Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is traditionally included in the myeloid tissues according to the text?
What is traditionally included in the myeloid tissues according to the text?
Where do neoplastic disorders of myeloid progenitor cells originate?
Where do neoplastic disorders of myeloid progenitor cells originate?
Which of the following is true about the lymphoid tissues?
Which of the following is true about the lymphoid tissues?
What is indicated by the formation of autoantibodies in red cell disorders?
What is indicated by the formation of autoantibodies in red cell disorders?
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Where do immunohemolytic anemia disorders originate from according to the text?
Where do immunohemolytic anemia disorders originate from according to the text?
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Why is it not possible to draw neat lines between diseases involving myeloid and lymphoid tissues?
Why is it not possible to draw neat lines between diseases involving myeloid and lymphoid tissues?
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Which component of the hematopoietic system is the source of all lymphoid progenitors according to the text?
Which component of the hematopoietic system is the source of all lymphoid progenitors according to the text?
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From where do neoplastic disorders of myeloid progenitor cells primarily originate?
From where do neoplastic disorders of myeloid progenitor cells primarily originate?
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What does the bone marrow serve as the source of in the hematopoietic system?
What does the bone marrow serve as the source of in the hematopoietic system?
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Which of the following is derived from myeloid tissues according to the text?
Which of the following is derived from myeloid tissues according to the text?
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In red cell disorders like immunohemolytic anemia, what indicates a primary disorder of lymphocytes?
In red cell disorders like immunohemolytic anemia, what indicates a primary disorder of lymphocytes?
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Why is the traditional division of hematopoietic cells into myeloid and lymphoid tissues considered artificial?
Why is the traditional division of hematopoietic cells into myeloid and lymphoid tissues considered artificial?
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Which hematopoietic component houses long-lived plasma cells and memory lymphocytes?
Which hematopoietic component houses long-lived plasma cells and memory lymphocytes?
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Where do neoplastic disorders of myeloid progenitor cells secondarily involve according to the text?
Where do neoplastic disorders of myeloid progenitor cells secondarily involve according to the text?
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Where do hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) migrate during the third month of embryogenesis?
Where do hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) migrate during the third month of embryogenesis?
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What happens to hepatic hematopoiesis shortly after birth?
What happens to hepatic hematopoiesis shortly after birth?
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When does hematopoiesis cease in distal bones in normal adults?
When does hematopoiesis cease in distal bones in normal adults?
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What is the chief site of blood cell formation until shortly before birth?
What is the chief site of blood cell formation until shortly before birth?
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Where are hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) harvested from at birth for therapeutic transplantation?
Where are hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) harvested from at birth for therapeutic transplantation?
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By birth, where do hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) shift in location to?
By birth, where do hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) shift in location to?
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What is the source of long-lived tissue macrophages such as microglial cells in the brain?
What is the source of long-lived tissue macrophages such as microglial cells in the brain?
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Where do definitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) arise several weeks later during embryonic development?
Where do definitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) arise several weeks later during embryonic development?
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Where does hematopoiesis mainly occur in normal adults after puberty?
Where does hematopoiesis mainly occur in normal adults after puberty?
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What essential properties are required for the maintenance of hematopoiesis according to the text?
What essential properties are required for the maintenance of hematopoiesis according to the text?
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What are HSCs the apex of in the hierarchy of bone marrow progenitors?
What are HSCs the apex of in the hierarchy of bone marrow progenitors?
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What do colony-forming units produce when grown in culture?
What do colony-forming units produce when grown in culture?
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Which cells are the immediate progenitors of mature granulocytes, red cells, and platelets?
Which cells are the immediate progenitors of mature granulocytes, red cells, and platelets?
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What is the differentiation potential of early progenitor cells derived from HSCs?
What is the differentiation potential of early progenitor cells derived from HSCs?
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Which type of cells ultimately produce mainly myeloid cells or lymphoid cells?
Which type of cells ultimately produce mainly myeloid cells or lymphoid cells?
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What do tumors derived from lymphoid cells prompt a revisitation of?
What do tumors derived from lymphoid cells prompt a revisitation of?
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What property of HSCs allows for continual production of blood elements?
What property of HSCs allows for continual production of blood elements?
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What is the primary source of formed elements in blood according to the text?
What is the primary source of formed elements in blood according to the text?
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What happens to HSCs that differentiate past a certain threshold?
What happens to HSCs that differentiate past a certain threshold?
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What is the main function of hematopoietic growth factors on committed progenitors?
What is the main function of hematopoietic growth factors on committed progenitors?
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What is the current source of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) used in transplantation?
What is the current source of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) used in transplantation?
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What causes HSCs to give rise to cells more proliferative than themselves but with lesser self-renewal capacity?
What causes HSCs to give rise to cells more proliferative than themselves but with lesser self-renewal capacity?
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What is a key characteristic of terminally differentiated cells supported by hematopoietic growth factors?
What is a key characteristic of terminally differentiated cells supported by hematopoietic growth factors?
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What is the role of hematopoietic growth factors in vitro?
What is the role of hematopoietic growth factors in vitro?
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What happens when newly committed progenitor cells pass a certain threshold?
What happens when newly committed progenitor cells pass a certain threshold?
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What triggers rapid proliferation in newly committed progenitor cells?
What triggers rapid proliferation in newly committed progenitor cells?
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Which growth factors act through receptors expressed only on committed progenitors with more restricted differentiation potentials?
Which growth factors act through receptors expressed only on committed progenitors with more restricted differentiation potentials?
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Which lineage-specific growth factors tune the marrow output according to the text?
Which lineage-specific growth factors tune the marrow output according to the text?
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Which cells respond to infectious or inflammatory challenges by increasing their output of granulocytes under the direction of specific growth factors?
Which cells respond to infectious or inflammatory challenges by increasing their output of granulocytes under the direction of specific growth factors?
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What are the ultimate source of most cells of the innate and adaptive immune system according to the text?
What are the ultimate source of most cells of the innate and adaptive immune system according to the text?
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Which blood cell type is NOT listed in Table 13.1 Adult Reference Ranges for Blood Cells?
Which blood cell type is NOT listed in Table 13.1 Adult Reference Ranges for Blood Cells?
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Which growth factor acts through receptors expressed on very early committed progenitors?
Which growth factor acts through receptors expressed on very early committed progenitors?
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In response to infectious or inflammatory challenges, what type of blood cell output increases under the direction of specific growth factors?
In response to infectious or inflammatory challenges, what type of blood cell output increases under the direction of specific growth factors?
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"Late Precursors and Mature Forms" category in Table 13.1 refers to which types of cells?
"Late Precursors and Mature Forms" category in Table 13.1 refers to which types of cells?
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What effect do mutations in tumors of hematopoietic origin have on hematopoiesis?
What effect do mutations in tumors of hematopoietic origin have on hematopoiesis?
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What contributes to unregulated clonal expansion of hematopoietic elements in certain tumors?
What contributes to unregulated clonal expansion of hematopoietic elements in certain tumors?
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What may cause deficiencies in one or more types of blood cells, as mentioned in the text?
What may cause deficiencies in one or more types of blood cells, as mentioned in the text?
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In which instances do some tumors of hematopoietic origin originate from transformed HSCs?
In which instances do some tumors of hematopoietic origin originate from transformed HSCs?
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What is a potential outcome of mutations that block progenitor cell maturation?
What is a potential outcome of mutations that block progenitor cell maturation?
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What contributes to the replacement of normal marrow progenitors by tumor cells?
What contributes to the replacement of normal marrow progenitors by tumor cells?
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Why are certain genetic diseases, infections, and toxins mentioned in the text?
Why are certain genetic diseases, infections, and toxins mentioned in the text?
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What is the primary consequence of defects in hematopoiesis mentioned in the text?
What is the primary consequence of defects in hematopoiesis mentioned in the text?
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What is the term used to describe the abnormal release of immature precursors into the peripheral blood?
What is the term used to describe the abnormal release of immature precursors into the peripheral blood?
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Where do normal megakaryocytes lie in proximity to, according to the text?
Where do normal megakaryocytes lie in proximity to, according to the text?
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What distinguishes proliferative disorders of white cells from leukopenias?
What distinguishes proliferative disorders of white cells from leukopenias?
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What does marrow aspirate smears provide the best assessment of?
What does marrow aspirate smears provide the best assessment of?
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What can distort the marrow architecture, leading to the abnormal release of immature precursors into the peripheral blood?
What can distort the marrow architecture, leading to the abnormal release of immature precursors into the peripheral blood?
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What is the term for a deficiency of leukocytes?
What is the term for a deficiency of leukocytes?
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Where do differentiated blood cells enter the circulation through?
Where do differentiated blood cells enter the circulation through?
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What is the primary method used to assess hematopoietic cell morphology?
What is the primary method used to assess hematopoietic cell morphology?
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What is the most common cause of leukopenia according to the text?
What is the most common cause of leukopenia according to the text?
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What primarily contributes to lymphopenia in the context of acute viral infections?
What primarily contributes to lymphopenia in the context of acute viral infections?
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What is the main cause of granulocytopenia as discussed in the text?
What is the main cause of granulocytopenia as discussed in the text?
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In what conditions do glucocorticoids and cytotoxic drugs contribute to leukopenia?
In what conditions do glucocorticoids and cytotoxic drugs contribute to leukopenia?
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What distinguishes lymphopenia in acute viral infections from other causes?
What distinguishes lymphopenia in acute viral infections from other causes?
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Which factor plays a significant role in the development of granulocytopenia?
Which factor plays a significant role in the development of granulocytopenia?
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What is the primary effect of autoimmune disorders on white cell counts?
What is the primary effect of autoimmune disorders on white cell counts?
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Which condition is least likely to cause leukopenia based on the text?
Which condition is least likely to cause leukopenia based on the text?
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What is the primary cause of neutropenia according to the text?
What is the primary cause of neutropenia according to the text?
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What is a common feature of hypoplastic states, as mentioned in the text?
What is a common feature of hypoplastic states, as mentioned in the text?
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In what type of diseases do fat cells often disappear from the marrow according to the text?
In what type of diseases do fat cells often disappear from the marrow according to the text?
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What is a significant consequence of local marrow fibrosis induced by bacterial and fungal infections?
What is a significant consequence of local marrow fibrosis induced by bacterial and fungal infections?
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Which statement is true regarding marrow activity in normal adults based on the text?
Which statement is true regarding marrow activity in normal adults based on the text?
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What is a characteristic feature of mature precursors that helps differentiate them from immature "blast" forms?
What is a characteristic feature of mature precursors that helps differentiate them from immature "blast" forms?
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What is a common cause of agranulocytosis as mentioned in the text?
What is a common cause of agranulocytosis as mentioned in the text?
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Which condition can lead to ineffective hematopoiesis and defective precursors' death in the bone marrow?
Which condition can lead to ineffective hematopoiesis and defective precursors' death in the bone marrow?
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What can splenomegaly cause, leading to destruction of neutrophils in the spleen?
What can splenomegaly cause, leading to destruction of neutrophils in the spleen?
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Which scenario leads to locytic differentiation issues according to the text?
Which scenario leads to locytic differentiation issues according to the text?
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What could be a consequence of suppression of committed granulocytic precursors in the bone marrow?
What could be a consequence of suppression of committed granulocytic precursors in the bone marrow?
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In what condition might ineffective hematopoiesis accompany anemia and thrombocytopenia?
In what condition might ineffective hematopoiesis accompany anemia and thrombocytopenia?
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What might be a result of accelerated destruction or sequestration of neutrophils?
What might be a result of accelerated destruction or sequestration of neutrophils?
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What is a common consequence of agranulocytosis as mentioned in the text?
What is a common consequence of agranulocytosis as mentioned in the text?
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Where are ulcerating necrotizing lesions typically observed in the context of neutropenia?
Where are ulcerating necrotizing lesions typically observed in the context of neutropenia?
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Which type of infections are particularly high risk for neutropenic patients due to the lack of granulocytes?
Which type of infections are particularly high risk for neutropenic patients due to the lack of granulocytes?
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What kind of bacterial growth pattern is seen in some severe cases of neutropenic infections?
What kind of bacterial growth pattern is seen in some severe cases of neutropenic infections?
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Which term is used to describe the deep fungal infections that may occur in neutropenic patients?
Which term is used to describe the deep fungal infections that may occur in neutropenic patients?
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What are the symptoms and signs related to infections in neutropenia that can include malaise, chills, and fever?
What are the symptoms and signs related to infections in neutropenia that can include malaise, chills, and fever?
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What can severe infections caused by neutropenia lead to within hours to days according to the text?
What can severe infections caused by neutropenia lead to within hours to days according to the text?
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'__ ___ __ lesions are quite characteristic' as described in the text regarding neutropenic angina.
'__ ___ __ lesions are quite characteristic' as described in the text regarding neutropenic angina.
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What is the most likely consequence when neutrophil count falls below 500/mm³?
What is the most likely consequence when neutrophil count falls below 500/mm³?
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What is the primary treatment for neutropenia following myelosuppressive chemotherapy?
What is the primary treatment for neutropenia following myelosuppressive chemotherapy?
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Which growth factor stimulates the production of granulocytes from marrow precursors?
Which growth factor stimulates the production of granulocytes from marrow precursors?
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What is the main influence on the peripheral blood leukocyte count, as mentioned in the text?
What is the main influence on the peripheral blood leukocyte count, as mentioned in the text?
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Which factor plays a significant role in maintaining leukocyte homeostasis?
Which factor plays a significant role in maintaining leukocyte homeostasis?
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What is the major mechanism of neutrophilic leukocytosis according to the text?
What is the major mechanism of neutrophilic leukocytosis according to the text?
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Which scenario leads to the most important cause of neutrophilic leukocytosis as per the text?
Which scenario leads to the most important cause of neutrophilic leukocytosis as per the text?
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What is the primary source of neutrophilic leukocytosis according to the text?
What is the primary source of neutrophilic leukocytosis according to the text?
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What is the main mechanism of agranulocytosis induced by certain antibiotics and antipsychotic drugs?
What is the main mechanism of agranulocytosis induced by certain antibiotics and antipsychotic drugs?
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What is considered the most likely mechanism for severe neutropenia occurring with monoclonal proliferations of large granular lymphocytes?
What is considered the most likely mechanism for severe neutropenia occurring with monoclonal proliferations of large granular lymphocytes?
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What is the primary cause of neutropenia in some cases of acquired idiopathic neutropenia?
What is the primary cause of neutropenia in some cases of acquired idiopathic neutropenia?
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What is the impact on bone marrow morphology when there is excessive destruction of neutrophils in the periphery?
What is the impact on bone marrow morphology when there is excessive destruction of neutrophils in the periphery?
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What does suppression of committed granulocytic precursors in the bone marrow potentially lead to?
What does suppression of committed granulocytic precursors in the bone marrow potentially lead to?
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What is the suspected mechanism behind agranulocytosis following the administration of certain drugs like sulfonamides?
What is the suspected mechanism behind agranulocytosis following the administration of certain drugs like sulfonamides?
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In cases of agranulocytosis due to certain medications, what primarily leads to the lack of red cells and platelets production as mentioned in the text?
In cases of agranulocytosis due to certain medications, what primarily leads to the lack of red cells and platelets production as mentioned in the text?
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What is the suspected cause of neutropenia induced by antipsychotic drugs according to the text?
What is the suspected cause of neutropenia induced by antipsychotic drugs according to the text?
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What is the primary effect of TNF and IL-1 on the bone marrow during acute infection?
What is the primary effect of TNF and IL-1 on the bone marrow during acute infection?
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Which types of cells are preferentially stimulated by IL-5?
Which types of cells are preferentially stimulated by IL-5?
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In which scenario might G-CSF play a significant role based on the text?
In which scenario might G-CSF play a significant role based on the text?
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What effect does decreased extravasation into tissues due to glucocorticoids have on leukocytes?
What effect does decreased extravasation into tissues due to glucocorticoids have on leukocytes?
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How do hematopoietic growth factors affect committed granulocytic progenitors?
How do hematopoietic growth factors affect committed granulocytic progenitors?
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What is a characteristic effect of IL-1 and TNF on macrophages, stromal cells, and T cells?
What is a characteristic effect of IL-1 and TNF on macrophages, stromal cells, and T cells?
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What leads to a sustained increase in neutrophil production over several days?
What leads to a sustained increase in neutrophil production over several days?
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"Table 13.2 Mechanisms and Causes of Leukocytosis" mentions which factor as a cause of growth factor-independent leukocytosis?
"Table 13.2 Mechanisms and Causes of Leukocytosis" mentions which factor as a cause of growth factor-independent leukocytosis?
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What morphologic changes in neutrophils are often observed in sepsis or severe inflammatory disorders?
What morphologic changes in neutrophils are often observed in sepsis or severe inflammatory disorders?
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What do Döhle bodies represent in neutrophils?
What do Döhle bodies represent in neutrophils?
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In what scenario might immature granulocytes appear in the blood, mimicking myeloid leukemia?
In what scenario might immature granulocytes appear in the blood, mimicking myeloid leukemia?
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Which feature distinguishes activated lymphocytes in acute viral infections from neoplastic lymphoid cells?
Which feature distinguishes activated lymphocytes in acute viral infections from neoplastic lymphoid cells?
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What helps in distinguishing between reactive and neoplastic leukocytoses?
What helps in distinguishing between reactive and neoplastic leukocytoses?
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What are the two characteristic structures seen in neutrophils on the peripheral blood smear of a patient with bacterial sepsis?
What are the two characteristic structures seen in neutrophils on the peripheral blood smear of a patient with bacterial sepsis?
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Which organs are considered central (primary) lymphoid organs in the process of lymphocyte development?
Which organs are considered central (primary) lymphoid organs in the process of lymphocyte development?
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What encapsulated structures contain separate B-cell and T-cell zones, richly invested with phagocytes and antigen-presenting cells?
What encapsulated structures contain separate B-cell and T-cell zones, richly invested with phagocytes and antigen-presenting cells?
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In lymph nodes, what dynamic structures develop within pale-staining germinal centers?
In lymph nodes, what dynamic structures develop within pale-staining germinal centers?
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What leads to mor- antigenic stimulation and enlargement of primary follicles in lymph nodes?
What leads to mor- antigenic stimulation and enlargement of primary follicles in lymph nodes?
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Which structures in the lymph nodes may undergo hyperplasia under specific stimuli?
Which structures in the lymph nodes may undergo hyperplasia under specific stimuli?
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What influences the homeostasis of lymphocytes in peripheral (secondary) lymphoid tissues?
What influences the homeostasis of lymphocytes in peripheral (secondary) lymphoid tissues?
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What is the primary reason lymph nodes in adults are almost never 'normal' or 'resting'?
What is the primary reason lymph nodes in adults are almost never 'normal' or 'resting'?
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What type of lymphadenitis is most often due to drainage of microbes or microbial products from infections of the teeth or tonsils?
What type of lymphadenitis is most often due to drainage of microbes or microbial products from infections of the teeth or tonsils?
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In which regions does acute lymphadenitis occur most often due to infections in the extremities?
In which regions does acute lymphadenitis occur most often due to infections in the extremities?
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What is a common differential diagnosis for acute lymphadenitis in mesenteric lymph nodes?
What is a common differential diagnosis for acute lymphadenitis in mesenteric lymph nodes?
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Which type of infections are particularly high risk for neutropenic patients due to the lack of granulocytes?
Which type of infections are particularly high risk for neutropenic patients due to the lack of granulocytes?
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What mainly leads to the lack of red cells and platelets production in cases of agranulocytosis due to certain medications?
What mainly leads to the lack of red cells and platelets production in cases of agranulocytosis due to certain medications?
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Where does hematopoiesis mainly occur in normal adults after puberty?
Where does hematopoiesis mainly occur in normal adults after puberty?
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What is a key characteristic of terminally differentiated cells supported by hematopoietic growth factors?
What is a key characteristic of terminally differentiated cells supported by hematopoietic growth factors?
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What is the main function of TNF and IL-1 on macrophages, stromal cells, and T cells during acute infection?
What is the main function of TNF and IL-1 on macrophages, stromal cells, and T cells during acute infection?
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What is the most common cause of eosinophilic leukocytosis (eosinophilia) based on the text?
What is the most common cause of eosinophilic leukocytosis (eosinophilia) based on the text?
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Which condition is often associated with basophilic leukocytosis (basophilia) according to the text?
Which condition is often associated with basophilic leukocytosis (basophilia) according to the text?
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In which scenario might neutrophilia be a predominant feature as per the text?
In which scenario might neutrophilia be a predominant feature as per the text?
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What type of leukocytosis is typically indicative of chronic myeloid leukemia?
What type of leukocytosis is typically indicative of chronic myeloid leukemia?
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Which leukocytosis is commonly observed in disorders with chronic immunologic stimulation based on the text?
Which leukocytosis is commonly observed in disorders with chronic immunologic stimulation based on the text?
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What is a hallmark of eosinophilia according to the text?
What is a hallmark of eosinophilia according to the text?
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What cell type containing the nuclear debris of B cells is found interspersed among germinal center B cells?
What cell type containing the nuclear debris of B cells is found interspersed among germinal center B cells?
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Which type of hyperplasia is morphologically similar to follicular lymphoma?
Which type of hyperplasia is morphologically similar to follicular lymphoma?
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What type of cells undergo apoptosis if they fail to produce antibodies with high affinity for antigens in germinal centers?
What type of cells undergo apoptosis if they fail to produce antibodies with high affinity for antigens in germinal centers?
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Which feature tends to be absent from neoplastic follicles, favoring a reactive (nonneoplastic) hyperplasia?
Which feature tends to be absent from neoplastic follicles, favoring a reactive (nonneoplastic) hyperplasia?
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Which condition is caused by stimuli that trigger T-cell-mediated immune responses?
Which condition is caused by stimuli that trigger T-cell-mediated immune responses?
