Pathology Study Guide Weeks 5-8

28 Questions

Haemorrhage into a joint is termed:

Haemarthrosis

The condition where multiple small haemorrhages are seen in the skin and mucous membranes due to a very low circulating platelet number is termed:

Thrombocytopenic purpura

A characteristic of primary shock is low blood pressure mediated by a transient neurovascular reaction:

True

Which type of thrombus would appear to be layered (i.e. showing the lines of Zahn in its cut surface) and would only partially block the vascular lumen?

Mural, red thrombus

Which type of thrombus would be found on a heart valve?

White vegetation

Match the appropriate condition on the left with its aetiology on the right:

Fat embolism = Deep sea divers coming to the surface too quickly Caisson disease = Incision of large neck veins Air embolism = Contaminated needle used by an intravenous drug user Amniotic fluid embolism = A prolonged labour and difficult childbirth Tumour cell embolism = Malignant tumour invading a vein Talc grain embolism = Ruptured atheromatous plaque in an artery Pulmonary embolus = A venous thrombus dislodging from a deep leg vein Arterial embolus = Thrombus dislodging from coronary artery Cholesterol embolus = Atherosclerosis causing embolism

Which of the following genes are targets for genetic damage, leading to the development of cancer?

All of the above

Which of the following is an intrinsic factor that is associated with carcinogenesis?

Increasing age

Match the carcinogen on the left with a tumour that it is often associated with on the right:

Ultraviolet radiation = Malignant melanoma Cigarette smoking = Carcinoma of the bronchus Asbestos exposure = Mesothelioma β-naphthylamine = Bladder carcinoma Human papilloma virus = Cervical carcinoma X-irradiation = Leukaemia Aflatoxins = Hepatocarcinoma

The human immunodeficiency virus infects which cells in the body? (Select all correct responses)

Helper T cells

A baby diagnosed with agammaglobulinaemia (Bruton’s disease) will present with what type of infection?

Pyogenic bacterial infections

A viral infection associated with secondary immunodeficiency is:

Any of the above

If a patient survives an infarct in the myocardium, the condition is most commonly followed by:

Fibrosis

Match the appropriate term on the left with its definition or association on the right:

Phaeochromocytoma = Hormone-secreting adrenal tumour causing hypertension Renal artery stenosis = Secondary hypertension is caused by this condition Malignant hypertension = Patients with malignant HT most often die of this Renal failure = Renal failure is common Heart failure = Hypertensive heart disease, MI, CI Glomerulosclerosis = Glomerular fibrinoid necrosis, associated with HT Benign hypertension = Patients with benign HT may die of this Arteriolosclerosis = Characterized by “onion-skinning” in renal arterioles

Individuals with primary hyperaldosteronism may develop secondary hypertension.

True

Which person is likely to have the most severe and advanced atherosclerosis (all patients being of the same age and sex)?

A hypertensive cigarette smoker with diabetes mellitus

Match the appropriate term with its definition or association:

Foam cell = A macrophage full of lipids Aneurysm = Ballooning of a blood vessel due to its weakened wall Atheroma = The fully developed plaque of atherosclerosis Intimal cushion = The same as a “musculoelastic lesion” HDL = High levels of such lipoproteins protect against atheroma LDL = High levels of such lipoproteins predispose to atheroma Hypertension = A “hard” risk factor in atherosclerosis Response to injury theory of Ross = Outlines the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

Which person is likely to have the most severe arteriolosclerosis in their renal arterioles?

A 54 year old male that has suffered from diabetes mellitus since childhood

Which of the following stimuli are likely to cause a cell mediated hypersensitivity in predisposed individuals? (Select all correct responses)

Skin contact with nickel

A cell that is important in type I hypersensitivity reactions is the:

Mast cell

A patient was given an incompatible blood transfusion. What type of reaction is likely to have occurred?

Type II cytotoxic reaction

An example of type III hypersensitivity is “serum sickness”.

True

The accumulation of oedema fluid in the peritoneal cavity is termed:

Ascites

Generalized oedema involves increased secretion of:

Aldosterone

Which of the following blood losses is an example of an internal haemorrhage?

Blood loss into the genital tract

In which part of the body may a small volume of haemorrhage be fatal?

Brain

Which of the following terms describes a very small spot of haemorrhage?

Petechia

What is the main effect of haemorrhage?

Hypovolaemia

Study Notes