40 Questions
What is the study of structure and function of the body in disease?
Pathology
What is the object of pathology?
To acquaint the student with the changes occurring in tissues as the result of disease
What is the role of pathology in veterinary medicine?
To bridge basic science and clinical practice
What is the term for suffering or disease?
Pathos
What is the study of structure and function of the body in health?
Physiology
What is the importance of studying pathology in veterinary medicine?
It helps in understanding the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs that underlie disease
What is the meaning of the term 'disease'?
A condition in which the individual suffers from discomfort
What is the significance of pathology in correlating pre-pathology courses?
It helps in correlating the basic subjects of anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry
Who is considered the most outstanding figure in European medicine after Galen and before Harvey?
Andreas Vesalius
At what age did Andreas Vesalius become a professor of anatomy at the University of Padua?
24
Which century is often referred to as the century of anatomy?
16th century
Who described the blood vascular system and made the discovery of blood circulation?
William Harvey
How many different species of animals did William Harvey dissect to describe the vascular system?
80
What was the earlier name for 'artery' due to a mistaken belief?
Airtree
What is the study of the origin and history of words and their meanings called?
Etymology
What was the impact of William Harvey's discovery of blood circulation on pathology?
It had the greatest impact and changed the course of medicine
What is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of oxygen?
8
How are electrons arranged in orbitals?
In pairs and spin in opposite directions
What is the minimum number of electrons required in the inner orbital for an atom to be stable?
2
What is the result of two atoms sharing electrons?
A covalent bond is formed
What is the most stable electron configuration for an atom?
The outer orbital has 8 electrons
What is the normal concentration of calcium in cytosol compared to extracellular calcium?
10,000 times lower
What is the number of electrons in the outer orbital of an atom of oxygen?
6
Where is most of the intracellular calcium normally sequestered?
Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum
Why does an atom of hydrogen react with another atom of hydrogen?
Because it has an unstable electron configuration
What is the effect of ischaemia and toxins on cytosolic calcium concentration?
Net influx
What is the term for the group of atoms linked together by covalent bonds?
A molecule
What is activated by increased cytosolic calcium?
A number of enzymes
What is the effect of phospholipases activated by increased cytosolic calcium?
Membrane damage
What is the effect of proteases activated by increased cytosolic calcium?
Breakdown of structural and membrane proteins
What is the effect of ATPases activated by increased cytosolic calcium?
ATP depletion
Is loss of calcium homeostasis always a necessary preceding event in irreversible cell injury?
No
What is a prion?
A proteinaceous infective particle
What is the main difference between prions and viruses?
Prions lack nucleic acid, while viruses do not
What is the name of the protein that prions are made of?
PrP
Why are prions resistant to many agents that inactivate viruses?
Because they lack nucleic acid
Who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for discovering prions?
Stanley Prusiner
What is the name of the diseases caused by prions in domestic animals and humans?
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)
What is the current phase of pathology?
Cellular and molecular phase
What are diseases increasingly being explained by?
Effects of released chemical mediators and antigen-antibody reactions and endocrine glands
Study Notes
Definition of Pathology
- Pathology is the study of the structure and function of the body in disease
- It deals with the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs that underlie disease
- Pathology bridges basic science and clinical practice
History of Pathology
- Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) was a Belgian who made anatomy a living, working science
- William Harvey (1578-1657) described the blood vascular system and made the discovery of blood circulation in 1628
- Discovery of blood circulation had a significant impact on pathology and changed the course of medicine
- The 16th century is often called the century of anatomy
Prions
- Prions are proteinaceous infective particles that cause diseases in domestic animals and humans
- Prions lack nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) and do not produce inflammatory or immune reactions in the host
- Prions are resistant to many agents that normally inactivate viruses, such as ultraviolet light and standard disinfectants
- Stanley Prusiner discovered prions and won the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine
Cell Injury and Cell Death
- Calcium homeostasis is maintained at extremely low concentrations in cytosol
- Intracellular calcium is sequestered in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum
- Ischaemia and toxins increase cytosolic calcium concentration, leading to cell injury and death
- Increased cytosolic calcium activates enzymes that cause membrane damage, protein breakdown, ATP depletion, and chromatin breakdown
This quiz covers the concept of pathology, the study of disease and its effects on the body's structure and function.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