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What type of cells are found in the light zone of germinal centers?
What type of cells are found in the light zone of germinal centers?
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What happens to the nuclear debris of B cells that are phagocytosed by tingible-body macrophages in germinal centers?
What happens to the nuclear debris of B cells that are phagocytosed by tingible-body macrophages in germinal centers?
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What differentiates centroblasts from centrocytes within germinal centers?
What differentiates centroblasts from centrocytes within germinal centers?
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What type of cells are often prominent when pyogenic organisms cause lymphadenitis?
What type of cells are often prominent when pyogenic organisms cause lymphadenitis?
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In chronic nonspecific lymphadenitis, what defines follicular hyperplasia?
In chronic nonspecific lymphadenitis, what defines follicular hyperplasia?
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What is a characteristic of nodes involved in acute lymphadenitis?
What is a characteristic of nodes involved in acute lymphadenitis?
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What happens when suppurative infections penetrate through the capsule of lymph nodes?
What happens when suppurative infections penetrate through the capsule of lymph nodes?
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What is associated with healing of abscesses in lymph nodes?
What is associated with healing of abscesses in lymph nodes?
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What cell type is defined by a collar of small resting naive B cells surrounding large oblong germinal centers?
What cell type is defined by a collar of small resting naive B cells surrounding large oblong germinal centers?
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What effect do less severe reactions to pyogenic organisms have on the centers of lymphoid follicles?
What effect do less severe reactions to pyogenic organisms have on the centers of lymphoid follicles?
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What occurs when nodes involved by acute lymphadenitis produce draining sinuses to the skin?
What occurs when nodes involved by acute lymphadenitis produce draining sinuses to the skin?
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What are the key characteristics of immunoblasts found in T-cell regions?
What are the key characteristics of immunoblasts found in T-cell regions?
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In reactive follicles with mantle zones, what is characteristic of the dark zone?
In reactive follicles with mantle zones, what is characteristic of the dark zone?
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What is a prominent feature of sinus histiocytosis (reticular hyperplasia) in lymph nodes?
What is a prominent feature of sinus histiocytosis (reticular hyperplasia) in lymph nodes?
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What might be necessary when the number of immunoblasts in T-cell regions is so abundant that it raises suspicion of a neoplasm?
What might be necessary when the number of immunoblasts in T-cell regions is so abundant that it raises suspicion of a neoplasm?
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What is a common accompaniment to the proliferation of immunoblasts in T-cell zones that may lead to effacement of B-cell follicles?
What is a common accompaniment to the proliferation of immunoblasts in T-cell zones that may lead to effacement of B-cell follicles?
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What is a distinguishing feature of sinusoidal endothelial cells in response to hyperplastic reactions?
What is a distinguishing feature of sinusoidal endothelial cells in response to hyperplastic reactions?
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What additional cell types may infiltrate sinusoidal and vascular spaces along with macrophages and eosinophils during hyperplastic reactions?
What additional cell types may infiltrate sinusoidal and vascular spaces along with macrophages and eosinophils during hyperplastic reactions?
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What contributes to effacement of B-cell follicles by expanded T-cell zones?
What contributes to effacement of B-cell follicles by expanded T-cell zones?
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What may be required in particularly exuberant reactions to exclude a lymphoid neoplasm?
What may be required in particularly exuberant reactions to exclude a lymphoid neoplasm?
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What condition is often associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection as a common trigger?
What condition is often associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection as a common trigger?
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Which cells' inability to properly form or deploy cytotoxic granules is a key aspect of familial forms of HLH?
Which cells' inability to properly form or deploy cytotoxic granules is a key aspect of familial forms of HLH?
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What triggers excessive macrophage activation in Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)?
What triggers excessive macrophage activation in Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)?
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What is a common complication associated with peripheral T-cell lymphoma?
What is a common complication associated with peripheral T-cell lymphoma?
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What is uniformly associated with extremely high levels in Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)?
What is uniformly associated with extremely high levels in Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)?
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What is usually seen on bone marrow examination in patients with Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)?
What is usually seen on bone marrow examination in patients with Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)?
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What is the common feature of all forms of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) according to the text?
What is the common feature of all forms of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) according to the text?
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What cytokine is probably involved in the establishment of 'extranodal' inflammation-induced collections of lymphoid cells?
What cytokine is probably involved in the establishment of 'extranodal' inflammation-induced collections of lymphoid cells?
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What term is sometimes used interchangeably with Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) indicating signs and symptoms of systemic inflammation related to macrophage activation?
What term is sometimes used interchangeably with Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) indicating signs and symptoms of systemic inflammation related to macrophage activation?
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In HLH, what do the 'activated macrophages' do in the body?
In HLH, what do the 'activated macrophages' do in the body?
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What is the role of released mediators from macrophages and lymphocytes in Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis?
What is the role of released mediators from macrophages and lymphocytes in Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis?
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What are the typical laboratory findings in patients with HLH?
What are the typical laboratory findings in patients with HLH?
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What complication can occur in untreated HLH patients?
What complication can occur in untreated HLH patients?
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What is the treatment approach for patients with resistant HLH?
What is the treatment approach for patients with resistant HLH?
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What is the prognosis for HLH patients without treatment?
What is the prognosis for HLH patients without treatment?
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Which type of neoplasms do lymphoid neoplasms encompass?
Which type of neoplasms do lymphoid neoplasms encompass?
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What happens if proliferative disorders of white cells are left untreated?
What happens if proliferative disorders of white cells are left untreated?
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What is the role of HSC transplantation in treating certain diseases?
What is the role of HSC transplantation in treating certain diseases?
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What is the term for a rare group of proliferative lesions involving macrophages and dendritic cells?
What is the term for a rare group of proliferative lesions involving macrophages and dendritic cells?
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Which type of neoplastic disorders originate from early hematopoietic progenitor cells?
Which type of neoplastic disorders originate from early hematopoietic progenitor cells?
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What is the consequence of increased production of terminally differentiated myeloid elements?
What is the consequence of increased production of terminally differentiated myeloid elements?
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Which cells give rise to a spectrum of neoplastic disorders known as Langerhans cell histiocytoses?
Which cells give rise to a spectrum of neoplastic disorders known as Langerhans cell histiocytoses?
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What is primarily responsible for the accumulation of immature progenitor cells in the bone marrow in AMLs?
What is primarily responsible for the accumulation of immature progenitor cells in the bone marrow in AMLs?
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In white blood cell neoplasms, what factors are involved in the development of tumors according to the text?
In white blood cell neoplasms, what factors are involved in the development of tumors according to the text?
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What is the term used to describe the characteristic development of granulocytes in myeloid neoplasia?
What is the term used to describe the characteristic development of granulocytes in myeloid neoplasia?
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Which component of hematopoiesis mainly leads to elevated peripheral blood counts?
Which component of hematopoiesis mainly leads to elevated peripheral blood counts?
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Langerhans cell histiocytoses are attributed to which cell type's spectrum of neoplastic disorders?
Langerhans cell histiocytoses are attributed to which cell type's spectrum of neoplastic disorders?
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What is a common characteristic of oncogenic mutations in acute leukemias?
What is a common characteristic of oncogenic mutations in acute leukemias?
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Which signaling pathways are often activated by mutations enhancing self-renewal of tumor cells?
Which signaling pathways are often activated by mutations enhancing self-renewal of tumor cells?
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Which DNA-modifying enzyme is essential for immunoglobulin gene modifications in B cells after antigen stimulation?
Which DNA-modifying enzyme is essential for immunoglobulin gene modifications in B cells after antigen stimulation?
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What is the common origin of potentially oncogenic mutations in lymphoid cells?
What is the common origin of potentially oncogenic mutations in lymphoid cells?
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Which type of gene modification replaces the IgM heavy-chain constant gene segment in B cells after activation?
Which type of gene modification replaces the IgM heavy-chain constant gene segment in B cells after activation?
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What is a prevalent mutation in certain hematologic malignancies according to the text?
What is a prevalent mutation in certain hematologic malignancies according to the text?
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Which type of mutations are often found to collaborate with those activating tyrosine kinases in driving cell growth?
Which type of mutations are often found to collaborate with those activating tyrosine kinases in driving cell growth?
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What is the role of activation-induced cytosine deaminase (AID) in B cells after antigen stimulation?
What is the role of activation-induced cytosine deaminase (AID) in B cells after antigen stimulation?
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What is the main consequence of mutations in transcription factors that influence self-renewal, as mentioned in the text?
What is the main consequence of mutations in transcription factors that influence self-renewal, as mentioned in the text?
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Which process is NOT influenced by oncoproteins created by genomic aberrations, as stated in the text?
Which process is NOT influenced by oncoproteins created by genomic aberrations, as stated in the text?
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What is the primary effect of pro-survival mutations such as the BCL2 translocation mentioned in the text?
What is the primary effect of pro-survival mutations such as the BCL2 translocation mentioned in the text?
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What is the characteristic consequence of oncoproteins causing an arrest in differentiation, according to the text?
What is the characteristic consequence of oncoproteins causing an arrest in differentiation, according to the text?
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Which effect is associated with mutations that drive growth in white cell neoplasms, based on the text?
Which effect is associated with mutations that drive growth in white cell neoplasms, based on the text?
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What do some mutations produce that interfere with normal functions, as mentioned in the text?
What do some mutations produce that interfere with normal functions, as mentioned in the text?
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What is a common outcome of oncogenic mutations that block normal maturation, according to the text?
What is a common outcome of oncogenic mutations that block normal maturation, according to the text?
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What is the primary role of certain driver mutations in white cell neoplasms, based on the text?
What is the primary role of certain driver mutations in white cell neoplasms, based on the text?
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What is the primary function of somatic hypermutation within Ig genes?
What is the primary function of somatic hypermutation within Ig genes?
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What is the mechanism through which AID expression induces MYC/Ig translocations in germinal center B cells?
What is the mechanism through which AID expression induces MYC/Ig translocations in germinal center B cells?
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Which of the following is a unique source of regulated genomic instability in precursor B and T cells?
Which of the following is a unique source of regulated genomic instability in precursor B and T cells?
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What is the primary outcome of the joining of proto-oncogenes to antigen receptor gene regulatory elements?
What is the primary outcome of the joining of proto-oncogenes to antigen receptor gene regulatory elements?
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Which type of tumors are particularly prone to the joining of proto-oncogenes to antigen receptor gene regulatory elements?
Which type of tumors are particularly prone to the joining of proto-oncogenes to antigen receptor gene regulatory elements?
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What role does AID play in the development of normal germinal center B cells?
What role does AID play in the development of normal germinal center B cells?
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Which process is essential for generating diversity in assembled antigen receptor genes but can lead to genomic instability?
Which process is essential for generating diversity in assembled antigen receptor genes but can lead to genomic instability?
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What distinguishes tumors of precursor T cells from other lymphoid neoplasms based on their pathogenesis?
What distinguishes tumors of precursor T cells from other lymphoid neoplasms based on their pathogenesis?
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Which genetic diseases are mentioned in the text as promoting genomic instability and increasing the risk of acute leukemia?
Which genetic diseases are mentioned in the text as promoting genomic instability and increasing the risk of acute leukemia?
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Which virus is implicated as a causative agent in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma?
Which virus is implicated as a causative agent in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma?
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What lymphomas is EBV found in according to the text?
What lymphomas is EBV found in according to the text?
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Which virus is associated with an unusual B-cell lymphoma that presents as a malignant effusion, often in the pleural cavity?
Which virus is associated with an unusual B-cell lymphoma that presents as a malignant effusion, often in the pleural cavity?
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Which agents that cause localized chronic inflammation predispose to lymphoid neoplasia based on the text?
Which agents that cause localized chronic inflammation predispose to lymphoid neoplasia based on the text?
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What neoplasm does H.pylori infection associate with according to the text?
What neoplasm does H.pylori infection associate with according to the text?
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Which condition does gluten-sensitive enteropathy predispose to based on the text?
Which condition does gluten-sensitive enteropathy predispose to based on the text?
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What subtype of T-cell lymphoma are breast implants associated with according to the text?
What subtype of T-cell lymphoma are breast implants associated with according to the text?
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What type of leukemia/lymphoma is HHV-8 associated with that presents as a malignant effusion?
What type of leukemia/lymphoma is HHV-8 associated with that presents as a malignant effusion?
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Which genetic disorder is linked to an increased incidence of childhood leukemia?
Which genetic disorder is linked to an increased incidence of childhood leukemia?
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Why does smoking increase the incidence of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) according to the text?
Why does smoking increase the incidence of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) according to the text?
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How do severe T-cell immunodeficiency and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) impact the risk of B-cell lymphomas according to the text?
How do severe T-cell immunodeficiency and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) impact the risk of B-cell lymphomas according to the text?
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What is one of the risks associated with radiation therapy and certain chemotherapy used in cancer treatment according to the text?
What is one of the risks associated with radiation therapy and certain chemotherapy used in cancer treatment according to the text?
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What is a characteristic related to the pathophysiology of Hodgkin lymphoma as mentioned in the text?
What is a characteristic related to the pathophysiology of Hodgkin lymphoma as mentioned in the text?
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How does ionizing radiation contribute to the increased risk of subsequent neoplasms in cancer patients according to the text?
How does ionizing radiation contribute to the increased risk of subsequent neoplasms in cancer patients according to the text?
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What is one factor associated with an increased incidence of lymphoid neoplasms in AIDS patients according to the text?
What is one factor associated with an increased incidence of lymphoid neoplasms in AIDS patients according to the text?
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Why do smoking habits potentially influence the development of certain cancers?
Why do smoking habits potentially influence the development of certain cancers?
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What is one significant impact of iatrogenic factors on cancer treatment outcomes?
What is one significant impact of iatrogenic factors on cancer treatment outcomes?
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What is the most common presentation of NHLS and Hodgkin lymphomas?
What is the most common presentation of NHLS and Hodgkin lymphomas?
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What symptom typically brings attention to lymphocytic leukemias?
What symptom typically brings attention to lymphocytic leukemias?
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What differentiates the clinical presentation of NHLS from that of Hodgkin lymphomas?
What differentiates the clinical presentation of NHLS from that of Hodgkin lymphomas?
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What is the primary cause of pain in multiple myeloma?
What is the primary cause of pain in multiple myeloma?
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Which category do precursor T-cell neoplasms fall into according to the text?
Which category do precursor T-cell neoplasms fall into according to the text?
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How are NHLS and Hodgkin lymphomas anatomically differentiated in terms of presentation?
How are NHLS and Hodgkin lymphomas anatomically differentiated in terms of presentation?
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What term is used to describe neoplasms presenting with widespread involvement of the bone marrow and sometimes peripheral blood?
What term is used to describe neoplasms presenting with widespread involvement of the bone marrow and sometimes peripheral blood?
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Which group of tumors is specifically segregated from other forms within the category of lymphomas?
Which group of tumors is specifically segregated from other forms within the category of lymphomas?
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What is the primary characteristic feature that distinguishes Hodgkin lymphoma from other forms of lymphomas?
What is the primary characteristic feature that distinguishes Hodgkin lymphoma from other forms of lymphomas?
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What are neoplasms identical to leukemias that sometimes arise as soft tissue masses without detectable bone marrow disease?
What are neoplasms identical to leukemias that sometimes arise as soft tissue masses without detectable bone marrow disease?
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What terms merely reflect the usual tissue distribution of each disease at presentation in the context of lymphoid neoplasms?
What terms merely reflect the usual tissue distribution of each disease at presentation in the context of lymphoid neoplasms?
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In what scenario do some entities called 'lymphoma' occasionally have leukemic presentations?
In what scenario do some entities called 'lymphoma' occasionally have leukemic presentations?
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'Plasma cell neoplasms' are grouped under what special classification in the context of lymphoid neoplasms?
'Plasma cell neoplasms' are grouped under what special classification in the context of lymphoid neoplasms?
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'Granulomas' are typically associated with which type of neoplastic disorders according to the text?
'Granulomas' are typically associated with which type of neoplastic disorders according to the text?
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Which neoplasm is characterized by small mature lymphocytes with a slight increase in the blood and marrow, as well as variable lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly?
Which neoplasm is characterized by small mature lymphocytes with a slight increase in the blood and marrow, as well as variable lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly?
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Which T-cell neoplasm is a rare form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma characterized by the presence of cerebriform nuclei?
Which T-cell neoplasm is a rare form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma characterized by the presence of cerebriform nuclei?
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Which Hodgkin lymphoma subtype is characterized by normal to increased numbers of lymphocytes in a background of collagen bands?
Which Hodgkin lymphoma subtype is characterized by normal to increased numbers of lymphocytes in a background of collagen bands?
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Which condition includes characteristic skin lesions known as plaques or nodules, as well as circulating Sézary cells?
Which condition includes characteristic skin lesions known as plaques or nodules, as well as circulating Sézary cells?
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Which B-cell neoplasm often arises from the marginal zone of lymphoid tissue and is commonly associated with chronic autoimmune disorders?
Which B-cell neoplasm often arises from the marginal zone of lymphoid tissue and is commonly associated with chronic autoimmune disorders?
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Which neoplasm is characterized by a mature B-cell population with varying degrees of differentiation, where <5% are prolymphocytes with prominent nucleoli?
Which neoplasm is characterized by a mature B-cell population with varying degrees of differentiation, where <5% are prolymphocytes with prominent nucleoli?
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'Enteropathy-associated' and 'Panniculitis-like' are associated with neoplasms of which cell type?
'Enteropathy-associated' and 'Panniculitis-like' are associated with neoplasms of which cell type?
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'Large granular lymphocytes' are characteristic of which type of leukemia?
'Large granular lymphocytes' are characteristic of which type of leukemia?
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Which neoplasm is associated with an overexpression of cyclin D1 due to t(11;14) translocation?
Which neoplasm is associated with an overexpression of cyclin D1 due to t(11;14) translocation?
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Where do cutaneous T-cell lymphomas primarily home to?
Where do cutaneous T-cell lymphomas primarily home to?
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What is a characteristic pattern of involvement seen in follicular lymphomas?
What is a characteristic pattern of involvement seen in follicular lymphomas?
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What do most lymphoid tumors exhibit at the time of diagnosis?
What do most lymphoid tumors exhibit at the time of diagnosis?
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Which type of lymphoid tumor may sometimes be restricted to one group of lymph nodes?
Which type of lymphoid tumor may sometimes be restricted to one group of lymph nodes?
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What is the common behavior of neoplastic B and T lymphoid cells in terms of recirculation?
What is the common behavior of neoplastic B and T lymphoid cells in terms of recirculation?
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Where do marginal zone B-cell lymphomas tend to be often restricted to?
Where do marginal zone B-cell lymphomas tend to be often restricted to?
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Which characteristic is associated with cutaneous T-cell lymphomas?
Which characteristic is associated with cutaneous T-cell lymphomas?
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What type of examination is required for the diagnosis of lymphoid neoplasms?
What type of examination is required for the diagnosis of lymphoid neoplasms?
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What distinguishes antigen receptor gene rearrangement in malignant proliferations from normal immune responses?
What distinguishes antigen receptor gene rearrangement in malignant proliferations from normal immune responses?
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What is an important complement to morphologic studies in the characterization of lymphomas and leukemias?
What is an important complement to morphologic studies in the characterization of lymphomas and leukemias?
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What is shared by all daughter cells derived from a malignant progenitor concerning antigen receptor proteins?
What is shared by all daughter cells derived from a malignant progenitor concerning antigen receptor proteins?
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How can antigen receptor gene analysis be used to distinguish reactive and malignant lymphoid proliferations?
How can antigen receptor gene analysis be used to distinguish reactive and malignant lymphoid proliferations?
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What is the role of lineage-specific protein expression analysis in the context of lymphoid neoplasms?
What is the role of lineage-specific protein expression analysis in the context of lymphoid neoplasms?
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What is the significance of analyzing genetic alterations in the diagnosis of lymphomas and leukemias?
What is the significance of analyzing genetic alterations in the diagnosis of lymphomas and leukemias?
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What feature of lymphoid neoplasms is used in their classification?
What feature of lymphoid neoplasms is used in their classification?
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Which cell type forms the vast majority (85% to 90%) of lymphoid neoplasms?
Which cell type forms the vast majority (85% to 90%) of lymphoid neoplasms?
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What immune abnormalities are often associated with lymphoid neoplasms?
What immune abnormalities are often associated with lymphoid neoplasms?
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In which patients are individuals at high risk of developing certain lymphoid neoplasms?
In which patients are individuals at high risk of developing certain lymphoid neoplasms?
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What is a characteristic behavior of neoplastic B and T cells according to the text?
What is a characteristic behavior of neoplastic B and T cells according to the text?
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Which component of lymphoid neoplasms is rare according to the text?
Which component of lymphoid neoplasms is rare according to the text?
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'Resemble some recognizable stage of B- or T-cell differentiation' is a feature used in the classification of which type of neoplasms?
'Resemble some recognizable stage of B- or T-cell differentiation' is a feature used in the classification of which type of neoplasms?
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Which cellular component is associated with EBV receptor and mature B cells?
Which cellular component is associated with EBV receptor and mature B cells?
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Which group of cells is primarily associated with CD15?
Which group of cells is primarily associated with CD15?
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What is the primary association of CD34 in terms of cell types?
What is the primary association of CD34 in terms of cell types?
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Which type of cells express CD56 primarily?
Which type of cells express CD56 primarily?
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Which cell type lacks the expression of CD30?
Which cell type lacks the expression of CD30?
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Which cell type group expresses primarily CD64?
Which cell type group expresses primarily CD64?
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In which demographic group is T-ALL less common compared to B-ALL?
In which demographic group is T-ALL less common compared to B-ALL?
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At what age does B-ALL peak in incidence according to the text?
At what age does B-ALL peak in incidence according to the text?
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Which ethnic group has the highest incidence of ALL according to the text?
