prototype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does potency refer to in pharmacology?

    <p>The amount of a given drug that is required to produce a desired effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is efficacy in a drug context?

    <p>The maximum effect that a given drug will produce regardless of dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is excretion in pharmacology?

    <p>Elimination of the medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are adverse drug reactions (ADRs)?

    <p>Undesired response to drug administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a side effect?

    <p>An unintended effect of a pharmaceutical product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a black box warning?

    <p>FDA requirement for some drugs that may cause serious or life-threatening adverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the first pass effect refer to?

    <p>Amount of drug available after metabolized by the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a synergistic effect in pharmacology?

    <p>Drugs that interact in a way that enhances the effect of another drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an idiosyncratic reaction?

    <p>A rare drug reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does onset refer to in drug effects?

    <p>How long it takes for a drug to show a therapeutic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does duration refer to in pharmacology?

    <p>How long a drug's therapeutic effect lasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does peak refer to in drug effects?

    <p>Time it takes for a drug to show its full therapeutic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does atrophy refer to?

    <p>Cells decrease in size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hypertrophy mean?

    <p>Cells increase in size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hyperplasia refer to?

    <p>Cells increase in number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does metaplasia indicate?

    <p>Reversible change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does dysplasia refer to?

    <p>Deranged cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are pathologic calcifications?

    <p>Abnormal deposits of Ca2+, Fr, Mg, and other minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does dystrophic calcification indicate?

    <p>Advanced atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is metastatic calcification?

    <p>Occurs in normal tissue due to hypercalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nightingale's Model for Nursing

    • Emphasizes the roles of leadership, person, health, and nursing in delivering care.
    • Serves as a foundational framework in nursing education and practice.

    Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)

    • Influences health outcomes through factors like neighborhood conditions, economic stability, social context, healthcare access, and education.

    Nursing According to Nightingale

    • Involves manipulation of the environment to promote healing, serving as a leader and patient advocate.

    Disease

    • Defined as an acute or chronic condition causing physiological dysfunction, impacting overall health and quality of life.

    Etiology

    • Refers to the specific cause of a disease, critical for diagnosis and treatment plans.

    Modifiable Disease Risk Factors

    • Include lifestyle and environmental factors such as smoking, body weight, and living conditions that can be altered to improve health.

    Non-modifiable Disease Risk Factors

    • Involves inherent characteristics such as gender, age, and genetics that cannot be changed but may predict disease risk.

    Pathogenesis

    • Describes the biological mechanisms through which a disease develops and progresses.

    Morphology

    • The study of the fundamental structure of cells and tissues, important for understanding disease effects.

    Clinical Manifestations

    • Signs and symptoms exhibited by a patient that aid in diagnosing conditions.

    Subjective vs. Objective Data

    • Subjective data encompasses what patients feel or report.
    • Objective data includes observable facts determined by healthcare professionals through examination.

    Syndrome

    • A collection of signs and symptoms that characterize a particular medical condition.

    Complications

    • Unwanted side effects that arise as consequences of diseases or medical interventions.

    Sequela

    • Refers to a condition that results as a consequence of a previous disease, indicating the long-term effects of illness.

    Pharmacokinetics

    • Studies how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted from the body (ADME).

    Pharmacodynamics

    • Examines how drugs interact with body systems to produce therapeutic effects.

    ADPIE

    • An acronym that outlines the nursing process: Assessment, Diagnosis, Plan, Implementation, Evaluation.

    Prototype

    • The initial drug serving as a standard for other drugs in the same class.

    Antagonist vs. Agonist

    • Antagonist: a substance that blocks or dampens the activity of a drug.
    • Agonist: a substance that stimulates or enhances the activity of a drug.

    Potency and Efficacy

    • Potency: the measure of drug amount required to achieve a desired effect.
    • Efficacy: the maximum potential effect a drug can produce regardless of its dose.

    Excretion

    • The process of eliminating medication from the body, crucial for drug clearance.

    Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)

    • Unwanted or harmful responses provoked by drug administration.

    Side Effects

    • Unintended effects of a pharmaceutical product that may occur alongside the intended therapeutic effects.

    Black Box Warning

    • A regulatory alert indicating that specific drugs may lead to severe or life-threatening adverse effects.

    First Pass Effect

    • Describes the reduction in bioavailability of a drug due to metabolism in the liver before it reaches systemic circulation.

    Synergistic Effect

    • Occurs when two drugs interact to enhance each other's effects.

    Idiosyncratic Reaction

    • An unusual or rare response to a drug, often unpredictable.

    Onset, Duration, and Peak

    • Onset: time taken for a drug to show its therapeutic effect.
    • Duration: the length of time a drug's therapeutic effect lasts.
    • Peak: the time at which a drug achieves its maximum therapeutic effect.

    Cellular Changes: Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia

    • Atrophy: reduction in cell size due to decreased workload or injury.
    • Hypertrophy: increase in cell size resulting from increased workload or demand.
    • Hyperplasia: an increase in cell number due to a stimulus, often seen in tissue growth.

    Metaplasia and Dysplasia

    • Metaplasia: reversible change in cell type in response to stress or injury.
    • Dysplasia: abnormal growth or development of cells, often indicative of disease.

    Pathologic Calcifications

    • Refers to abnormal mineral deposits (Ca²⁺, Fe, Mg) in tissues, which can indicate disease processes.

    Dystrophic vs. Metastatic Calcification

    • Dystrophic calcification: mineral deposits associated with damaged tissues, often seen in advanced atherosclerosis.
    • Metastatic calcification: mineral deposits occurring in otherwise normal tissue due to elevated blood calcium levels (hypercalcemia).

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    Test your knowledge on key concepts in pathopharmacology with these flashcards. Cover important topics such as nursing leadership models, social determinants of health, and pathophysiological principles. Perfect for nursing students and professionals looking to reinforce their understanding.

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