Which ethnic group has the highest incidence of ALL according to the text?
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What cell type group is most affected by chromosomal aberrations in ALL pathogenesis?
What cell type group is most affected by chromosomal aberrations in ALL pathogenesis?
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What is the primary age group affected by ALL?
What is the primary age group affected by ALL?
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What characteristic distinguishes T-ALL from B-ALL regarding presentation?
What characteristic distinguishes T-ALL from B-ALL regarding presentation?
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Which type of ALL peaks in incidence during adolescence?
Which type of ALL peaks in incidence during adolescence?
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Why is T-ALL less common in adult populations according to the text?
Why is T-ALL less common in adult populations according to the text?
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Which population group has a slightly higher frequency of ALL?
Which population group has a slightly higher frequency of ALL?
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What type of cells make up approximately 85% of acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphomas?
What type of cells make up approximately 85% of acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphomas?
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Which cell type is NOT mentioned as a component of B cell neoplasms in the text?
Which cell type is NOT mentioned as a component of B cell neoplasms in the text?
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Which characteristic is associated with Chronic lymphocytic leukemia according to the text?
Which characteristic is associated with Chronic lymphocytic leukemia according to the text?
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What is the origin of Mature B cell neoplasms that include Follicular lymphoma and Hairy cell leukemia?
What is the origin of Mature B cell neoplasms that include Follicular lymphoma and Hairy cell leukemia?
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Which type of neoplasm is NOT classified under Mature B cell neoplasms?
Which type of neoplasm is NOT classified under Mature B cell neoplasms?
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What is the primary differentiation stage of cells in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphomas?
What is the primary differentiation stage of cells in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphomas?
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Which neoplasm is characterized by diverse chromosomal translocations and is associated with RUNX1 and ETV6 genes?
Which neoplasm is characterized by diverse chromosomal translocations and is associated with RUNX1 and ETV6 genes?
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Which neoplasm is mainly associated with NOTCH1 mutations?
Which neoplasm is mainly associated with NOTCH1 mutations?
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Which neoplasm commonly exhibits translocations involving MYC and Ig genes?
Which neoplasm commonly exhibits translocations involving MYC and Ig genes?
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Which neoplasm is characterized by EBV-associated loci and often involves the t(8;14) translocation?
Which neoplasm is characterized by EBV-associated loci and often involves the t(8;14) translocation?
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Which neoplasm is primarily associated with a diverse range of chromosomal rearrangements?
Which neoplasm is primarily associated with a diverse range of chromosomal rearrangements?
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'Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma' is most likely to be of which origin?
'Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma' is most likely to be of which origin?
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'Mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome' primarily involves which type of T cell?
'Mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome' primarily involves which type of T cell?
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'Naive B cell' origin is typically seen in which neoplasm?
'Naive B cell' origin is typically seen in which neoplasm?
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'Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified' is most likely to involve which type of T cell?
'Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified' is most likely to involve which type of T cell?
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Which neoplasm primarily originates from post-germinal center bone marrow homing plasma cells?
Which neoplasm primarily originates from post-germinal center bone marrow homing plasma cells?
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What chromosomal changes are most commonly seen in ALL?
What chromosomal changes are most commonly seen in ALL?
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Which mutations are suggested to be sufficient to produce full-blown ALL according to deep sequencing data?
Which mutations are suggested to be sufficient to produce full-blown ALL according to deep sequencing data?
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What is the significance of hyperdiploidy and hypodiploidy in ALL?
What is the significance of hyperdiploidy and hypodiploidy in ALL?
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Which ALL subtype is better characterized by numerical or structural chromosomal changes?
Which ALL subtype is better characterized by numerical or structural chromosomal changes?
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Which factor frequently correlates with immunophenotype and sometimes prognosis in ALL?
Which factor frequently correlates with immunophenotype and sometimes prognosis in ALL?
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What type of neoplasm is associated with hyperdiploidy in ALL?
What type of neoplasm is associated with hyperdiploidy in ALL?
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Which statement is true about the genetic complexity of ALL compared to solid tumors?
Which statement is true about the genetic complexity of ALL compared to solid tumors?
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What is the most common chromosomal change seen in ALL?
What is the most common chromosomal change seen in ALL?
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"Changes in chromosome numbers are of uncertain pathogenic significance but are important because they frequently correlate with immunophenotype and sometimes prognosis." What does this statement imply about the role of chromosomal changes in ALL?
"Changes in chromosome numbers are of uncertain pathogenic significance but are important because they frequently correlate with immunophenotype and sometimes prognosis." What does this statement imply about the role of chromosomal changes in ALL?
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"B-ALL and T-ALL are associated with completely..." What information can be inferred about B-ALL and T-ALL based on this statement?
"B-ALL and T-ALL are associated with completely..." What information can be inferred about B-ALL and T-ALL based on this statement?
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Which genetic abnormality leads to the creation of BCL6-IGH fusion gene?
Which genetic abnormality leads to the creation of BCL6-IGH fusion gene?
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What is the characteristic genetic feature of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma?
What is the characteristic genetic feature of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma?
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Which mutation leads to the formation of cyclin D1-IGH fusion gene?
Which mutation leads to the formation of cyclin D1-IGH fusion gene?
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What type of mutation is most commonly associated with Trisomy 12 in certain lymphomas?
What type of mutation is most commonly associated with Trisomy 12 in certain lymphomas?
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Which chromosomal abnormality is linked to the creation of MALT I-IAP2 fusion gene?
Which chromosomal abnormality is linked to the creation of MALT I-IAP2 fusion gene?
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What is the characteristic genetic alteration seen in primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas?
What is the characteristic genetic alteration seen in primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas?
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Which gene modification results in the formation of BCL2-IGH fusion gene?
Which gene modification results in the formation of BCL2-IGH fusion gene?
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What are the symptoms related to depression of marrow function mentioned in the text?
What are the symptoms related to depression of marrow function mentioned in the text?
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What type of symptoms are caused by mass effects due to neoplastic infiltration in ALL?
What type of symptoms are caused by mass effects due to neoplastic infiltration in ALL?
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Which manifestation is more common in T-ALL cases according to the text?
Which manifestation is more common in T-ALL cases according to the text?
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What is one of the central nervous system manifestations mentioned in the text?
What is one of the central nervous system manifestations mentioned in the text?
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Which treatment approach has resulted in about 95% of children with ALL obtaining a complete remission?
Which treatment approach has resulted in about 95% of children with ALL obtaining a complete remission?
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What percentage of adults are cured of ALL according to the text?
What percentage of adults are cured of ALL according to the text?
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Despite significant achievements in treating pediatric ALL, what percentage of adults are not cured?
Despite significant achievements in treating pediatric ALL, what percentage of adults are not cured?
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'Treatment of pediatric ALL is one of the great success stories of oncology' - What success rate is mentioned for children with ALL?
'Treatment of pediatric ALL is one of the great success stories of oncology' - What success rate is mentioned for children with ALL?
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What is a specialized DNA polymerase expressed only in pre-B and pre-T lymphoblasts?
What is a specialized DNA polymerase expressed only in pre-B and pre-T lymphoblasts?
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Which marker is typically expressed by very immature B-ALLs but not by more mature 'late pre-B' ALLs?
Which marker is typically expressed by very immature B-ALLs but not by more mature 'late pre-B' ALLs?
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Which transcription factor is expressed both by lymphoblasts and helps distinguish B-ALLs?
Which transcription factor is expressed both by lymphoblasts and helps distinguish B-ALLs?
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In most T-ALL cases, which marker is positive while other markers are usually negative in more immature tumors?
In most T-ALL cases, which marker is positive while other markers are usually negative in more immature tumors?
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What feature helps differentiate B-ALLs and T-ALLs based on the expression of specific proteins?
What feature helps differentiate B-ALLs and T-ALLs based on the expression of specific proteins?
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Which protein is expressed by pre-T-cell tumors but not by the more immature T-ALLs?
Which protein is expressed by pre-T-cell tumors but not by the more immature T-ALLs?
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What are the common features of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) as mentioned in the text?
What are the common features of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) as mentioned in the text?
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What is the characteristic phenotype of B-ALL (B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia) based on the information in the text?
What is the characteristic phenotype of B-ALL (B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia) based on the information in the text?
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What is the significance of TdT expression in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) according to the text?
What is the significance of TdT expression in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) according to the text?
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In ALL, what does a high blood blast count generally reflect based on the details provided?
In ALL, what does a high blood blast count generally reflect based on the details provided?
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What is a key function of the fusion gene involving the tyrosine kinase Myeloid Leukemia gene in hematologic malignancies?
What is a key function of the fusion gene involving the tyrosine kinase Myeloid Leukemia gene in hematologic malignancies?
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How is molecular detection currently being used in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)?
How is molecular detection currently being used in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)?
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How does the activity level of Myeloid Leukemia gene differ between myeloid and lymphoblastic leukemias?
How does the activity level of Myeloid Leukemia gene differ between myeloid and lymphoblastic leukemias?
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What is a key morphological feature that distinguishes lymphoblasts in B-ALL and T-ALL from myeloblasts?
What is a key morphological feature that distinguishes lymphoblasts in B-ALL and T-ALL from myeloblasts?
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What characteristic appearance might be observed in rapidly growing lymphoid tumors due to interspersed macrophages?
What characteristic appearance might be observed in rapidly growing lymphoid tumors due to interspersed macrophages?
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In leukemic presentations, what is the typical cellular composition of the bone marrow?
In leukemic presentations, what is the typical cellular composition of the bone marrow?
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What is a distinguishing feature between ALL and AML in terms of cellular characteristics?
What is a distinguishing feature between ALL and AML in terms of cellular characteristics?
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What is a common feature associated with thymic masses in T-ALL?
What is a common feature associated with thymic masses in T-ALL?
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How does the nuclear appearance of lymphoblasts in ALL differ from that of myeloblasts in AML?
How does the nuclear appearance of lymphoblasts in ALL differ from that of myeloblasts in AML?
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What is the typical nuclear membrane appearance seen in tumor cells of ALL?
What is the typical nuclear membrane appearance seen in tumor cells of ALL?
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'Starry sky' appearance in lymphoid tumors is due to macrophages ingesting:
'Starry sky' appearance in lymphoid tumors is due to macrophages ingesting:
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What is the protein size of the BCR-ABL protein found in B-ALL?
What is the protein size of the BCR-ABL protein found in B-ALL?
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Which genetic anomalies are commonly found in CLL/SLL?
Which genetic anomalies are commonly found in CLL/SLL?
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What is the favorable prognostic marker for ALL related to blood blast counts?
What is the favorable prognostic marker for ALL related to blood blast counts?
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Which microRNAs are implicated as tumor suppressor genes in chromosomal deletions of CLL/SLL?
Which microRNAs are implicated as tumor suppressor genes in chromosomal deletions of CLL/SLL?
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Which chromosomal translocation is found in B-ALL that creates a constitutively active BCR-ABL fusion gene?
Which chromosomal translocation is found in B-ALL that creates a constitutively active BCR-ABL fusion gene?
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What is the primary function of the t(9;22) chromosomal translocation in B-ALL?
What is the primary function of the t(9;22) chromosomal translocation in B-ALL?
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What is the most common prognostic marker related to ALL based on the text?
What is the most common prognostic marker related to ALL based on the text?
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Why is the BCR-ABL protein in B-ALL more active than in chronic myeloid leukemia?
Why is the BCR-ABL protein in B-ALL more active than in chronic myeloid leukemia?
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What is believed to cause the overexpression of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL2 in CLL/SLL?
What is believed to cause the overexpression of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL2 in CLL/SLL?
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Which characteristic is associated with tumors of unmutated Ig segments in CLL/SLL?
Which characteristic is associated with tumors of unmutated Ig segments in CLL/SLL?
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What mutation is frequently observed in CLL genomes that involves genes regulating RNA splicing?
What mutation is frequently observed in CLL genomes that involves genes regulating RNA splicing?
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Which treatment approach has shown high effectiveness in t(9;22)-positive ALLs?
Which treatment approach has shown high effectiveness in t(9;22)-positive ALLs?
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Cryptic rearrangements involving genes encoding tyrosine kinases other than ABL are therapeutic targets in which subtype of B-ALL?
Cryptic rearrangements involving genes encoding tyrosine kinases other than ABL are therapeutic targets in which subtype of B-ALL?
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Why is the outlook for older adults with ALL guarded?
Why is the outlook for older adults with ALL guarded?
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What is a characteristic feature of deep sequencing of CLL genomes?
What is a characteristic feature of deep sequencing of CLL genomes?
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Why do tumors with unmutated Ig segments pursue a more aggressive course?
Why do tumors with unmutated Ig segments pursue a more aggressive course?
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What is a significant drawback associated with dramatic responses achieved with chimeric antigen receptor T cells directed against CD19 in B-ALL treatment?
What is a significant drawback associated with dramatic responses achieved with chimeric antigen receptor T cells directed against CD19 in B-ALL treatment?
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What genetic lesions in tumor cells of highly aggressive B-ALL tumors lead to the accumulation of immature, nonfunctional blasts?
What genetic lesions in tumor cells of highly aggressive B-ALL tumors lead to the accumulation of immature, nonfunctional blasts?
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Which signaling pathway is triggered by the B-cell receptor in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma (CLL/SLL) to promote cell survival?
Which signaling pathway is triggered by the B-cell receptor in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma (CLL/SLL) to promote cell survival?
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What type of cells express a variety of factors in proliferation centers that stimulate NF-kB activity and MYC activity in CLL/SLL?
What type of cells express a variety of factors in proliferation centers that stimulate NF-kB activity and MYC activity in CLL/SLL?
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In which neoplasm do CLL/SLL cells largely grow within proliferation centers receiving critical cues from the microenvironment?
In which neoplasm do CLL/SLL cells largely grow within proliferation centers receiving critical cues from the microenvironment?
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What is a subset of B-ALL tumors containing activating mutations in tyrosine kinases like BCR-ABL considered as?
What is a subset of B-ALL tumors containing activating mutations in tyrosine kinases like BCR-ABL considered as?
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What important targets of therapy are tumors with activating mutations in tyrosine kinases, like BCR-ABL, considered as?
What important targets of therapy are tumors with activating mutations in tyrosine kinases, like BCR-ABL, considered as?
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What is the primary cause of fatal outcomes sometimes associated with achieving dramatic responses in B-ALL using chimeric antigen receptor T cells directed against CD19?
What is the primary cause of fatal outcomes sometimes associated with achieving dramatic responses in B-ALL using chimeric antigen receptor T cells directed against CD19?
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What is the diagnostic requirement for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
What is the diagnostic requirement for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
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What is the male-to-female ratio in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
What is the male-to-female ratio in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
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What distinguishes chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) from small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL)?
What distinguishes chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) from small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL)?
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What gene is implicated in X-linked agammaglobulinemia, emphasizing its importance in B cells?
What gene is implicated in X-linked agammaglobulinemia, emphasizing its importance in B cells?
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Which cells depend on B-cell receptor signaling and BTK activity for their growth and survival?
Which cells depend on B-cell receptor signaling and BTK activity for their growth and survival?
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Where are proliferation centers commonly found in cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
Where are proliferation centers commonly found in cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
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What variables correlate with a worse outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
What variables correlate with a worse outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
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What is a common treatment approach for symptomatic patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
What is a common treatment approach for symptomatic patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
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Which proteins are targeted by immunotherapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
Which proteins are targeted by immunotherapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
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What is the impact of newly available BTK inhibitors and BCL2 inhibitors on chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) treatment?
What is the impact of newly available BTK inhibitors and BCL2 inhibitors on chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) treatment?
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Which genetic mutation is specifically mentioned in relation to a worse outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
Which genetic mutation is specifically mentioned in relation to a worse outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
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What is the typical median survival range for individuals with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
What is the typical median survival range for individuals with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
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Which protein, when expressed, augments signals produced by the Ig receptor in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
Which protein, when expressed, augments signals produced by the Ig receptor in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
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What type of therapy is generally recommended for individuals with minimal tumor burden at chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) diagnosis?
What type of therapy is generally recommended for individuals with minimal tumor burden at chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) diagnosis?
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What is a distinguishing histological feature seen in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
What is a distinguishing histological feature seen in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
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Which syndrome often involves enlargement of the liver in patients with small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia?
Which syndrome often involves enlargement of the liver in patients with small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia?
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What is a notable characteristic finding in the peripheral blood smear of chronic lymphocytic leukemia?
What is a notable characteristic finding in the peripheral blood smear of chronic lymphocytic leukemia?
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Which factor contributes to the presence of effacement of nodal architecture in small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia?
Which factor contributes to the presence of effacement of nodal architecture in small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia?
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What is a key difference between small lymphocytic lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia based on the text?
What is a key difference between small lymphocytic lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia based on the text?
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In chronic lymphocytic leukemia, what characteristic hematological feature distinguishes it from other neoplastic disorders?
In chronic lymphocytic leukemia, what characteristic hematological feature distinguishes it from other neoplastic disorders?
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What is a common accompanying condition seen in chronic lymphocytic leukemia along with disrupted tumor cells?
What is a common accompanying condition seen in chronic lymphocytic leukemia along with disrupted tumor cells?
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Which hematologic malignancy presents with a 'flooded' peripheral blood smear full of small round lymphocytes?
Which hematologic malignancy presents with a 'flooded' peripheral blood smear full of small round lymphocytes?
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What is a common feature in asymptomatic patients with monoclonal B cells that differentiates them from symptomatic CLL patients?
What is a common feature in asymptomatic patients with monoclonal B cells that differentiates them from symptomatic CLL patients?
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Which of the following contributes to an increased susceptibility to infection in patients with CLL/SLL?
Which of the following contributes to an increased susceptibility to infection in patients with CLL/SLL?
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What is considered a precursor lesion to symptomatic CLL and progresses at a rate of 1% per year?
What is considered a precursor lesion to symptomatic CLL and progresses at a rate of 1% per year?
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Which condition can disrupt normal immune function through uncertain mechanisms in patients with CLL/SLL?
Which condition can disrupt normal immune function through uncertain mechanisms in patients with CLL/SLL?
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What chromosomal translocation is strongly associated with follicular lymphoma?
What chromosomal translocation is strongly associated with follicular lymphoma?
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Which gene overexpression is a hallmark of follicular lymphoma due to the t(14;18) translocation?
Which gene overexpression is a hallmark of follicular lymphoma due to the t(14;18) translocation?
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In Richter transformation, what genetic abnormalities are often acquired that lead to poor prognosis?
In Richter transformation, what genetic abnormalities are often acquired that lead to poor prognosis?
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Which lymphoma type is the most common form of indolent lymphoma in the United States?
Which lymphoma type is the most common form of indolent lymphoma in the United States?
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What event is often heralded by the development of a rapidly enlarging mass within a lymph node or the spleen in Richter transformation?
What event is often heralded by the development of a rapidly enlarging mass within a lymph node or the spleen in Richter transformation?
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Which of the following is associated with an ominous event in Richter transformation?
Which of the following is associated with an ominous event in Richter transformation?
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What is the typical gender distribution in patients afflicted with follicular lymphoma?
What is the typical gender distribution in patients afflicted with follicular lymphoma?
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What is the main trigger for transformation of CLL/SLL to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)?
What is the main trigger for transformation of CLL/SLL to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)?
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What type of cells are most abundant in most follicular lymphomas?
What type of cells are most abundant in most follicular lymphomas?
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Which gene mutation is identified in about 90% of cases of follicular lymphoma?
Which gene mutation is identified in about 90% of cases of follicular lymphoma?
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What cell type is responsible for encoding a histone methyltransferase in follicular lymphoma?
What cell type is responsible for encoding a histone methyltransferase in follicular lymphoma?
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What is the typical growth pattern observed in involved lymph nodes in most follicular lymphomas?
What is the typical growth pattern observed in involved lymph nodes in most follicular lymphomas?
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Which feature distinguishes centrocytes from centroblasts in follicular lymphoma?
Which feature distinguishes centrocytes from centroblasts in follicular lymphoma?
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What surrounds follicular lymphoma cells growing in lymph nodes early in the disease?
What surrounds follicular lymphoma cells growing in lymph nodes early in the disease?
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Which cells are predictive of the outcome of follicular lymphoma cells to therapy?
Which cells are predictive of the outcome of follicular lymphoma cells to therapy?
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'Small cleaved cells' refer to which cell type observed in nodular growth patterns of follicular lymphomas?
'Small cleaved cells' refer to which cell type observed in nodular growth patterns of follicular lymphomas?
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'Large cells with open nuclear chromatin, several nucleoli, and modest amounts of cytoplasm' are characteristic of which cell type found in follicular lymphomas?
'Large cells with open nuclear chromatin, several nucleoli, and modest amounts of cytoplasm' are characteristic of which cell type found in follicular lymphomas?
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Which genetic aberration is most commonly associated with the overexpression of the antiapoptotic protein BCL2 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)?
Which genetic aberration is most commonly associated with the overexpression of the antiapoptotic protein BCL2 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)?
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What is the distinctive feature of tumors with follicular lymphoma that frequently transform into DLBCL?
What is the distinctive feature of tumors with follicular lymphoma that frequently transform into DLBCL?
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Which protein, involved in gene expression regulation, is frequently mutated in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)?
Which protein, involved in gene expression regulation, is frequently mutated in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)?
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In DLBCL genomes, what gene encoding histone acetyltransferases is commonly mutated, impacting gene expression?
In DLBCL genomes, what gene encoding histone acetyltransferases is commonly mutated, impacting gene expression?
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What characteristic chromosomal translocation is associated with approximately 5% of DLBCLs and often involves MYC?
What characteristic chromosomal translocation is associated with approximately 5% of DLBCLs and often involves MYC?
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Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is characterized by which common genetic feature?
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is characterized by which common genetic feature?
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DLBCL is associated with a slight male predominance. What is the median age range for this condition?
DLBCL is associated with a slight male predominance. What is the median age range for this condition?
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DLBCL can also affect young adults and children. What is a distinguishing feature of DLBCL in young individuals?
DLBCL can also affect young adults and children. What is a distinguishing feature of DLBCL in young individuals?
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DLBCL accounts for a significant number of non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases. What is the approximate annual incidence of new DLBCL cases in the United States?
DLBCL accounts for a significant number of non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases. What is the approximate annual incidence of new DLBCL cases in the United States?
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What is the primary approach to managing symptomatic patients with Follicular lymphoma?
What is the primary approach to managing symptomatic patients with Follicular lymphoma?
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Which transcriptional repressor is overexpressed in Follicular lymphoma, contributing to its development?
Which transcriptional repressor is overexpressed in Follicular lymphoma, contributing to its development?
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Which extranodal site involvement is relatively uncommon in Follicular lymphoma?
Which extranodal site involvement is relatively uncommon in Follicular lymphoma?
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What is the median survival range for individuals with Follicular lymphoma?
What is the median survival range for individuals with Follicular lymphoma?
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Which oncogene, when overexpressed, can contribute to histologic transformation of follicular lymphoma to DLBCL?
Which oncogene, when overexpressed, can contribute to histologic transformation of follicular lymphoma to DLBCL?
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What is a characteristic consequence of mutations similar to those found in BCL6?
What is a characteristic consequence of mutations similar to those found in BCL6?
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What is a common outcome of histologic transformation in follicular lymphomas?
What is a common outcome of histologic transformation in follicular lymphomas?
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Which type of therapy does not improve the survival of individuals with Follicular lymphoma?
Which type of therapy does not improve the survival of individuals with Follicular lymphoma?
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What is the primary function of BCL2 in follicular lymphoma cells?
What is the primary function of BCL2 in follicular lymphoma cells?
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Which protein is NOT expressed in follicular center B cells, as highlighted in the text?
Which protein is NOT expressed in follicular center B cells, as highlighted in the text?
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What is the main difference between neoplastic cells in follicular lymphoma and normal germinal center B cells?
What is the main difference between neoplastic cells in follicular lymphoma and normal germinal center B cells?
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Which of the following transcription factors is commonly associated with follicular lymphoma?
Which of the following transcription factors is commonly associated with follicular lymphoma?
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What is the genetic anomaly found in a significant percentage of DLBCL cases according to the text?
What is the genetic anomaly found in a significant percentage of DLBCL cases according to the text?
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Which feature distinguishes reactive follicles from neoplastic follicles based on the text?
Which feature distinguishes reactive follicles from neoplastic follicles based on the text?
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What differentiates CD5 expression between follicular lymphoma and other lymphoid neoplasms according to the text?
What differentiates CD5 expression between follicular lymphoma and other lymphoid neoplasms according to the text?
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What type of nucleoli are found in the nucleus of cells in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) according to the text?
What type of nucleoli are found in the nucleus of cells in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) according to the text?
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What feature is observed in more anaplastic tumors that can help identify them?
What feature is observed in more anaplastic tumors that can help identify them?
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Where are the multi-nucleated oroplasmic cells with inclusion-like nucleoli typically found?
Where are the multi-nucleated oroplasmic cells with inclusion-like nucleoli typically found?
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What is a distinguishing characteristic of germinal center B cells compared to activated post-germinal center B cells?
What is a distinguishing characteristic of germinal center B cells compared to activated post-germinal center B cells?
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In diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, what type of disease course is associated with individuals having limited disease?
In diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, what type of disease course is associated with individuals having limited disease?
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What is the main effect of intensive combination chemotherapy on diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients?
What is the main effect of intensive combination chemotherapy on diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients?
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'Adjuvant therapy with anti-CD20 antibody' has what impact on diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treatment outcomes?
'Adjuvant therapy with anti-CD20 antibody' has what impact on diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treatment outcomes?
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'Expression profiling' in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has identified which distinct molecular subtypes?
'Expression profiling' in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has identified which distinct molecular subtypes?
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What is the primary mechanism by which MYC contributes to Burkitt lymphoma growth?
What is the primary mechanism by which MYC contributes to Burkitt lymphoma growth?
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Which chromosomal translocation is most commonly associated with MYC in Burkitt lymphoma?
Which chromosomal translocation is most commonly associated with MYC in Burkitt lymphoma?
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What distinguishes Waldeyer ring in the context of DLBCL development?
What distinguishes Waldeyer ring in the context of DLBCL development?
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Which feature is characteristic of HHV-8 infection in DLBCL?
Which feature is characteristic of HHV-8 infection in DLBCL?
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How do Burkitt lymphoma cells differ in metabolism compared to normal cells?
How do Burkitt lymphoma cells differ in metabolism compared to normal cells?
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What is a significant characteristic of DLBCL cells regarding gene rearrangements?
What is a significant characteristic of DLBCL cells regarding gene rearrangements?
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Which site is commonly noted for primary or secondary involvement in DLBCL?
Which site is commonly noted for primary or secondary involvement in DLBCL?
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What role does IGH gene rearrangement play in DLBCL pathology?
What role does IGH gene rearrangement play in DLBCL pathology?
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What effect do the translocations in sporadic Burkitt lymphoma and endemic Burkitt lymphoma have on the MYC coding sequence?
What effect do the translocations in sporadic Burkitt lymphoma and endemic Burkitt lymphoma have on the MYC coding sequence?
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What is the specialized DNA-modifying enzyme required for both Ig class switching and somatic hypermutation in germinal center B cells?
What is the specialized DNA-modifying enzyme required for both Ig class switching and somatic hypermutation in germinal center B cells?
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What is the main effect of TCF3 mutations in Burkitt lymphoma cells?
What is the main effect of TCF3 mutations in Burkitt lymphoma cells?
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What is the role of point mutations in the translocated MYC allele in Burkitt lymphoma?
What is the role of point mutations in the translocated MYC allele in Burkitt lymphoma?
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Which region of the IGH locus do breakpoints in sporadic Burkitt lymphoma usually occur?
Which region of the IGH locus do breakpoints in sporadic Burkitt lymphoma usually occur?
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What drives increased MYC expression in Burkitt lymphoma?
What drives increased MYC expression in Burkitt lymphoma?
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In which type of B cells can translocations similar to those in Burkitt lymphoma be induced by AID?
In which type of B cells can translocations similar to those in Burkitt lymphoma be induced by AID?
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What is the DNA-modifying enzyme required for Ig class switching and somatic hypermutation in germinal center B cells?
What is the DNA-modifying enzyme required for Ig class switching and somatic hypermutation in germinal center B cells?
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Where do breakpoints tend to lie within the IGH locus in endemic Burkitt lymphoma?
Where do breakpoints tend to lie within the IGH locus in endemic Burkitt lymphoma?
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What is a potential treatment option for DLBCLs with MYC translocations?
What is a potential treatment option for DLBCLs with MYC translocations?
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Which cell surface antigen is targeted by CAR T cells for the treatment of DLBCL?
Which cell surface antigen is targeted by CAR T cells for the treatment of DLBCL?
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What is a characteristic marker expressed by mature B-cell tumors, including DLBCLs?
What is a characteristic marker expressed by mature B-cell tumors, including DLBCLs?
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What protein's high-level expression can predict aggressive behavior in DLBCLs?
What protein's high-level expression can predict aggressive behavior in DLBCLs?
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In what setting are DLBCLs associated with T-cell immunodeficiency usually seen?
In what setting are DLBCLs associated with T-cell immunodeficiency usually seen?
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What pathogen is usually found infecting neoplastic B cells in DLBCLs occurring in T-cell immunodeficiency?
What pathogen is usually found infecting neoplastic B cells in DLBCLs occurring in T-cell immunodeficiency?
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'African (endemic) Burkitt lymphoma' is a subtype of Burkitt lymphoma that is characterized by what factor?
'African (endemic) Burkitt lymphoma' is a subtype of Burkitt lymphoma that is characterized by what factor?
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What is the role of TCF3 in Burkitt lymphoma?
What is the role of TCF3 in Burkitt lymphoma?
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What is the relationship between EBV infection and Burkitt lymphoma development?
What is the relationship between EBV infection and Burkitt lymphoma development?
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What is the characteristic morphology of lymphoid cells in Burkitt lymphoma?
What is the characteristic morphology of lymphoid cells in Burkitt lymphoma?
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What contributes to the 'starry sky' appearance seen in Burkitt lymphoma?
What contributes to the 'starry sky' appearance seen in Burkitt lymphoma?
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In Burkitt lymphoma, which gene collaborates with MYC to enable rapid growth?
In Burkitt lymphoma, which gene collaborates with MYC to enable rapid growth?
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What percentage of HIV-associated tumors have EBV infection according to the text?
What percentage of HIV-associated tumors have EBV infection according to the text?
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What is the primary feature of the effaced tissues in Burkitt lymphoma?
What is the primary feature of the effaced tissues in Burkitt lymphoma?
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What is the primary role of EBV in Burkitt lymphoma?
What is the primary role of EBV in Burkitt lymphoma?
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What characteristic feature is seen in the tumor cells of Burkitt lymphoma?
What characteristic feature is seen in the tumor cells of Burkitt lymphoma?
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What is a typical histological feature of Burkitt lymphoma at high power?
What is a typical histological feature of Burkitt lymphoma at high power?
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Which protein is almost always not expressed in Burkitt lymphoma, unlike most other tumors of germinal center origin?
Which protein is almost always not expressed in Burkitt lymphoma, unlike most other tumors of germinal center origin?
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Where do most Burkitt lymphomas manifest?
Where do most Burkitt lymphomas manifest?
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What is a characteristic feature of endemic Burkitt lymphoma?
What is a characteristic feature of endemic Burkitt lymphoma?
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Which immunophenotype is consistent with a germinal center B-cell origin in Burkitt lymphoma?
Which immunophenotype is consistent with a germinal center B-cell origin in Burkitt lymphoma?
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What is the characteristic genetic alteration seen in Burkitt lymphoma?
What is the characteristic genetic alteration seen in Burkitt lymphoma?
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Which age group is most commonly affected by Burkitt lymphoma?
Which age group is most commonly affected by Burkitt lymphoma?
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What is the unusual predilection for involvement in endemic Burkitt lymphoma?
What is the unusual predilection for involvement in endemic Burkitt lymphoma?
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What is the unique expression status of BCL2 in Burkitt lymphoma compared to other germinal center origin tumors?
What is the unique expression status of BCL2 in Burkitt lymphoma compared to other germinal center origin tumors?
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What is the primary genetic abnormality seen in mantle cell lymphoma?
What is the primary genetic abnormality seen in mantle cell lymphoma?
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What is the age range when mantle cell lymphoma usually presents?
What is the age range when mantle cell lymphoma usually presents?
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Which lymphoma is most likely to spread through mucosal involvement producing polyp-like lesions in the small bowel or colon?
Which lymphoma is most likely to spread through mucosal involvement producing polyp-like lesions in the small bowel or colon?
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What is the key promoting factor in mantle cell lymphoma that leads to G₁- to S-phase progression?
What is the key promoting factor in mantle cell lymphoma that leads to G₁- to S-phase progression?
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Where do tumor cells in mantle cell lymphoma closely resemble normal B cells?
Where do tumor cells in mantle cell lymphoma closely resemble normal B cells?
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What percentage of NHL in Europe is constituted by mantle cell lymphoma?
What percentage of NHL in Europe is constituted by mantle cell lymphoma?
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What is the typical gender distribution observed in patients with mantle cell lymphoma?
What is the typical gender distribution observed in patients with mantle cell lymphoma?
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Where does mantle cell lymphoma primarily involve extranodally, aside from generalized lymphadenopathy?
Where does mantle cell lymphoma primarily involve extranodally, aside from generalized lymphadenopathy?
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What is a distinguishing feature of mantle cell lymphoma in involved lymph nodes?
What is a distinguishing feature of mantle cell lymphoma in involved lymph nodes?
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What is a distinguishing feature of marginal zone lymphomas that arise at extranodal sites?
What is a distinguishing feature of marginal zone lymphomas that arise at extranodal sites?
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Which gene mutation is primarily associated with shorter survival in blastoid variant lymphomas?
Which gene mutation is primarily associated with shorter survival in blastoid variant lymphomas?
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Where are mucosa-associated lymphoid tumors (MALTomas) more likely to be found?
Where are mucosa-associated lymphoid tumors (MALTomas) more likely to be found?
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What is the median survival time for individuals with white cell median survival disorders?
What is the median survival time for individuals with white cell median survival disorders?
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What is the key characteristic of Burkitt lymphoma cells in terms of metabolism?
What is the key characteristic of Burkitt lymphoma cells in terms of metabolism?
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Which lymphoma category is recognized for its unusual pathogenesis and exceptional characteristics?
Which lymphoma category is recognized for its unusual pathogenesis and exceptional characteristics?
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In which organ may marginal zone lymphomas arise within tissues involved by chronic inflammatory disorders?
In which organ may marginal zone lymphomas arise within tissues involved by chronic inflammatory disorders?
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What type of lymphoma often regresses with the eradication of H.pylori?
What type of lymphoma often regresses with the eradication of H.pylori?
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At what stage does withdrawal of the responsible antigen cause tumor involution in lymphomas?
At what stage does withdrawal of the responsible antigen cause tumor involution in lymphomas?
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Which lymphoid neoplasm lies on a continuum between reactive lymphoid hyperplasia and full-blown lymphoma?
Which lymphoid neoplasm lies on a continuum between reactive lymphoid hyperplasia and full-blown lymphoma?
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In which type of neoplasms does the disease likely begin as a polyclonal immune reaction?
In which type of neoplasms does the disease likely begin as a polyclonal immune reaction?
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What kind of cells are suggested to drive growth and survival in B-cell clones at an early stage of certain lymphomas?
What kind of cells are suggested to drive growth and survival in B-cell clones at an early stage of certain lymphomas?
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Which characteristic distinguishes gastric MALToma among the given options?
Which characteristic distinguishes gastric MALToma among the given options?
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What is a distinguishing feature of IGH genes in Hairy Cell Leukemia?
What is a distinguishing feature of IGH genes in Hairy Cell Leukemia?
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Which demographic group is predominantly affected by Hairy Cell Leukemia?
Which demographic group is predominantly affected by Hairy Cell Leukemia?
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What is the most common initial presentation of Hairy Cell Leukemia?
What is the most common initial presentation of Hairy Cell Leukemia?
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Which lymphoid neoplasm is moderately aggressive and incurable?
Which lymphoid neoplasm is moderately aggressive and incurable?
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In Hairy Cell Leukemia, what is the male-to-female ratio?
In Hairy Cell Leukemia, what is the male-to-female ratio?
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What is a common symptom seen in Hairy Cell Leukemia patients related to the spleen?
What is a common symptom seen in Hairy Cell Leukemia patients related to the spleen?
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Which is a distinguishing feature that helps differentiate Hairy Cell Leukemia from CLL/SLL?
Which is a distinguishing feature that helps differentiate Hairy Cell Leukemia from CLL/SLL?
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What is the most common gender affected by Mantle Cell Lymphoma?
What is the most common gender affected by Mantle Cell Lymphoma?
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'Naive B cell origin' in Hairy Cell Leukemia is supported by which characteristic regarding IGH genes?
'Naive B cell origin' in Hairy Cell Leukemia is supported by which characteristic regarding IGH genes?
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What is the consequence of (11;18) chromosomal translocation in tumors?
What is the consequence of (11;18) chromosomal translocation in tumors?
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How do mantle cell lymphomas differ from follicular lymphomas?
How do mantle cell lymphomas differ from follicular lymphomas?
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Which protein components are up-regulated by (1;14) chromosomal translocation in tumors?
Which protein components are up-regulated by (1;14) chromosomal translocation in tumors?
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What is a distinguishing feature of mantle cell lymphomas?
What is a distinguishing feature of mantle cell lymphomas?
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Which cell feature helps differentiate 'blastoid' variants from Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)?
Which cell feature helps differentiate 'blastoid' variants from Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)?
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What is a characteristic immunophenotype of mantle cell lymphomas?
What is a characteristic immunophenotype of mantle cell lymphomas?
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What distinguishes mantle cell lymphomas from follicular lymphoma and CLL/SLL?
What distinguishes mantle cell lymphomas from follicular lymphoma and CLL/SLL?
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What is a key characteristic of extranodal marginal zone lymphomas according to the text?
What is a key characteristic of extranodal marginal zone lymphomas according to the text?
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In the context of lymphoma genesis, what is the significance of the acquisition of unknown initiating mutations?
In the context of lymphoma genesis, what is the significance of the acquisition of unknown initiating mutations?
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How do extranodal marginal zone lymphomas primarily differ from reactive lymphoid hyperplasia?
How do extranodal marginal zone lymphomas primarily differ from reactive lymphoid hyperplasia?
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What event triggers tumor involution in gastric MALToma according to the text?
What event triggers tumor involution in gastric MALToma according to the text?
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What is the consequence of tumors acquiring mutations that render growth antigen-independent?
What is the consequence of tumors acquiring mutations that render growth antigen-independent?
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Which chromosomal translocations are relatively specific for extranodal marginal zone lymphomas?
Which chromosomal translocations are relatively specific for extranodal marginal zone lymphomas?
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What is the role of H.pylori eradication in tumors like gastric MALToma?
What is the role of H.pylori eradication in tumors like gastric MALToma?
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What characteristic distinguishes marginal zone lymphomas arising at extranodal sites?
What characteristic distinguishes marginal zone lymphomas arising at extranodal sites?
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What term is used to describe the mantle cell lymphoma pattern shown in Figure 13.16?
What term is used to describe the mantle cell lymphoma pattern shown in Figure 13.16?
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Which lymphoma is often found in tissues affected by Sjögren disease?
Which lymphoma is often found in tissues affected by Sjögren disease?
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What is a common characteristic of marginal zone lymphomas occurring at extranodal sites?
What is a common characteristic of marginal zone lymphomas occurring at extranodal sites?
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What is a notable clinical feature associated with marginal zone lymphomas arising at extranodal sites?
What is a notable clinical feature associated with marginal zone lymphomas arising at extranodal sites?
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What is a key distinguishing factor of marginal zone lymphomas from other B-cell tumors?
What is a key distinguishing factor of marginal zone lymphomas from other B-cell tumors?
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Which inflammatory disorder can lead to the development of marginal zone lymphoma in the stomach?
Which inflammatory disorder can lead to the development of marginal zone lymphoma in the stomach?
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What sets apart marginal zone lymphomas at extranodal sites for special attention?
What sets apart marginal zone lymphomas at extranodal sites for special attention?
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What is a distinguishing feature of mantle cell lymphoma compared to follicular lymphoma and CLL/SLL?
What is a distinguishing feature of mantle cell lymphoma compared to follicular lymphoma and CLL/SLL?
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Which protein components are up-regulated by (11;14) chromosomal translocation in tumors?
Which protein components are up-regulated by (11;14) chromosomal translocation in tumors?
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What is a characteristic immunophenotype of mantle cell lymphomas?
What is a characteristic immunophenotype of mantle cell lymphomas?
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Which type of B-cell is likely to lack somatic hypermutation in the IGH genes?
Which type of B-cell is likely to lack somatic hypermutation in the IGH genes?
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What is the main function of the signaling complex involving BCL10 or MALT1?
What is the main function of the signaling complex involving BCL10 or MALT1?
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In mantle cell lymphoma, which immunophenotype is inconsistent with CLL/SLL?
In mantle cell lymphoma, which immunophenotype is inconsistent with CLL/SLL?
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Which factor helps distinguish blastoid variants from ALL in mantle cell lymphoma?
Which factor helps distinguish blastoid variants from ALL in mantle cell lymphoma?
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What is the key feature of mantle cell lymphoma nuclei in most cases?
What is the key feature of mantle cell lymphoma nuclei in most cases?
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'Blastoid' variants in mantle cell lymphoma are distinguished from ALL by:
'Blastoid' variants in mantle cell lymphoma are distinguished from ALL by:
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'Hairy Cell Leukemia' is known for presenting with:
'Hairy Cell Leukemia' is known for presenting with:
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What is the most common abnormal physical finding in hairy cell leukemia?
What is the most common abnormal physical finding in hairy cell leukemia?
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What is a common manifestation resulting from marrow involvement and sequestration of cells in the enlarged spleen in hairy cell leukemia?
What is a common manifestation resulting from marrow involvement and sequestration of cells in the enlarged spleen in hairy cell leukemia?
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Approximately what percentage of individuals affected by hairy cell leukemia present with infections?
Approximately what percentage of individuals affected by hairy cell leukemia present with infections?
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What type of infections have an increased incidence among individuals with hairy cell leukemia?
What type of infections have an increased incidence among individuals with hairy cell leukemia?
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What is a distinctive feature of the activity of BRAF inhibitors in tumors that have failed conventional chemotherapy in hairy cell leukemia?
What is a distinctive feature of the activity of BRAF inhibitors in tumors that have failed conventional chemotherapy in hairy cell leukemia?
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What is a unique characteristic of tumor relapse after 5 or more years in hairy cell leukemia?
What is a unique characteristic of tumor relapse after 5 or more years in hairy cell leukemia?
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What is the prognosis typically like for individuals with hairy cell leukemia?
What is the prognosis typically like for individuals with hairy cell leukemia?
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Which type of therapy is particularly effective for hairy cell leukemia due to its sensitivity?
Which type of therapy is particularly effective for hairy cell leukemia due to its sensitivity?
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What morphological feature distinguishes hairy cell leukemia cells when viewed under a phase-contrast microscope?
What morphological feature distinguishes hairy cell leukemia cells when viewed under a phase-contrast microscope?
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Why is obtaining a bone marrow sample from hairy cell leukemia patients often challenging?
Why is obtaining a bone marrow sample from hairy cell leukemia patients often challenging?
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What characteristic splenic appearance is associated with hairy cell leukemia?
What characteristic splenic appearance is associated with hairy cell leukemia?
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Which markers are commonly expressed on hairy cell leukemia cells?
Which markers are commonly expressed on hairy cell leukemia cells?
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What distinguishes the morphological appearance of hairy cell leukemia cells in the bone marrow?
What distinguishes the morphological appearance of hairy cell leukemia cells in the bone marrow?
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Which hematologic malignancy is known for its involvement of hepatic portal triads?
Which hematologic malignancy is known for its involvement of hepatic portal triads?
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What feature characterizes hairy cell leukemia cells' appearance under a phase-contrast microscope?
What feature characterizes hairy cell leukemia cells' appearance under a phase-contrast microscope?
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What makes hairy cells in leukemia different from other leukemic cells under a phase-contrast microscope?
What makes hairy cells in leukemia different from other leukemic cells under a phase-contrast microscope?
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What is the key morphological feature of cells found in Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma/Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia?
What is the key morphological feature of cells found in Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma/Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia?
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Which lymphoma is associated with a (14;18) translocation resulting in overexpression of BCL2?
Which lymphoma is associated with a (14;18) translocation resulting in overexpression of BCL2?
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Which mutation or rearrangement is recognized to be associated with about one-third of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas?
Which mutation or rearrangement is recognized to be associated with about one-third of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas?
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What is a distinguishing feature of Burkitt Lymphoma?
What is a distinguishing feature of Burkitt Lymphoma?
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Which lymphoma shares a growth pattern similar to normal germinal center B cells?
Which lymphoma shares a growth pattern similar to normal germinal center B cells?
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What characteristic sets Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma apart among adult lymphomas?
What characteristic sets Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma apart among adult lymphomas?
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What is the defining characteristic of Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma/Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia?
What is the defining characteristic of Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma/Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia?
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Which lymphoma is specifically associated with rearrangements or mutations of the BCL6 gene?
Which lymphoma is specifically associated with rearrangements or mutations of the BCL6 gene?
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What makes Follicular Lymphoma stand out as the most common indolent lymphoma among adults?
What makes Follicular Lymphoma stand out as the most common indolent lymphoma among adults?
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Which neoplasm is characterized by indolent tumors of antigen-primed B cells that arise at sites of chronic immune stimulation?
Which neoplasm is characterized by indolent tumors of antigen-primed B cells that arise at sites of chronic immune stimulation?
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What is the distinguishing feature of Hairy Cell Leukemia among the listed neoplasms?
What is the distinguishing feature of Hairy Cell Leukemia among the listed neoplasms?
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Which aspect differentiates Mantle Cell Lymphoma from other neoplasms?
Which aspect differentiates Mantle Cell Lymphoma from other neoplasms?
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What distinguishes Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas from other neoplasms in terms of phenotype?
What distinguishes Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas from other neoplasms in terms of phenotype?
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Which region shows a higher incidence of T- and NK-cell tumors compared to the United States and Europe?
Which region shows a higher incidence of T- and NK-cell tumors compared to the United States and Europe?
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What differentiates Marginal Zone Lymphoma from other neoplasms?
What differentiates Marginal Zone Lymphoma from other neoplasms?
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What characteristic cells are typically seen in Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma (ALK Positive)?
What characteristic cells are typically seen in Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma (ALK Positive)?
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Which gene rearrangement leads to the formation of chimeric genes encoding ALK fusion proteins in Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma (ALK Positive)?
Which gene rearrangement leads to the formation of chimeric genes encoding ALK fusion proteins in Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma (ALK Positive)?
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What is a reliable indicator of an ALK gene rearrangement in T-cell lymphomas?
What is a reliable indicator of an ALK gene rearrangement in T-cell lymphomas?
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Which age group tends to be associated with T-cell lymphomas having ALK rearrangements?
Which age group tends to be associated with T-cell lymphomas having ALK rearrangements?
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Which type of lymphomas carry a very good prognosis when they involve soft tissues?
Which type of lymphomas carry a very good prognosis when they involve soft tissues?
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What is the cure rate with chemotherapy for Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma (ALK Positive)?
What is the cure rate with chemotherapy for Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma (ALK Positive)?
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What is a common feature seen in peripheral T-cell lymphomas derived from mature T cells?
What is a common feature seen in peripheral T-cell lymphomas derived from mature T cells?
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What is the significance of DNA analysis in diagnosing difficult cases between lymphoma and reactive processes?
What is the significance of DNA analysis in diagnosing difficult cases between lymphoma and reactive processes?
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Which receptors are expressed by peripheral T-cell lymphomas according to the text?
Which receptors are expressed by peripheral T-cell lymphomas according to the text?
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What is a characteristic marker expressed by peripheral T-cell lymphomas derived from mature T cells?
What is a characteristic marker expressed by peripheral T-cell lymphomas derived from mature T cells?
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How do peripheral T-cell lymphomas typically differ from mature B-cell neoplasms in terms of prognosis?
How do peripheral T-cell lymphomas typically differ from mature B-cell neoplasms in terms of prognosis?
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What is the key role of DNA analysis in confirming a diagnosis of peripheral T-cell lymphoma?
What is the key role of DNA analysis in confirming a diagnosis of peripheral T-cell lymphoma?
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Which syndrome is characterized by Microphthalma, Polydactyly, Microcephaly, and mental retardation?
Which syndrome is characterized by Microphthalma, Polydactyly, Microcephaly, and mental retardation?
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Which syndrome is associated with Rocker-bottom feet?
Which syndrome is associated with Rocker-bottom feet?
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Which infection may lead to a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system and spinal cord?
Which infection may lead to a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system and spinal cord?
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Which neoplastic disorder is associated with cells containing clonal HTLV-1 proviruses?
Which neoplastic disorder is associated with cells containing clonal HTLV-1 proviruses?
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Which chromosomal translocation leads to the formation of chimeric genes encoding ALK fusion proteins in Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma?
Which chromosomal translocation leads to the formation of chimeric genes encoding ALK fusion proteins in Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma?
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What distinguishing feature is observed in Hairy Cell Leukemia regarding IGH genes?
What distinguishing feature is observed in Hairy Cell Leukemia regarding IGH genes?
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Which lymphoma type is most likely to spread through mucosal involvement producing polyp-like lesions in the small bowel or colon?
Which lymphoma type is most likely to spread through mucosal involvement producing polyp-like lesions in the small bowel or colon?
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What is the primary function of the signaling complex involving BCL10 or MALT1?
What is the primary function of the signaling complex involving BCL10 or MALT1?
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What is a key difference between T-cell variants and NK-cell variants based on the text?
What is a key difference between T-cell variants and NK-cell variants based on the text?
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In the context of the text, what dominates the clinical picture despite the relative paucity of marrow infiltration?
In the context of the text, what dominates the clinical picture despite the relative paucity of marrow infiltration?
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What is a rare manifestation that may be seen in the context of the text?
What is a rare manifestation that may be seen in the context of the text?
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Which disorder includes a triad of rheumatoid arthritis, splenomegaly, and neutropenia as an underlying cause according to the text?
Which disorder includes a triad of rheumatoid arthritis, splenomegaly, and neutropenia as an underlying cause according to the text?
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What is suggested to likely cause the varied clinical abnormalities mentioned in the text?
What is suggested to likely cause the varied clinical abnormalities mentioned in the text?
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What may autoimmunity be provoked by according to the text?
What may autoimmunity be provoked by according to the text?
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What clinical feature is more prevalent in Felty syndrome according to the text?
What clinical feature is more prevalent in Felty syndrome according to the text?
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What factor remains unknown despite certain clinical abnormalities in patients mentioned in the text?
What factor remains unknown despite certain clinical abnormalities in patients mentioned in the text?
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What is the most common site for the occurrence of Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia?
What is the most common site for the occurrence of Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia?
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Which transcription factor is constitutively activated in approximately 30% to 40% of Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemias?
Which transcription factor is constitutively activated in approximately 30% to 40% of Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemias?
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What is a typical morphological feature of the tumor cells in Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia?
What is a typical morphological feature of the tumor cells in Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia?
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In what form of Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia do acquired mutations in STAT3 occur?
In what form of Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia do acquired mutations in STAT3 occur?
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Which organ is usually free from lymphadenopathy in individuals with T-cell disease?
Which organ is usually free from lymphadenopathy in individuals with T-cell disease?
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What is the main role of STAT3 in the pathogenesis of Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemias?
What is the main role of STAT3 in the pathogenesis of Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemias?
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Which type of leukemia/lymphoma presents with skin lesions that rarely proceed to tumefaction?
Which type of leukemia/lymphoma presents with skin lesions that rarely proceed to tumefaction?
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What is the variant of mycosis fungoides characterized by skin involvement manifested as a generalized exfoliative erythroderma?
What is the variant of mycosis fungoides characterized by skin involvement manifested as a generalized exfoliative erythroderma?
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Which molecule, expressed by tumor cells, contributes to the homing of CD4+ T cells to the skin in mycosis fungoides?
Which molecule, expressed by tumor cells, contributes to the homing of CD4+ T cells to the skin in mycosis fungoides?
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Late disease progression in mycosis fungoides is characterized by extracutaneous spread, most commonly to which locations?
Late disease progression in mycosis fungoides is characterized by extracutaneous spread, most commonly to which locations?
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In mycosis fungoides, which phase involves neoplastic T cells with a cerebriform appearance due to marked infolding of the nuclear membrane?
In mycosis fungoides, which phase involves neoplastic T cells with a cerebriform appearance due to marked infolding of the nuclear membrane?
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Which lymphoma variant is a rare form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma characterized by the presence of cerebriform nuclei?
Which lymphoma variant is a rare form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma characterized by the presence of cerebriform nuclei?
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Which molecule expressed by tumor cells contributes to the homing of CD4+ T cells to the skin in Szary Syndrome?
Which molecule expressed by tumor cells contributes to the homing of CD4+ T cells to the skin in Szary Syndrome?
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What is the main consequence of mutations in transcription factors that influence self-renewal?
What is the main consequence of mutations in transcription factors that influence self-renewal?
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What is a distinguishing feature of marginal zone lymphomas that arise at extranodal sites?
What is a distinguishing feature of marginal zone lymphomas that arise at extranodal sites?
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What do clonal HTLV-1 proviruses in tumor cells suggest about the role of the virus?
What do clonal HTLV-1 proviruses in tumor cells suggest about the role of the virus?
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Why does the transformation process leading to adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma remain poorly understood?
Why does the transformation process leading to adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma remain poorly understood?
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What leads to a sustained increase in neutrophil production over several days?
What leads to a sustained increase in neutrophil production over several days?
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What triggers rapid proliferation in newly committed progenitor cells?
What triggers rapid proliferation in newly committed progenitor cells?
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Which characteristic is associated with tumors of unmutated Ig segments in CLL/SLL?
Which characteristic is associated with tumors of unmutated Ig segments in CLL/SLL?
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Which adhesion molecule is expressed by tumor cells in both mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome?
Which adhesion molecule is expressed by tumor cells in both mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome?
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What is the characteristic nuclear appearance of 'Sézary' cells in Sézary syndrome?
What is the characteristic nuclear appearance of 'Sézary' cells in Sézary syndrome?
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Which chemokine receptors are expressed by tumor cells in both mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome?
Which chemokine receptors are expressed by tumor cells in both mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome?
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What is the median survival of indolent tumors, such as mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome?
What is the median survival of indolent tumors, such as mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome?
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In which phase do cutaneous lesions in mycosis fungoides typically progress through three somewhat distinct stages?
In which phase do cutaneous lesions in mycosis fungoides typically progress through three somewhat distinct stages?
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What is the main difference between mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome regarding skin involvement?
What is the main difference between mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome regarding skin involvement?
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Which structures are characterized by a marked infolding of the nuclear membrane in neoplastic T cells of mycosis fungoides?
Which structures are characterized by a marked infolding of the nuclear membrane in neoplastic T cells of mycosis fungoides?
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What characterizes late disease progression in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome?
What characterizes late disease progression in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome?
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'Sézary' syndrome is distinguished by the presence of which cells with characteristic nuclei?
'Sézary' syndrome is distinguished by the presence of which cells with characteristic nuclei?
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What is a common clinical presentation of NK-cell disease in Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia?
What is a common clinical presentation of NK-cell disease in Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia?
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What is the predominant clinical feature in T-cell variants of Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia?
What is the predominant clinical feature in T-cell variants of Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia?
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What is the genetic mutation found in approximately 30% to 40% of Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemias?
What is the genetic mutation found in approximately 30% to 40% of Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemias?
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Which cell surface marker is characteristic of T-cell variants of Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia?
Which cell surface marker is characteristic of T-cell variants of Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia?
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What is the primary role of STAT3 mutations in Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia pathogenesis?
What is the primary role of STAT3 mutations in Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia pathogenesis?
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How do NK-cell variants of Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia differ from T-cell variants?
How do NK-cell variants of Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia differ from T-cell variants?
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Which cellular characteristic distinguishes neoplastic cells in Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemias according to peripheral blood smears?
Which cellular characteristic distinguishes neoplastic cells in Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemias according to peripheral blood smears?
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What is the characteristic marrow infiltrate observed in Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemias?
What is the characteristic marrow infiltrate observed in Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemias?
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What is a distinguishing feature of NK-cell variants compared to T-cell variants in Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemias?
What is a distinguishing feature of NK-cell variants compared to T-cell variants in Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemias?
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Which transcription factor mutation is associated with Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemias?
Which transcription factor mutation is associated with Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemias?
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What is the hallmark of Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma?
What is the hallmark of Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma?
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Which protein is commonly secreted by neoplastic plasma cells in plasma cell neoplasms?
Which protein is commonly secreted by neoplastic plasma cells in plasma cell neoplasms?
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Which tumor is strongly associated with EBV infection?
Which tumor is strongly associated with EBV infection?
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What does ALK tyrosine kinase activation result from in Anaplastic large cell lymphoma?
What does ALK tyrosine kinase activation result from in Anaplastic large cell lymphoma?
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What is the primary marker of plasma cell neoplasms used for diagnosis?
What is the primary marker of plasma cell neoplasms used for diagnosis?
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'Monoclonal gammopathy' and 'paraproteinemia' are terms associated with which group of neoplasms?
'Monoclonal gammopathy' and 'paraproteinemia' are terms associated with which group of neoplasms?
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'Large granular lymphocytic leukemia' is most commonly derived from which type of cells?
'Large granular lymphocytic leukemia' is most commonly derived from which type of cells?
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What is a characteristic feature of Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma in terms of response to chemotherapy?
What is a characteristic feature of Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma in terms of response to chemotherapy?
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What is the common response of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma to radiation therapy?
What is the common response of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma to radiation therapy?
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Which type of treatment has shown positive results in extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma akin to other virus-driven cancers?
Which type of treatment has shown positive results in extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma akin to other virus-driven cancers?
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What is a distinctive feature of the tumor cells in Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma regarding EBV episomes?
What is a distinctive feature of the tumor cells in Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma regarding EBV episomes?
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Which surface protein is notably absent on tumor cells in Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma despite being the B-cell EBV receptor?
Which surface protein is notably absent on tumor cells in Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma despite being the B-cell EBV receptor?
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What is a significant difference between extranodal NK/T-cell lymphomas and mature B-cell neoplasms regarding chromosome abnormalities?
What is a significant difference between extranodal NK/T-cell lymphomas and mature B-cell neoplasms regarding chromosome abnormalities?
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How do extranodal NK/T-cell lymphomas generally respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors?
How do extranodal NK/T-cell lymphomas generally respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors?
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What is a distinguishing feature of Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphomas compared to other neoplasms regarding CD3 expression and T-cell receptor rearrangements?
What is a distinguishing feature of Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphomas compared to other neoplasms regarding CD3 expression and T-cell receptor rearrangements?
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Plasma cell tumors often synthesize excess light chains along with complete Igs. In most patients, the level of free light chains is elevated and skewed toward one light chain at the expense of the second. What are these light chains referred to when excreted in the urine?
Plasma cell tumors often synthesize excess light chains along with complete Igs. In most patients, the level of free light chains is elevated and skewed toward one light chain at the expense of the second. What are these light chains referred to when excreted in the urine?
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Which type of lymphoma is rare in the United States and Europe but constitutes as many as 3% of NHLS in Asia, often presenting as a destructive nasopharyngeal mass?
Which type of lymphoma is rare in the United States and Europe but constitutes as many as 3% of NHLS in Asia, often presenting as a destructive nasopharyngeal mass?
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Which neoplasm is identified by the presence of a monoclonal Ig in the blood known as an M component?
Which neoplasm is identified by the presence of a monoclonal Ig in the blood known as an M component?
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In multiple myeloma, what is excluded from the urine in the absence of glomerular damage?
In multiple myeloma, what is excluded from the urine in the absence of glomerular damage?
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Which presentation is most common for Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma?
Which presentation is most common for Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma?
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What is the most frequent site of presentation for Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma aside from the nasopharynx?
What is the most frequent site of presentation for Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma aside from the nasopharynx?
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'Monoclonal Ig' identified in multiple myeloma patients has a molecular weight of:
'Monoclonal Ig' identified in multiple myeloma patients has a molecular weight of:
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'Bence Jones proteins' are excreted in the urine due to plasma cell tumors. What is a defining characteristic of these proteins?
'Bence Jones proteins' are excreted in the urine due to plasma cell tumors. What is a defining characteristic of these proteins?
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What is a defining feature of solitary myeloma (plasmacytoma)?
What is a defining feature of solitary myeloma (plasmacytoma)?
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Which variant is defined by a lack of symptoms and a high plasma M component?
Which variant is defined by a lack of symptoms and a high plasma M component?
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What distinguishes Waldenström macroglobulinemia from other variants mentioned?
What distinguishes Waldenström macroglobulinemia from other variants mentioned?
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What is a common feature of heavy-chain disease as mentioned in the text?
What is a common feature of heavy-chain disease as mentioned in the text?
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What characterizes primary or immunocyte-associated amyloidosis?
What characterizes primary or immunocyte-associated amyloidosis?
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Which condition results from monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells secreting light chains?
Which condition results from monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells secreting light chains?
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What is a defining characteristic of Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)?
What is a defining characteristic of Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)?
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What is the distinguishing feature of MGUS compared to other symptomatic plasma cell neoplasms?
What is the distinguishing feature of MGUS compared to other symptomatic plasma cell neoplasms?
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Which variant is very common in older adults and may transform to multiple myeloma or other symptomatic plasma cell neoplasms?
Which variant is very common in older adults and may transform to multiple myeloma or other symptomatic plasma cell neoplasms?
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Which cytokine is highlighted in the text as a crucial growth factor for plasma cells in multiple myeloma?
Which cytokine is highlighted in the text as a crucial growth factor for plasma cells in multiple myeloma?
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What is a common genetic aberration associated with late-stage, highly aggressive forms of multiple myeloma?
What is a common genetic aberration associated with late-stage, highly aggressive forms of multiple myeloma?
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Which proto-oncogene is frequently involved in rearrangements associated with multiple myeloma?
Which proto-oncogene is frequently involved in rearrangements associated with multiple myeloma?
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What chromosome locus is mainly implicated in the genetic rearrangements seen in multiple myeloma?
What chromosome locus is mainly implicated in the genetic rearrangements seen in multiple myeloma?
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Which signaling pathway mutations are commonly identified in deep sequencing of myeloma genomes?
Which signaling pathway mutations are commonly identified in deep sequencing of myeloma genomes?
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What is the peak age of incidence for multiple myeloma as stated in the text?
What is the peak age of incidence for multiple myeloma as stated in the text?
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What is the predominant gender affected by multiple myeloma according to the text?
What is the predominant gender affected by multiple myeloma according to the text?
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Which specific gene rearrangement is NOT mentioned in association with late-stage, highly aggressive forms of multiple myeloma?
Which specific gene rearrangement is NOT mentioned in association with late-stage, highly aggressive forms of multiple myeloma?
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What is a significant outcome linked to deletions of chromosome 17p involving the TP53 tumor suppressor locus?
What is a significant outcome linked to deletions of chromosome 17p involving the TP53 tumor suppressor locus?
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What is the primary characteristic of bone lesions in multiple myeloma?
What is the primary characteristic of bone lesions in multiple myeloma?
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What is the main cellular component that replaces normal elements in the bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma?
What is the main cellular component that replaces normal elements in the bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma?
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Which feature is characteristic of malignant plasma cells in multiple myeloma?
Which feature is characteristic of malignant plasma cells in multiple myeloma?
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What type of plasma cell can predominate in multiple myeloma based on the text?
What type of plasma cell can predominate in multiple myeloma based on the text?
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Which cytologic variant is a result of dysregulated synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulin in multiple myeloma?
Which cytologic variant is a result of dysregulated synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulin in multiple myeloma?
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What type of cells predominantly make up the marrow in multiple myeloma?
What type of cells predominantly make up the marrow in multiple myeloma?
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Which feature is commonly seen in plasma cells in multiple myeloma?
Which feature is commonly seen in plasma cells in multiple myeloma?
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What type of inclusions can be found in cells affected by the dysregulated synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulin in multiple myeloma?
What type of inclusions can be found in cells affected by the dysregulated synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulin in multiple myeloma?
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'Fiery red cytoplasm' is a characteristic of which type of cell seen in multiple myeloma?
'Fiery red cytoplasm' is a characteristic of which type of cell seen in multiple myeloma?
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What is the major pathologic feature of multiple myeloma as described in the text?
What is the major pathologic feature of multiple myeloma as described in the text?
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Which factor released from tumor cells is mentioned as a potent inhibitor of osteoblast function in multiple myeloma?
Which factor released from tumor cells is mentioned as a potent inhibitor of osteoblast function in multiple myeloma?
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Where are sharply punched-out bone lesions most obvious in multiple myeloma?
Where are sharply punched-out bone lesions most obvious in multiple myeloma?
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In multiple myeloma, what bones are most commonly affected in descending order of frequency?
In multiple myeloma, what bones are most commonly affected in descending order of frequency?
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What is the primary presentation pattern of multiple myeloma tumors as described in the text?
What is the primary presentation pattern of multiple myeloma tumors as described in the text?
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What characteristic differentiates lesions caused by multiple myeloma from normal bone tissue?
What characteristic differentiates lesions caused by multiple myeloma from normal bone tissue?
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Which of the following is an important factor that appears to augment osteoclast formation in multiple myeloma?
Which of the following is an important factor that appears to augment osteoclast formation in multiple myeloma?
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What is the net effect of the factors released from tumor cells like modulators of the Wnt pathway on bone resorption in multiple myeloma?
What is the net effect of the factors released from tumor cells like modulators of the Wnt pathway on bone resorption in multiple myeloma?
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What is one characteristic feature of multiple myeloma lesions that distinguishes them from normal bone tissue?
What is one characteristic feature of multiple myeloma lesions that distinguishes them from normal bone tissue?
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What is a common characteristic of multiple myeloma?
What is a common characteristic of multiple myeloma?
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What is a typical clinical feature of plasma cell tumors?
What is a typical clinical feature of plasma cell tumors?
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What is a consequence of hypercalcemia in multiple myeloma?
What is a consequence of hypercalcemia in multiple myeloma?
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Which cell marker is often expressed in plasma cell tumors?
Which cell marker is often expressed in plasma cell tumors?
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What clinical manifestation can arise from tumor cells flooding the peripheral blood?
What clinical manifestation can arise from tumor cells flooding the peripheral blood?
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What is a distinctive feature of plasma cell leukemia?
What is a distinctive feature of plasma cell leukemia?
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Which condition is associated with rouleaux formation?
Which condition is associated with rouleaux formation?
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What adhesion molecule is CD138 also known as?
What adhesion molecule is CD138 also known as?
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What is the single most important factor contributing to renal failure in patients?
What is the single most important factor contributing to renal failure in patients?
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Which type of light chains are prone to cause amyloidosis of the AL type?
Which type of light chains are prone to cause amyloidosis of the AL type?
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What is the main purpose of serum protein electrophoresis (SP) in multiple myeloma screening?
What is the main purpose of serum protein electrophoresis (SP) in multiple myeloma screening?
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How is the suspected monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) confirmed and characterized?
How is the suspected monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) confirmed and characterized?
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Which specific proteins are used to visualize the sharp band indicative of IgGк M protein in serum electrophoresis?
Which specific proteins are used to visualize the sharp band indicative of IgGк M protein in serum electrophoresis?
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What characteristic feature distinguishes polytypic IgG bands in normal serum from monoclonal Ig bands in patients with multiple myeloma?
What characteristic feature distinguishes polytypic IgG bands in normal serum from monoclonal Ig bands in patients with multiple myeloma?
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How does immunofixation help in identifying monoclonal immunoglobulins in multiple myeloma?
How does immunofixation help in identifying monoclonal immunoglobulins in multiple myeloma?
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'Serum from a patient with multiple myeloma contains a single sharp protein band' - What method would be best used to confirm this finding?
'Serum from a patient with multiple myeloma contains a single sharp protein band' - What method would be best used to confirm this finding?
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What is the most common monoclonal Ig found in multiple myeloma patients?
What is the most common monoclonal Ig found in multiple myeloma patients?
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In about 20% of multiple myeloma patients, what is observed in terms of M proteins?
In about 20% of multiple myeloma patients, what is observed in terms of M proteins?
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Which Ig subtype is usually associated with hyper-viscosity symptoms in multiple myeloma patients?
Which Ig subtype is usually associated with hyper-viscosity symptoms in multiple myeloma patients?
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What percentage of patients with multiple myeloma have a nonsecretory form where no M proteins are observed?
What percentage of patients with multiple myeloma have a nonsecretory form where no M proteins are observed?
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What is the typical range of serum Ig levels seen in most patients with myelomas?
What is the typical range of serum Ig levels seen in most patients with myelomas?
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Which type of IgM is rare in multiple myeloma cases?
Which type of IgM is rare in multiple myeloma cases?
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In what percentage of multiple myeloma patients are both free light chains and a serum M protein observed together?
In what percentage of multiple myeloma patients are both free light chains and a serum M protein observed together?
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What percentage of multiple myelomas express IgG as the monoclonal Ig?
What percentage of multiple myelomas express IgG as the monoclonal Ig?
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What is a key component of the clinicopathologic diagnosis of multiple myeloma?
What is a key component of the clinicopathologic diagnosis of multiple myeloma?
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Which criteria are used to confirm the diagnosis of multiple myeloma?
Which criteria are used to confirm the diagnosis of multiple myeloma?
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Which genetic translocation in multiple myeloma is associated with a more aggressive disease course?
Which genetic translocation in multiple myeloma is associated with a more aggressive disease course?
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What organelle's inhibition is effective in treating myeloma cells?
What organelle's inhibition is effective in treating myeloma cells?
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What might trigger apoptosis in myeloma cells if not degraded by proteasomes?
What might trigger apoptosis in myeloma cells if not degraded by proteasomes?
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What genetic translocation is associated with a good outcome in multiple myeloma?
What genetic translocation is associated with a good outcome in multiple myeloma?
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What is the median survival range for patients with multiple myeloma?
What is the median survival range for patients with multiple myeloma?
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Which type of myeloma patients may be asymptomatic for many years?
Which type of myeloma patients may be asymptomatic for many years?
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What is the primary outcome achieved over the past decade regarding multiple myeloma?
What is the primary outcome achieved over the past decade regarding multiple myeloma?
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What might happen if misfolded proteins in myeloma cells are not degraded by proteasomes?
What might happen if misfolded proteins in myeloma cells are not degraded by proteasomes?
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What is the main consequence of high levels of M protein in the blood according to the text?
What is the main consequence of high levels of M protein in the blood according to the text?
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What is the characteristic feature of plasma cell tumors that helps in identifying neoplastic cells?
What is the characteristic feature of plasma cell tumors that helps in identifying neoplastic cells?
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What contributes to the clinical features of multiple myeloma related to the bones?
What contributes to the clinical features of multiple myeloma related to the bones?
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Which factor can give rise to neurologic manifestations in multiple myeloma patients?
Which factor can give rise to neurologic manifestations in multiple myeloma patients?
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In multiple myeloma, what contributes to the suppression of normal humoral immunity?
In multiple myeloma, what contributes to the suppression of normal humoral immunity?
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What is a key feature of myeloma kidney, a renal disease associated with multiple myeloma?
What is a key feature of myeloma kidney, a renal disease associated with multiple myeloma?
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Which molecule is CD138 also known as, playing a role in plasma cell tumor immunophenotype?
Which molecule is CD138 also known as, playing a role in plasma cell tumor immunophenotype?
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What does CD56 expression in plasma cell tumors help in identifying?
What does CD56 expression in plasma cell tumors help in identifying?
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What is the single most important factor contributing to renal failure in patients?
What is the single most important factor contributing to renal failure in patients?
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What percentage of patients with myelomas are associated with more than 3 g/dL of serum Ig?
What percentage of patients with myelomas are associated with more than 3 g/dL of serum Ig?
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Which type of monoclonal Ig is the most common in patients with myelomas?
Which type of monoclonal Ig is the most common in patients with myelomas?
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What percentage of patients with myelomas experience symptoms related to hyperviscosity?
What percentage of patients with myelomas experience symptoms related to hyperviscosity?
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In how many patients are both free light chains and a serum M protein observed together?
In how many patients are both free light chains and a serum M protein observed together?
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What is the most common subtype of M protein observed in myeloma patients experiencing hyper-viscosity symptoms?
What is the most common subtype of M protein observed in myeloma patients experiencing hyper-viscosity symptoms?
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What characteristic protein spikes are usually first detected in serum or urine electrophoresis in myeloma patients?
What characteristic protein spikes are usually first detected in serum or urine electrophoresis in myeloma patients?
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What renal condition results from the toxic effect of excreted light chains on renal tubular epithelial cells in myeloma patients?
What renal condition results from the toxic effect of excreted light chains on renal tubular epithelial cells in myeloma patients?
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What is the most common genetic feature associated with a good outcome in myeloma patients?
What is the most common genetic feature associated with a good outcome in myeloma patients?
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Which of the following is NOT included in the CRAB criteria for diagnosing myeloma?
Which of the following is NOT included in the CRAB criteria for diagnosing myeloma?
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What is the median survival range for myeloma patients?
What is the median survival range for myeloma patients?
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Which organelle is targeted by inhibitors due to its sensitivity in myeloma cells?
Which organelle is targeted by inhibitors due to its sensitivity in myeloma cells?
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What characteristic distinguishes 'smoldering Translocation-myeloma' patients from those with multiple bony lesions?
What characteristic distinguishes 'smoldering Translocation-myeloma' patients from those with multiple bony lesions?
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Which genetic anomaly is associated with a more aggressive course in myeloma patients?
Which genetic anomaly is associated with a more aggressive course in myeloma patients?
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What is the primary factor contributing to the improved outcomes seen in myeloma over the past decade?
What is the primary factor contributing to the improved outcomes seen in myeloma over the past decade?
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Which treatment approach triggers apoptosis in myeloma cells by preventing the degradation of misfolded proteins?
Which treatment approach triggers apoptosis in myeloma cells by preventing the degradation of misfolded proteins?
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What percentage of multiple myelomas are nonsecretory?
What percentage of multiple myelomas are nonsecretory?
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Which diagnostic method is used to screen for a monoclonal immunoglobulin in multiple myeloma?
Which diagnostic method is used to screen for a monoclonal immunoglobulin in multiple myeloma?
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In multiple myeloma, what confirms and characterizes the suspected monoclonal Ig?
In multiple myeloma, what confirms and characterizes the suspected monoclonal Ig?
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What is the characteristic feature of the serum protein electrophoresis in a patient with multiple myeloma?
What is the characteristic feature of the serum protein electrophoresis in a patient with multiple myeloma?
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How are suspected monoclonal Ig proteins visualized in immunofixation?
How are suspected monoclonal Ig proteins visualized in immunofixation?
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What contributes to the 'sharp band' appearance in serum protein electrophoresis of a patient with multiple myeloma?
What contributes to the 'sharp band' appearance in serum protein electrophoresis of a patient with multiple myeloma?
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What is decreased in the serum of a patient with multiple myeloma relative to normal, according to the text?
What is decreased in the serum of a patient with multiple myeloma relative to normal, according to the text?
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Which syndrome is known to be caused by the secretion of monoclonal IgM in Waldenström macroglobulinemia?
Which syndrome is known to be caused by the secretion of monoclonal IgM in Waldenström macroglobulinemia?
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Which protein plays a role in signaling events activating NF-κB in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma?
Which protein plays a role in signaling events activating NF-κB in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma?
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What type of cells are typically present in the infiltrate found in the marrow of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma?
What type of cells are typically present in the infiltrate found in the marrow of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma?
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What is a frequent location of tumor dissemination at the time of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma diagnosis?
What is a frequent location of tumor dissemination at the time of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma diagnosis?
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Which type of inclusion bodies containing Ig are commonly seen in some plasma cells of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma?
Which type of inclusion bodies containing Ig are commonly seen in some plasma cells of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma?
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What is one of the rare complications in Waldenström macroglobulinemia compared to multiple myeloma?
What is one of the rare complications in Waldenström macroglobulinemia compared to multiple myeloma?
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Which condition is associated with acquired mutations in MYD88 in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma?
Which condition is associated with acquired mutations in MYD88 in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma?
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What is a distinguishing feature of large lymphoid cells found in some tumors associated with Waldenström macroglobulinemia?
What is a distinguishing feature of large lymphoid cells found in some tumors associated with Waldenström macroglobulinemia?
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What is the approximate percentage of individuals older than 70 years of age who may have Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS)?
What is the approximate percentage of individuals older than 70 years of age who may have Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS)?
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Which plasma cell disorder is characterized by patients being asymptomatic and having a serum M protein level less than 3 g/dL?
Which plasma cell disorder is characterized by patients being asymptomatic and having a serum M protein level less than 3 g/dL?
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Which type of plasmacytoma is more likely to be cured by local resection?
Which type of plasmacytoma is more likely to be cured by local resection?
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What fraction of patients with Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS) develop a symptomatic plasma cell neoplasm annually?
What fraction of patients with Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS) develop a symptomatic plasma cell neoplasm annually?
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Which condition almost inevitably progresses to multiple myeloma but can take a decade or longer to do so?
Which condition almost inevitably progresses to multiple myeloma but can take a decade or longer to do so?
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'Clonal plasma cells in MGUS contain many of the same chromosomal translocations and deletions' found in which condition indicating an early stage of myeloma development?
'Clonal plasma cells in MGUS contain many of the same chromosomal translocations and deletions' found in which condition indicating an early stage of myeloma development?
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'Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma is a B-cell neoplasm' that typically presents in which decade of life?
'Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma is a B-cell neoplasm' that typically presents in which decade of life?
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'Solitary osseous plasmacytoma almost inevitably progresses to multiple myeloma' over a span of how many years?
'Solitary osseous plasmacytoma almost inevitably progresses to multiple myeloma' over a span of how many years?
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What is a characteristic of cold agglutinins mentioned in the text?
What is a characteristic of cold agglutinins mentioned in the text?
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What is the primary characteristic feature of bone marrow biopsy in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma?
What is the primary characteristic feature of bone marrow biopsy in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma?
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Which symptom is NOT a common presenting complaint in patients with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma?
Which symptom is NOT a common presenting complaint in patients with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma?
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What is the role of CD20 in lymphoid cells as discussed in the text?
What is the role of CD20 in lymphoid cells as discussed in the text?
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What is a common feature found in patients with IgM-secreting tumors?
What is a common feature found in patients with IgM-secreting tumors?
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Which organ is LEAST likely to be affected in patients with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma?
Which organ is LEAST likely to be affected in patients with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma?
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What is the mechanism by which lenalidomide affects myeloma growth?
What is the mechanism by which lenalidomide affects myeloma growth?
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What is a distinguishing feature between smoldering myeloma and multiple myeloma?
What is a distinguishing feature between smoldering myeloma and multiple myeloma?
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Which drug class is known to reduce pathologic fractures and limit hypercalcemia in myeloma treatment?
Which drug class is known to reduce pathologic fractures and limit hypercalcemia in myeloma treatment?
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In what percentage of plasma cell neoplasms do solitary osseous plasmacytomas typically present?
In what percentage of plasma cell neoplasms do solitary osseous plasmacytomas typically present?
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What is the characteristic of plasma cells in solitary osseous plasmacytomas when compared to multiple myeloma?
What is the characteristic of plasma cells in solitary osseous plasmacytomas when compared to multiple myeloma?
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Which cells make up 10% to 30% of the marrow cellularity in cases of smoldering myeloma?
Which cells make up 10% to 30% of the marrow cellularity in cases of smoldering myeloma?
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What is the primary effect of HSC transplantation in myeloma cases?
What is the primary effect of HSC transplantation in myeloma cases?
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What role do thalidomide and lenalidomide play in myeloma treatment?
What role do thalidomide and lenalidomide play in myeloma treatment?
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What is one of the visual impairments associated with the hyperviscosity syndrome caused by high IgM concentrations?
What is one of the visual impairments associated with the hyperviscosity syndrome caused by high IgM concentrations?
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Which symptom can be alleviated by plasmapheresis in individuals with high IgM levels?
Which symptom can be alleviated by plasmapheresis in individuals with high IgM levels?
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What is a neurological problem associated with the hyperviscosity syndrome from high IgM concentrations?
What is a neurological problem associated with the hyperviscosity syndrome from high IgM concentrations?
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Which treatment approach is effective for controlling tumor growth in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma?
Which treatment approach is effective for controlling tumor growth in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma?
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What is a characteristic of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma in response to BTK inhibitors?
What is a characteristic of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma in response to BTK inhibitors?
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What symptom can result from the formation of complexes between macroglobulins and clotting factors in hyperviscosity syndrome?
What symptom can result from the formation of complexes between macroglobulins and clotting factors in hyperviscosity syndrome?
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What is a characteristic of transformation to large-cell lymphoma in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma?
What is a characteristic of transformation to large-cell lymphoma in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma?
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What clinical feature is most commonly seen in plasma cell neoplasms?
What clinical feature is most commonly seen in plasma cell neoplasms?
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Which translocation is frequently associated with multiple myeloma?
Which translocation is frequently associated with multiple myeloma?
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What differentiates smoldering myeloma from multiple myeloma?
What differentiates smoldering myeloma from multiple myeloma?
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Which neoplasm commonly progresses to multiple myeloma within 7 to 10 years?
Which neoplasm commonly progresses to multiple myeloma within 7 to 10 years?
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What is the characteristic feature of AL amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma?
What is the characteristic feature of AL amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma?
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Which neoplastic plasma cells secrete nephrotoxic antibodies in plasma cell neoplasms?
Which neoplastic plasma cells secrete nephrotoxic antibodies in plasma cell neoplasms?
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What distinguishes MGUS from multiple myeloma?
What distinguishes MGUS from multiple myeloma?
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What is a key morphological feature of Hodgkin lymphoma?
What is a key morphological feature of Hodgkin lymphoma?
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Which lymphoma type arises in a single node or chain of nodes and spreads contiguously?
Which lymphoma type arises in a single node or chain of nodes and spreads contiguously?
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What is the average age at diagnosis for Hodgkin lymphoma?
What is the average age at diagnosis for Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What distinguishes the spread pattern of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) from Hodgkin Lymphoma?
What distinguishes the spread pattern of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) from Hodgkin Lymphoma?
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Which nodes are rarely involved in Hodgkin lymphoma?
Which nodes are rarely involved in Hodgkin lymphoma?
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In Hodgkin lymphoma, what is the primary source of neoplastic Reed-Sternberg cells?
In Hodgkin lymphoma, what is the primary source of neoplastic Reed-Sternberg cells?
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What is a distinguishing histological feature of Hodgkin lymphoma?
What is a distinguishing histological feature of Hodgkin lymphoma?
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'Reactive lymphocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes typically make up greater than 90% of the tumor cellularity' describes which feature of Hodgkin lymphoma?
'Reactive lymphocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes typically make up greater than 90% of the tumor cellularity' describes which feature of Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What is the primary source of formed elements in blood?
What is the primary source of formed elements in blood?
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What distinguishes Mantle Cell Lymphoma from other neoplasms?
What distinguishes Mantle Cell Lymphoma from other neoplasms?
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What plays a significant role in the overexpression of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL2 in CLL/SLL?
What plays a significant role in the overexpression of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL2 in CLL/SLL?
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Which organ may marginal zone lymphomas arise within?
Which organ may marginal zone lymphomas arise within?
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What is one of the risks associated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy?
What is one of the risks associated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy?
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Which signaling pathway mutations are commonly identified in deep sequencing of myeloma genomes?
Which signaling pathway mutations are commonly identified in deep sequencing of myeloma genomes?
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What is one characteristic feature of multiple myeloma lesions that distinguishes them from normal bone tissue?
What is one characteristic feature of multiple myeloma lesions that distinguishes them from normal bone tissue?
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What is a common feature of hypoplastic states?
What is a common feature of hypoplastic states?
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What triggers rapid proliferation in newly committed progenitor cells?
What triggers rapid proliferation in newly committed progenitor cells?
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What are the factors produced by Reed-Sternberg cells that antagonize cytotoxic T-cell responses?
What are the factors produced by Reed-Sternberg cells that antagonize cytotoxic T-cell responses?
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of diagnostic Reed-Sternberg cells?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of diagnostic Reed-Sternberg cells?
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What is a distinguishing feature of Lacunar cells seen in the nodular sclerosis subtype of Reed-Sternberg cells?
What is a distinguishing feature of Lacunar cells seen in the nodular sclerosis subtype of Reed-Sternberg cells?
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What is the average diameter of a diagnostic Reed-Sternberg cell's nucleus?
What is the average diameter of a diagnostic Reed-Sternberg cell's nucleus?
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Which type of Reed-Sternberg cell variant contains a single nucleus with a large inclusion-like nucleolus?
Which type of Reed-Sternberg cell variant contains a single nucleus with a large inclusion-like nucleolus?
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What is a key morphological feature that helps in identifying Reed-Sternberg cells?
What is a key morphological feature that helps in identifying Reed-Sternberg cells?
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Which subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with Lacunar cells?
Which subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with Lacunar cells?
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What is the primary factor responsible for inducing an ineffective host response by Reed-Sternberg cells?
What is the primary factor responsible for inducing an ineffective host response by Reed-Sternberg cells?
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What is the peculiar form of cell death that Reed-Sternberg cells undergo known as in classic forms of Hodgkin lymphoma?
What is the peculiar form of cell death that Reed-Sternberg cells undergo known as in classic forms of Hodgkin lymphoma?
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Which variant of Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the presence of lacunar variant Reed-Sternberg cells and collagen deposition in bands that divide involved lymph nodes into circumscribed nodules?
Which variant of Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the presence of lacunar variant Reed-Sternberg cells and collagen deposition in bands that divide involved lymph nodes into circumscribed nodules?
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Which cell characteristic is characteristic of the lymphocyte predominance subtype of classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
Which cell characteristic is characteristic of the lymphocyte predominance subtype of classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What is a key feature used for the identification of Reed-Sternberg cells in classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
What is a key feature used for the identification of Reed-Sternberg cells in classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
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Which condition must be distinguished from Hodgkin lymphoma as it may show cells resembling Reed-Sternberg cells?
Which condition must be distinguished from Hodgkin lymphoma as it may show cells resembling Reed-Sternberg cells?
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What are the salient morphologic features present in Nodular Sclerosis Type Hodgkin Lymphoma?
What are the salient morphologic features present in Nodular Sclerosis Type Hodgkin Lymphoma?
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What is the primary diagnostic factor for identifying Hodgkin lymphoma?
What is the primary diagnostic factor for identifying Hodgkin lymphoma?
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Which variant of Hodgkin lymphoma constitutes 65% to 70% of cases?
Which variant of Hodgkin lymphoma constitutes 65% to 70% of cases?
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What genetic mutation is particularly common in Reed-Sternberg cells and may contribute to increased NF-kB activity?
What genetic mutation is particularly common in Reed-Sternberg cells and may contribute to increased NF-kB activity?
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Which immune checkpoint proteins, when amplified due to copy number gains, inhibit antitumor T-cell responses in Hodgkin lymphoma?
Which immune checkpoint proteins, when amplified due to copy number gains, inhibit antitumor T-cell responses in Hodgkin lymphoma?
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In Hodgkin lymphoma, what factors secreted by Reed-Sternberg cells attract reactive cells to tissues involved by the tumor?
In Hodgkin lymphoma, what factors secreted by Reed-Sternberg cells attract reactive cells to tissues involved by the tumor?
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Which ligands activate CD30 and CD40 receptors on Reed-Sternberg cells, leading to up-regulation of NF-κB?
Which ligands activate CD30 and CD40 receptors on Reed-Sternberg cells, leading to up-regulation of NF-κB?
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What is the impact of copy number gains in genes encoding PD-L1 and PD-L2 on antitumor T-cell responses?
What is the impact of copy number gains in genes encoding PD-L1 and PD-L2 on antitumor T-cell responses?
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Which feature contributes to the remarkable metamorphosis of B cells into Reed-Sternberg cells in individuals with infectious mononucleosis?
Which feature contributes to the remarkable metamorphosis of B cells into Reed-Sternberg cells in individuals with infectious mononucleosis?
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What type of clonal chromosomal aberrations are present in Reed-Sternberg cells?
What type of clonal chromosomal aberrations are present in Reed-Sternberg cells?
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'Florid accumulation of reactive cells' in classic Hodgkin lymphoma is primarily in response to which factor secreted by Reed-Sternberg cells?
'Florid accumulation of reactive cells' in classic Hodgkin lymphoma is primarily in response to which factor secreted by Reed-Sternberg cells?
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What is the proposed mechanism by which activation of NF-κB rescues 'crippled' germinal center B cells in classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
What is the proposed mechanism by which activation of NF-κB rescues 'crippled' germinal center B cells in classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What is the role of latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) in the activation of NF-κB in classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
What is the role of latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) in the activation of NF-κB in classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
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Which negative regulators of NF-κB are often mutated leading to its activation in EBV- tumors associated with classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
Which negative regulators of NF-κB are often mutated leading to its activation in EBV- tumors associated with classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What is the main function of activated NF-κB in classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
What is the main function of activated NF-κB in classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What is the proposed role of NF-κB in preventing apoptosis in 'crippled' germinal center B cells?
What is the proposed role of NF-κB in preventing apoptosis in 'crippled' germinal center B cells?
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Which cell surface protein expressed by EBV+ tumor cells transmits signals that lead to NF-κB up-regulation in classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
Which cell surface protein expressed by EBV+ tumor cells transmits signals that lead to NF-κB up-regulation in classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
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Which genetic factor is believed to be responsible for reprogramming gene expression in classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
Which genetic factor is believed to be responsible for reprogramming gene expression in classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What is the primary reason for the failure of classic Hodgkin lymphoma Reed-Sternberg cells to express most B-cell-specific genes?
What is the primary reason for the failure of classic Hodgkin lymphoma Reed-Sternberg cells to express most B-cell-specific genes?
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What is the immunophenotype of Reed-Sternberg cells in classic Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes?
What is the immunophenotype of Reed-Sternberg cells in classic Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes?
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What is the characteristic of Reed-Sternberg cells in the mixed-cellularity type of Hodgkin lymphoma?
What is the characteristic of Reed-Sternberg cells in the mixed-cellularity type of Hodgkin lymphoma?
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Which type of Hodgkin lymphoma has a propensity to involve lower cervical, supraclavicular, and mediastinal lymph nodes of adolescents or young adults?
Which type of Hodgkin lymphoma has a propensity to involve lower cervical, supraclavicular, and mediastinal lymph nodes of adolescents or young adults?
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What is the percentage of cases of mixed-cellularity type Hodgkin lymphoma that Reed-Sternberg cells are infected with EBV?
What is the percentage of cases of mixed-cellularity type Hodgkin lymphoma that Reed-Sternberg cells are infected with EBV?
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Which of the following is true about the prognosis of nodular sclerosis type Hodgkin lymphoma?
Which of the following is true about the prognosis of nodular sclerosis type Hodgkin lymphoma?
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In nodular sclerosis type Hodgkin lymphoma, which lymph nodes have a propensity to be involved?
In nodular sclerosis type Hodgkin lymphoma, which lymph nodes have a propensity to be involved?
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Which marker is NOT positive in Reed-Sternberg cells of classic Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes?
Which marker is NOT positive in Reed-Sternberg cells of classic Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes?
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What is the characteristic infiltrate in involved lymph nodes in the mixed-cellularity type of Hodgkin lymphoma?
What is the characteristic infiltrate in involved lymph nodes in the mixed-cellularity type of Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What is the term that describes the artifact created by the disruption of cytoplasm during chromatin in Reed-Sternberg cells?
What is the term that describes the artifact created by the disruption of cytoplasm during chromatin in Reed-Sternberg cells?
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Which of the following is characteristic of nodular sclerosis type Hodgkin lymphoma based on the provided text?
Which of the following is characteristic of nodular sclerosis type Hodgkin lymphoma based on the provided text?
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What is the main feature that distinguishes multiple myeloma lesions from normal bone tissue?
What is the main feature that distinguishes multiple myeloma lesions from normal bone tissue?
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Which type of genetic disorder is associated with an increased incidence of childhood leukemia?
Which type of genetic disorder is associated with an increased incidence of childhood leukemia?
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What is the primary role of immunotherapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) according to the text?
What is the primary role of immunotherapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) according to the text?
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In mantle cell lymphoma, which immunophenotype is inconsistent with CLL/SLL?
In mantle cell lymphoma, which immunophenotype is inconsistent with CLL/SLL?
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Which characteristic feature of the RS cells is most commonly observed in Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma?
Which characteristic feature of the RS cells is most commonly observed in Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma?
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In Burkitt Lymphoma, which variant has a paucity of background reactive cells?
In Burkitt Lymphoma, which variant has a paucity of background reactive cells?
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Which clinical feature is characteristic of the subtype of Burkitt Lymphoma that is more common in older adults?
Which clinical feature is characteristic of the subtype of Burkitt Lymphoma that is more common in older adults?
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What is a common site of lymphadenopathy in the uncommon subtype of Burkitt Lymphoma that occurs in young males?
What is a common site of lymphadenopathy in the uncommon subtype of Burkitt Lymphoma that occurs in young males?
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Which cellular type is prominently present in the background infiltrate of Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma?
Which cellular type is prominently present in the background infiltrate of Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma?
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What is a distinguishing feature of the RS cells in the uncommon subtype of Burkitt Lymphoma found in older men and HIV-infected individuals?
What is a distinguishing feature of the RS cells in the uncommon subtype of Burkitt Lymphoma found in older men and HIV-infected individuals?
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Which type of Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the presence of 'popcorn cells'?
Which type of Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the presence of 'popcorn cells'?
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Which surface markers are typically expressed by the L&H variants in Hodgkin lymphoma?
Which surface markers are typically expressed by the L&H variants in Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What percentage of cases of Hodgkin lymphoma transform into a tumor resembling diffuse large B-cell lymphoma?
What percentage of cases of Hodgkin lymphoma transform into a tumor resembling diffuse large B-cell lymphoma?
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Which subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma is commonly associated with EBV infection?
Which subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma is commonly associated with EBV infection?
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What is the defining characteristic of Lymphocyte-Rich Type of Hodgkin lymphoma?
What is the defining characteristic of Lymphocyte-Rich Type of Hodgkin lymphoma?
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Which type of cells are usually scant or absent in the 'nondas cells' subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma?
Which type of cells are usually scant or absent in the 'nondas cells' subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What type of mutation marks the L&H variants as transformed germinal center B cells in Hodgkin lymphoma?
What type of mutation marks the L&H variants as transformed germinal center B cells in Hodgkin lymphoma?
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Which Hodgkin lymphoma subtype is characterized by a diffuse effacement but sometimes shows vague nodularity?
Which Hodgkin lymphoma subtype is characterized by a diffuse effacement but sometimes shows vague nodularity?
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What is a distinguishing feature of the lymphocyte depletion type of Hodgkin lymphoma?
What is a distinguishing feature of the lymphocyte depletion type of Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What is the characteristic feature of lymphocyte depletion Hodgkin lymphoma?
What is the characteristic feature of lymphocyte depletion Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What characterizes the classic subtypes of Hodgkin lymphoma in terms of prognosis?
What characterizes the classic subtypes of Hodgkin lymphoma in terms of prognosis?
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What is a distinguishing feature of Hodgkin lymphoma, mixed-cellularity type?
What is a distinguishing feature of Hodgkin lymphoma, mixed-cellularity type?
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In what percentage of cases is Hodgkin lymphoma associated with EBV?
In what percentage of cases is Hodgkin lymphoma associated with EBV?
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Which characteristic is associated with Hodgkin lymphoma, nodular sclerosis type?
Which characteristic is associated with Hodgkin lymphoma, nodular sclerosis type?
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In which scenario does lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin lymphoma commonly occur?
In which scenario does lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin lymphoma commonly occur?
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Which age group is most likely to be affected by the lymphocyte depletion type of Hodgkin lymphoma?
Which age group is most likely to be affected by the lymphocyte depletion type of Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What distinguishes large-cell NHLs infected with EBV from other subtypes?
What distinguishes large-cell NHLs infected with EBV from other subtypes?
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Which is a common demographic that predominantly experiences lymphocyte depletion Hodgkin lymphoma?
Which is a common demographic that predominantly experiences lymphocyte depletion Hodgkin lymphoma?
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Which cellular receptor is targeted by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)?
Which cellular receptor is targeted by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)?
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Which molecule is responsible for the suppression of Th1 and cytotoxic T-cell responses in Hodgkin lymphoma?
Which molecule is responsible for the suppression of Th1 and cytotoxic T-cell responses in Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What is the primary ligand for CD30 in the context of Hodgkin lymphoma?
What is the primary ligand for CD30 in the context of Hodgkin lymphoma?
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Which factor is responsible for enhancing the Treg response in Hodgkin lymphoma?
Which factor is responsible for enhancing the Treg response in Hodgkin lymphoma?
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Which molecule plays a role in promoting tissue eosinophilia in Hodgkin lymphoma?
Which molecule plays a role in promoting tissue eosinophilia in Hodgkin lymphoma?
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Which chemokine is associated with enhanced Th2 responses in Hodgkin lymphoma?
Which chemokine is associated with enhanced Th2 responses in Hodgkin lymphoma?
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Which cytokine receptor is linked to the activation-induced crosstalk between Reed-Sternberg cells and normal cells?
Which cytokine receptor is linked to the activation-induced crosstalk between Reed-Sternberg cells and normal cells?
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What is a potential long-term benefit of using immune checkpoint inhibitors for patients with classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
What is a potential long-term benefit of using immune checkpoint inhibitors for patients with classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
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In Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas, which stage involves diffuse involvement of one or more extralymphatic organs or sites without lymphatic involvement?
In Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas, which stage involves diffuse involvement of one or more extralymphatic organs or sites without lymphatic involvement?
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What characteristic symptoms help further divide all stages of Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas?
What characteristic symptoms help further divide all stages of Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas?
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For patients with classic Hodgkin lymphoma who fail conventional therapy, what type of inhibitors have proven to be highly effective?
For patients with classic Hodgkin lymphoma who fail conventional therapy, what type of inhibitors have proven to be highly effective?
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What is the primary purpose of current treatment regimens for Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas?
What is the primary purpose of current treatment regimens for Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas?
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What is the most important prognostic variable in current treatment protocols for lymphoma?
What is the most important prognostic variable in current treatment protocols for lymphoma?
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What is the cure rate for patients with stages I and IIA of lymphoma?
What is the cure rate for patients with stages I and IIA of lymphoma?
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What is the disease-free survival rate at 5 years for patients with advanced lymphoma (stages IVA and IVB)?
What is the disease-free survival rate at 5 years for patients with advanced lymphoma (stages IVA and IVB)?
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What was a recognized consequence for long-term survivors of localized Hodgkin lymphoma treated with radiotherapy?
What was a recognized consequence for long-term survivors of localized Hodgkin lymphoma treated with radiotherapy?
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What were the significant adverse outcomes observed in long-term survivors treated with radiotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma?
What were the significant adverse outcomes observed in long-term survivors treated with radiotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What is a distinguishing feature of Hodgkin lymphoma based on the text?
What is a distinguishing feature of Hodgkin lymphoma based on the text?
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Which genetic abnormality is specifically associated with Burkitt lymphoma according to the text?
Which genetic abnormality is specifically associated with Burkitt lymphoma according to the text?
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What is a key feature that distinguishes nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma from classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
What is a key feature that distinguishes nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma from classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
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Which cancer hallmark is exemplified by BCL2 translocations in the context of Follicular lymphoma?
Which cancer hallmark is exemplified by BCL2 translocations in the context of Follicular lymphoma?
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What is the primary characteristic genetic feature of mantle cell lymphoma according to the provided information?
What is the primary characteristic genetic feature of mantle cell lymphoma according to the provided information?
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Which key cancer hallmark is associated with ALL based on the text?
Which key cancer hallmark is associated with ALL based on the text?
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What major feature distinguishes mantle cell lymphoma from Burkitt lymphoma?
What major feature distinguishes mantle cell lymphoma from Burkitt lymphoma?
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What is the primary function of immune checkpoint inhibitors in treating classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
What is the primary function of immune checkpoint inhibitors in treating classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What distinguishes the EBV Lymphocyte predominance type from classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
What distinguishes the EBV Lymphocyte predominance type from classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
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Which factor influences the host response in classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
Which factor influences the host response in classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What is the impact of Marginal zone lymphoma on antigen-dependency?
What is the impact of Marginal zone lymphoma on antigen-dependency?
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Which characteristic is not associated with EBV Lymphocyte predominance type?
Which characteristic is not associated with EBV Lymphocyte predominance type?
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What makes classic forms of Hodgkin lymphoma frequently associated with acquired mutations?
What makes classic forms of Hodgkin lymphoma frequently associated with acquired mutations?
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What is the mechanism by which immune checkpoint inhibitors affect Reed-Sternberg cells in classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
What is the mechanism by which immune checkpoint inhibitors affect Reed-Sternberg cells in classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
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Which gene dysregulation in Burkitt lymphoma leads to Warburg metabolism and rapid cell growth?
Which gene dysregulation in Burkitt lymphoma leads to Warburg metabolism and rapid cell growth?
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What gene amplification in Hodgkin lymphoma leads to evasion of host immunity?
What gene amplification in Hodgkin lymphoma leads to evasion of host immunity?
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What is the common feature of neoplasms originating from hematopoietic progenitor cells?
What is the common feature of neoplasms originating from hematopoietic progenitor cells?
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Which alteration leads to resistance to apoptosis in follicular lymphoma?
Which alteration leads to resistance to apoptosis in follicular lymphoma?
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What mutations are linked to loss of cell cycle control in mantle cell lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
What mutations are linked to loss of cell cycle control in mantle cell lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
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What is the target of antibodies used in Hodgkin lymphoma therapy?
What is the target of antibodies used in Hodgkin lymphoma therapy?
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What is a distinguishing factor between lymphoid and myeloid neoplasms mentioned in the text?
What is a distinguishing factor between lymphoid and myeloid neoplasms mentioned in the text?
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'Leukemia stem cell' self-renewal enhancement is associated with mutations in which neoplasm mentioned in the text?
'Leukemia stem cell' self-renewal enhancement is associated with mutations in which neoplasm mentioned in the text?
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What therapeutic strategy is used for antagonizing BCL2 in follicular lymphoma and other B-cell tumors?
What therapeutic strategy is used for antagonizing BCL2 in follicular lymphoma and other B-cell tumors?
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What is the primary impact of the genetic aberrations associated with some forms of AML?
What is the primary impact of the genetic aberrations associated with some forms of AML?
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What characterizes AMLs lacking specific genetic features according to the text?
What characterizes AMLs lacking specific genetic features according to the text?
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What is the likely direction of the classification of AML, according to the text?
What is the likely direction of the classification of AML, according to the text?
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How do AMLs arising from myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) respond to therapy?
How do AMLs arising from myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) respond to therapy?
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What symptoms are often seen in individuals with AML arising from secondary hematopoietic organs?
What symptoms are often seen in individuals with AML arising from secondary hematopoietic organs?
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What is the role of cytogenetic and molecular features in AML therapy according to the text?
What is the role of cytogenetic and molecular features in AML therapy according to the text?
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How do AMLs in the 'wastebasket' category get classified?
How do AMLs in the 'wastebasket' category get classified?
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What is the main characteristic feature of myeloproliferative neoplasms?
What is the main characteristic feature of myeloproliferative neoplasms?
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Which component of normal hematopoiesis is crucial for understanding the pathogenesis of myeloid neoplasms?
Which component of normal hematopoiesis is crucial for understanding the pathogenesis of myeloid neoplasms?
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What is the main cause of myelodysplastic syndromes according to the text?
What is the main cause of myelodysplastic syndromes according to the text?
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In the context of normal hematopoiesis, what is responsible for modulating the production of blood cells by the marrow?
In the context of normal hematopoiesis, what is responsible for modulating the production of blood cells by the marrow?
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What distinguishes myeloid neoplasms from normal hematopoiesis?
What distinguishes myeloid neoplasms from normal hematopoiesis?
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Which aspect is crucial for understanding the pathogenesis of myeloid neoplasms?
Which aspect is crucial for understanding the pathogenesis of myeloid neoplasms?
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What role do homeostatic feedback mechanisms play in normal hematopoiesis?
What role do homeostatic feedback mechanisms play in normal hematopoiesis?
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What is the primary genetic alteration associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia?
What is the primary genetic alteration associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia?
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Which gene fusion is responsible for creating a chimeric protein in acute promyelocytic leukemia?
Which gene fusion is responsible for creating a chimeric protein in acute promyelocytic leukemia?
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What is the main function of the RUNX1/CBFB transcription factor in normal hematopoiesis?
What is the main function of the RUNX1/CBFB transcription factor in normal hematopoiesis?
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Which chromosomal rearrangement leads to the disruption of the CBFB gene?
Which chromosomal rearrangement leads to the disruption of the CBFB gene?
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What is the distinctive feature of AML associated with the t(8;21) chromosomal rearrangement?
What is the distinctive feature of AML associated with the t(8;21) chromosomal rearrangement?
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What type of mutations interfere with normal myeloid differentiation in AML?
What type of mutations interfere with normal myeloid differentiation in AML?
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Which hematopoietic neoplasms are most commonly associated with driver mutations in older adults with clonal hematopoiesis?
Which hematopoietic neoplasms are most commonly associated with driver mutations in older adults with clonal hematopoiesis?
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What is the main reason for the sometimes blurred divisions between myeloid neoplasms according to the text?
What is the main reason for the sometimes blurred divisions between myeloid neoplasms according to the text?
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What is a common characteristic of myelodysplastic syndromes and myeloproliferative neoplasms based on the information provided?
What is a common characteristic of myelodysplastic syndromes and myeloproliferative neoplasms based on the information provided?
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In chronic myeloid leukemia, what transformation is also observed, indicating its origin from a transformed pluripotent HSC?
In chronic myeloid leukemia, what transformation is also observed, indicating its origin from a transformed pluripotent HSC?
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Which functional categories do driver mutations in AML tend to fall into according to the text?
Which functional categories do driver mutations in AML tend to fall into according to the text?
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What effect do transforming events have on differentiation based on the information provided?
What effect do transforming events have on differentiation based on the information provided?
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What is a common outcome for both myelodysplastic syndromes and myeloproliferative neoplasms according to the text?
What is a common outcome for both myelodysplastic syndromes and myeloproliferative neoplasms according to the text?
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What is the significance of understanding divisions between myeloid neoplasms according to the text?
What is the significance of understanding divisions between myeloid neoplasms according to the text?
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What effect can be overcome by treatment with all-trans-retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide in the context discussed?
What effect can be overcome by treatment with all-trans-retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide in the context discussed?
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Which mutation is frequently associated with AML cases that also harbor the t(15;17) chromosomal translocation?
Which mutation is frequently associated with AML cases that also harbor the t(15;17) chromosomal translocation?
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What type of mutations may lead to abnormal DNA methylation patterns or involve proteins regulating chromatin organization?
What type of mutations may lead to abnormal DNA methylation patterns or involve proteins regulating chromatin organization?
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Which feature distinguishes the leukemogenic potential of PML-RARO alone from the combination of PML-RARO and activated FLT3 in mice?
Which feature distinguishes the leukemogenic potential of PML-RARO alone from the combination of PML-RARO and activated FLT3 in mice?
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What genetic characteristic is commonly seen in AML cases involving an accumulation of immature myeloid blasts?
What genetic characteristic is commonly seen in AML cases involving an accumulation of immature myeloid blasts?
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Which mutations are commonly found in subsets of AML cases besides those with the t(15;17) chromosomal translocation?
Which mutations are commonly found in subsets of AML cases besides those with the t(15;17) chromosomal translocation?
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What is a common consequence of marrow replacement by blasts in AML cases?
What is a common consequence of marrow replacement by blasts in AML cases?
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What is the primary characteristic of AML with myelomonocytic maturation?
What is the primary characteristic of AML with myelomonocytic maturation?
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Which subtype of AML is defined by >80% erythroid precursors without myeloblasts?
Which subtype of AML is defined by >80% erythroid precursors without myeloblasts?
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Which cell lineage predominates in AML with megakaryocytic maturation?
Which cell lineage predominates in AML with megakaryocytic maturation?
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What type of markers are detected in the most common AML in Down syndrome?
What type of markers are detected in the most common AML in Down syndrome?
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What contributes to the development of AML according to the provided text?
What contributes to the development of AML according to the provided text?
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Which condition is often associated with marrow AML and DIC?
Which condition is often associated with marrow AML and DIC?
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What leads to alterations in gene expression contributing to the acquisition of cancer hallmarks in AML?
What leads to alterations in gene expression contributing to the acquisition of cancer hallmarks in AML?
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Which gene mutation is mentioned in the provided text as being associated with AML?
Which gene mutation is mentioned in the provided text as being associated with AML?
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Which type of AML is associated with the RUNX1-RUNX1T1 fusion gene?
Which type of AML is associated with the RUNX1-RUNX1T1 fusion gene?
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Which feature distinguishes AML with multilineage dysplasia from other types of AML?
Which feature distinguishes AML with multilineage dysplasia from other types of AML?
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What is a characteristic feature of AML associated with t(11q23,v) and diverse KMT2A fusion genes?
What is a characteristic feature of AML associated with t(11q23,v) and diverse KMT2A fusion genes?
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What distinguishes AML with maturing cells typical of MDS from other types of AML?
What distinguishes AML with maturing cells typical of MDS from other types of AML?
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Which genetic aberration is commonly associated with AML following alkylator or radiation therapy, leading to a latency period?
Which genetic aberration is commonly associated with AML following alkylator or radiation therapy, leading to a latency period?
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What is a key characteristic feature of AML classified as having 'MDS-Like Features'?
What is a key characteristic feature of AML classified as having 'MDS-Like Features'?
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What distinguishes AML with normal cytogenetics and mutated NPM1 from other types of AML?
What distinguishes AML with normal cytogenetics and mutated NPM1 from other types of AML?
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'Myelocytic and monocytic differentiation; abnormal eosinophilic precursors with abnormal basophilic granules' is a characteristic feature of which subtype of AML?
'Myelocytic and monocytic differentiation; abnormal eosinophilic precursors with abnormal basophilic granules' is a characteristic feature of which subtype of AML?
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'Usually some degree of monocytic differentiation' is a characteristic feature associated with which subtype of AML?
'Usually some degree of monocytic differentiation' is a characteristic feature associated with which subtype of AML?
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What distinctive clinicopathologic features are associated with AMLs having mutations impairing p53 function?
What distinctive clinicopathologic features are associated with AMLs having mutations impairing p53 function?
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In the diagnosis of AML, the presence of at least how many myeloid blasts in the bone marrow is required?
In the diagnosis of AML, the presence of at least how many myeloid blasts in the bone marrow is required?
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What is a distinguishing feature of monoblasts in AML compared to myeloblasts?
What is a distinguishing feature of monoblasts in AML compared to myeloblasts?
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Which type of differentiation in AML is often accompanied by marrow fibrosis?
Which type of differentiation in AML is often accompanied by marrow fibrosis?
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What distinguishes acute promyelocytic leukemia (AML with t(15;17)) from other types of AML?
What distinguishes acute promyelocytic leukemia (AML with t(15;17)) from other types of AML?
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What is a common range for the number of leukemic cells in the blood in patients with AML?
What is a common range for the number of leukemic cells in the blood in patients with AML?
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Which cytogenetic aberration is associated with AML following etoposide therapy?
Which cytogenetic aberration is associated with AML following etoposide therapy?
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What is a defining characteristic of AML with megakaryocytic maturation?
What is a defining characteristic of AML with megakaryocytic maturation?
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Which AML subtype is defined by >50% dysplastic maturing erythroid precursors and >20% myeloblasts?
Which AML subtype is defined by >50% dysplastic maturing erythroid precursors and >20% myeloblasts?
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What is the common presenting site for an unusual B-cell lymphoma associated with a malignant effusion?
What is the common presenting site for an unusual B-cell lymphoma associated with a malignant effusion?
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Which AML subtype is typically associated with Down syndrome?
Which AML subtype is typically associated with Down syndrome?
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What is the latency period typically seen after alkylator therapy or radiation therapy for MDS-like etoposide treatment?
What is the latency period typically seen after alkylator therapy or radiation therapy for MDS-like etoposide treatment?
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What distinguishes AML with monocytic maturation from other subtypes?
What distinguishes AML with monocytic maturation from other subtypes?
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'Maturing cells with dysplastic features typical of MDS' are typically found in which type of AML?
'Maturing cells with dysplastic features typical of MDS' are typically found in which type of AML?
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What distinctive clinicopathologic features are associated with AMLs that have mutations impairing p53 function?
What distinctive clinicopathologic features are associated with AMLs that have mutations impairing p53 function?
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What is the key morphological feature that distinguishes monoblasts from myeloblasts in AML?
What is the key morphological feature that distinguishes monoblasts from myeloblasts in AML?
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In AML, what cellular feature is often observed with megakaryocytic differentiation and leads to marrow fibrosis?
In AML, what cellular feature is often observed with megakaryocytic differentiation and leads to marrow fibrosis?
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What is a distinguishing feature of AML with t(15;17) compared to other types of AML?
What is a distinguishing feature of AML with t(15;17) compared to other types of AML?
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What is a common characteristic of myeloid blasts in AML compared to lymphoblasts?
What is a common characteristic of myeloid blasts in AML compared to lymphoblasts?
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What is the morphological feature that distinguishes myeloid blasts from lymphoblasts in AML?
What is the morphological feature that distinguishes myeloid blasts from lymphoblasts in AML?
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In AML, what is a common feature of blasts associated with megakaryocytic differentiation?
In AML, what is a common feature of blasts associated with megakaryocytic differentiation?
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What is the purpose of the Wing formula in correcting the reticulocyte count?
What is the purpose of the Wing formula in correcting the reticulocyte count?
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In the World Health Organization Classification, which AML subtype is associated with a poor prognosis?
In the World Health Organization Classification, which AML subtype is associated with a poor prognosis?
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Which AML subtype classifies as having favorable prognosis based on the World Health Organization Classification?
Which AML subtype classifies as having favorable prognosis based on the World Health Organization Classification?
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What is a distinguishing feature of AML With MDS-Like Features in the World Health Organization Classification?
What is a distinguishing feature of AML With MDS-Like Features in the World Health Organization Classification?
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Which subtype of AML listed in the classification shows abnormal granules and monocytic differentiation?
Which subtype of AML listed in the classification shows abnormal granules and monocytic differentiation?
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What cytogenetic aberration is associated with AML With MDS-Like Features according to the World Health Organization Classification?
What cytogenetic aberration is associated with AML With MDS-Like Features according to the World Health Organization Classification?
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What kind of differentiation does AML With Genetic Aberrations typically exhibit in terms of myelocytic maturation?
What kind of differentiation does AML With Genetic Aberrations typically exhibit in terms of myelocytic maturation?
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'Abnormal eosinophilic precursors with abnormal basophilic granules' are characteristic of which AML subtype?
'Abnormal eosinophilic precursors with abnormal basophilic granules' are characteristic of which AML subtype?
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Why is a bone marrow examination essential for pancytopenic patients according to the text?
Why is a bone marrow examination essential for pancytopenic patients according to the text?
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How is the diagnosis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) confirmed?
How is the diagnosis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) confirmed?
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What is the marker of multipotent stem cells shown in the analysis mentioned in the text?
What is the marker of multipotent stem cells shown in the analysis mentioned in the text?
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What is a characteristic feature used to differentiate myeloblasts and lymphoblasts in AML diagnosis?
What is a characteristic feature used to differentiate myeloblasts and lymphoblasts in AML diagnosis?
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What's the primary method used to confirm the diagnosis of AML?
What's the primary method used to confirm the diagnosis of AML?
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What do stains for myeloid-specific antigens assist in identifying?
What do stains for myeloid-specific antigens assist in identifying?
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In AML diagnosis, what is used to characterize immature myeloid maturation?
In AML diagnosis, what is used to characterize immature myeloid maturation?
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'Aleukemic leukemia' refers to a condition where:
'Aleukemic leukemia' refers to a condition where:
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What is a common clinical manifestation seen in patients with thrombocytopenia?
What is a common clinical manifestation seen in patients with thrombocytopenia?
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In AML, what exacerbates the bleeding tendency?
In AML, what exacerbates the bleeding tendency?
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Which opportunistic organisms are mentioned to cause infections in AML patients?
Which opportunistic organisms are mentioned to cause infections in AML patients?
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What is the role of cytogenetic analysis in diagnosing AML?
What is the role of cytogenetic analysis in diagnosing AML?
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Which chromosomal abnormality is commonly associated with AML arising de novo in younger adults?
Which chromosomal abnormality is commonly associated with AML arising de novo in younger adults?
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What is a characteristic feature of AML with t(15;17)?
What is a characteristic feature of AML with t(15;17)?
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Which type of cells are commonly detected in peripheral smear examination of patients with AML?
Which type of cells are commonly detected in peripheral smear examination of patients with AML?
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What do cutaneous petechiae, ecchymoses, and mucosal hemorrhages indicate in AML patients?
What do cutaneous petechiae, ecchymoses, and mucosal hemorrhages indicate in AML patients?
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What marker is expressed by neoplastic promyelocytes in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia, as shown in Figure 13.31?
What marker is expressed by neoplastic promyelocytes in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia, as shown in Figure 13.31?
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In Acute Myeloid Leukemia without maturation, what is a distinguishing feature of myeloblasts?
In Acute Myeloid Leukemia without maturation, what is a distinguishing feature of myeloblasts?
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Which factor helps differentiate myeloid blasts from mature myeloid cells in the context of acute myeloid leukemia?
Which factor helps differentiate myeloid blasts from mature myeloid cells in the context of acute myeloid leukemia?
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What molecular abnormality characterizes Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia based on the provided information?
What molecular abnormality characterizes Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia based on the provided information?
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Which subtype of AML is characterized by abnormally coarse and numerous azurophilic granules in neoplastic promyelocytes?
Which subtype of AML is characterized by abnormally coarse and numerous azurophilic granules in neoplastic promyelocytes?
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What is a distinguishing feature of AML with monocytic differentiation?
What is a distinguishing feature of AML with monocytic differentiation?
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Which marker is NOT expressed by myeloid blasts in Acute Myeloid Leukemia without maturation?
Which marker is NOT expressed by myeloid blasts in Acute Myeloid Leukemia without maturation?
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In the context of AML subtypes, what is a key indicator of the FAB M5b subtype?
In the context of AML subtypes, what is a key indicator of the FAB M5b subtype?
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What is the exception to the rule of AML involving deletions or monosomies in chromosomes 5 and 7?
What is the exception to the rule of AML involving deletions or monosomies in chromosomes 5 and 7?
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What is a common feature associated with AML in older adults?
What is a common feature associated with AML in older adults?
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What is a distinguishing clinical presentation of AML from ALL in terms of tissue involvement?
What is a distinguishing clinical presentation of AML from ALL in terms of tissue involvement?
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Which gene is involved in translocations associated with AML occurring after topoisomerase II inhibitors treatment?
Which gene is involved in translocations associated with AML occurring after topoisomerase II inhibitors treatment?
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What is more commonly observed in AML in older adults compared to younger patients?
What is more commonly observed in AML in older adults compared to younger patients?
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What is a unique feature of AML cases associated with the t(8;21) chromosomal rearrangement?
What is a unique feature of AML cases associated with the t(8;21) chromosomal rearrangement?
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Which chromosomal abnormalities are more likely to be seen in AML occurring after topoisomerase II inhibitors treatment?
Which chromosomal abnormalities are more likely to be seen in AML occurring after topoisomerase II inhibitors treatment?
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What distinguishes AML in older adults from younger patients regarding karyotypic abnormalities?
What distinguishes AML in older adults from younger patients regarding karyotypic abnormalities?
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'Leukemia cutis' and 'gingival infiltration' are clinical signs more commonly associated with which type of leukemia?
'Leukemia cutis' and 'gingival infiltration' are clinical signs more commonly associated with which type of leukemia?
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What is the primary cause of the severe pathophysiology seen in HbSS compared to HbSC and H&S diseases?
What is the primary cause of the severe pathophysiology seen in HbSS compared to HbSC and H&S diseases?
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Which molecular subtype of AML has the best prognosis with targeted therapy using all-trans-retinoic acid and arsenic salts?
Which molecular subtype of AML has the best prognosis with targeted therapy using all-trans-retinoic acid and arsenic salts?
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What is the inevitable progression of a localized soft tissue mass known as myeloblastoma, myeloid sarcoma, or chloroma without systemic treatment?
What is the inevitable progression of a localized soft tissue mass known as myeloblastoma, myeloid sarcoma, or chloroma without systemic treatment?
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In HbC disease, what substitution occurs in red cells that contributes to the pathophysiology?
In HbC disease, what substitution occurs in red cells that contributes to the pathophysiology?
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Which age group has a much worse prognosis in AML, partly due to the rarity of 'good' genetic subtypes in this setting?
Which age group has a much worse prognosis in AML, partly due to the rarity of 'good' genetic subtypes in this setting?
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What distinguishes the prognostic outcome among different molecular subtypes of AML?
What distinguishes the prognostic outcome among different molecular subtypes of AML?
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Which mutation is often associated with poor prognosis in AML patients who develop the disease following genotoxic therapy?
Which mutation is often associated with poor prognosis in AML patients who develop the disease following genotoxic therapy?
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'Hemoglobin haves reshaped into a sickling disorder' refers to which pathophysiological phenomenon?
'Hemoglobin haves reshaped into a sickling disorder' refers to which pathophysiological phenomenon?
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Which functional category of affected proteins in MDS involves factors that regulate DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin looping?
Which functional category of affected proteins in MDS involves factors that regulate DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin looping?
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Which subset of tumors associated with MDS has mutations involving components of the 3' end of the RNA processing machinery?
Which subset of tumors associated with MDS has mutations involving components of the 3' end of the RNA processing machinery?
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Which major functional category of affected proteins in MDS includes mutations affecting transcription factors required for normal myelopoiesis?
Which major functional category of affected proteins in MDS includes mutations affecting transcription factors required for normal myelopoiesis?
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What is a common characteristic shared by classic chromosomal rearrangements seen in de novo AML and the dysregulation of the epigenome in MDS?
What is a common characteristic shared by classic chromosomal rearrangements seen in de novo AML and the dysregulation of the epigenome in MDS?
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Which feature characterizes MDS regarding AML and their shared driver mutations?
Which feature characterizes MDS regarding AML and their shared driver mutations?
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What remains undetermined regarding mutations involving RNA splicing factors and their contribution to MDS development?
What remains undetermined regarding mutations involving RNA splicing factors and their contribution to MDS development?
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Which mutations in MDS contribute to deranged differentiation and may resemble those observed in classic chromosomal rearrangements seen in de novo AML?
Which mutations in MDS contribute to deranged differentiation and may resemble those observed in classic chromosomal rearrangements seen in de novo AML?
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What primary similarity exists between driver mutations associated with MDS and AML?
What primary similarity exists between driver mutations associated with MDS and AML?
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What is a potential explanation provided in the text for how aneuploidy contributes to myelodysplastic syndromes?
What is a potential explanation provided in the text for how aneuploidy contributes to myelodysplastic syndromes?
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Which genetic alteration, common in MDS, is associated with a complex karyotype and poor clinical outcomes similar to AML?
Which genetic alteration, common in MDS, is associated with a complex karyotype and poor clinical outcomes similar to AML?
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What is one proposed way through which cells gain a growth advantage in MDS according to the text?
What is one proposed way through which cells gain a growth advantage in MDS according to the text?
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Which chromosomal aberration is specifically mentioned to contribute to ineffective erythropoiesis in MDS?
Which chromosomal aberration is specifically mentioned to contribute to ineffective erythropoiesis in MDS?
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What hallmark characteristic does loss of one copy of RPS14 produce, according to experimental systems mentioned in the text?
What hallmark characteristic does loss of one copy of RPS14 produce, according to experimental systems mentioned in the text?
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In what state do cells frequently arise from before developing into myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), as mentioned in the text?
In what state do cells frequently arise from before developing into myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), as mentioned in the text?
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What is the characteristic feature of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) that distinguishes them from others?
What is the characteristic feature of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) that distinguishes them from others?
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What is one of the risk factors that can lead to development of therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS)?
What is one of the risk factors that can lead to development of therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS)?
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Which treatment approach is effective for patients with IDH-mutated AML?
Which treatment approach is effective for patients with IDH-mutated AML?
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What is the term used to describe the group of clonal stem cell disorders characterized by maturation defects and high risk of transformation to AML?
What is the term used to describe the group of clonal stem cell disorders characterized by maturation defects and high risk of transformation to AML?
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What is the primary diagnostic challenge in identifying Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)?
What is the primary diagnostic challenge in identifying Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)?
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What is a potential cause of MDS-associated inflammation, as mentioned in the text?
What is a potential cause of MDS-associated inflammation, as mentioned in the text?
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Which characteristic finding is commonly observed within the erythroid series in MDS patients?
Which characteristic finding is commonly observed within the erythroid series in MDS patients?
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What is a characteristic nuclear abnormality seen in MDS erythroblasts?
What is a characteristic nuclear abnormality seen in MDS erythroblasts?
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What is a common feature found in neutrophils of MDS patients?
What is a common feature found in neutrophils of MDS patients?
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Which term describes the characteristic morphology of MDS bone marrow at diagnosis?
Which term describes the characteristic morphology of MDS bone marrow at diagnosis?
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In MDS, what does the presence of megaloblastoid maturation in erythroid cells resemble?
In MDS, what does the presence of megaloblastoid maturation in erythroid cells resemble?
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Which cytologic abnormality is typically found in the neutrophils of MDS patients?
Which cytologic abnormality is typically found in the neutrophils of MDS patients?
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What is a distinct morphological feature observed in neutrophils in patients with pseudo-Pelger-Hüet anomaly?
What is a distinct morphological feature observed in neutrophils in patients with pseudo-Pelger-Hüet anomaly?
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Which of the following cells can be found with single nuclear lobes or multiple separate nuclei in myelodysplastic syndromes?
Which of the following cells can be found with single nuclear lobes or multiple separate nuclei in myelodysplastic syndromes?
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In myelodysplastic syndromes, what is the typical percentage of myeloid blasts in the overall marrow cellularity?
In myelodysplastic syndromes, what is the typical percentage of myeloid blasts in the overall marrow cellularity?
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Which type of cells are commonly seen in the blood of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes?
Which type of cells are commonly seen in the blood of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes?
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What is a common cause of death in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes?
What is a common cause of death in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes?
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In therapy-related myelodysplastic syndromes, how quickly does progression to AML often occur after diagnosis?
In therapy-related myelodysplastic syndromes, how quickly does progression to AML often occur after diagnosis?
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What is the median survival of patients with t-MDS (therapy-related MDS)?
What is the median survival of patients with t-MDS (therapy-related MDS)?
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'Pawn ball megakaryocytes' are characteristic of which condition?
'Pawn ball megakaryocytes' are characteristic of which condition?
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What treatment option holds promise for reconstituting normal hematopoiesis in younger patients with MDS?
What treatment option holds promise for reconstituting normal hematopoiesis in younger patients with MDS?
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Which characteristic is correlated with a hematologic response to thalidomide-like drugs in MDS patients?
Which characteristic is correlated with a hematologic response to thalidomide-like drugs in MDS patients?
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What type of deletion is associated with an unpredictable response to DNA methylation inhibitors in MDS?
What type of deletion is associated with an unpredictable response to DNA methylation inhibitors in MDS?
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What is the mean age of onset for primary MDS?
What is the mean age of onset for primary MDS?
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How many categories is primary MDS divided into based on morphologic and cytogenetic features in the WHO classification?
How many categories is primary MDS divided into based on morphologic and cytogenetic features in the WHO classification?
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In primary MDS, what predicts worse outcomes in the developed prognostic scoring systems?
In primary MDS, what predicts worse outcomes in the developed prognostic scoring systems?
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What is the common pathogenic feature in myeloproliferative neoplasms?
What is the common pathogenic feature in myeloproliferative neoplasms?
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How many categories does the WHO classification divide primary MDS into based on morphologic and cytogenetic features?
How many categories does the WHO classification divide primary MDS into based on morphologic and cytogenetic features?
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What feature distinguishes the effectiveness of hematopoiesis and peripheral blood counts among MDS patients when treated with Thalidomide-like drugs and DNA methylation inhibitors?
What feature distinguishes the effectiveness of hematopoiesis and peripheral blood counts among MDS patients when treated with Thalidomide-like drugs and DNA methylation inhibitors?
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Which condition is most commonly associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia?
Which condition is most commonly associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia?
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What is the common pathogenic feature shared among disorders like malignant hypertension, hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), and disseminated cancer?
What is the common pathogenic feature shared among disorders like malignant hypertension, hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), and disseminated cancer?
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Which factor contributes to the mechanical shear stresses observed in microangiopathic hemolytic anemia?
Which factor contributes to the mechanical shear stresses observed in microangiopathic hemolytic anemia?
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Which feature is characteristic of nucleated red cell progenitors in myelodysplasia?
Which feature is characteristic of nucleated red cell progenitors in myelodysplasia?
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What is the iron-laden structure seen as blue perinuclear granules in erythroid progenitors?
What is the iron-laden structure seen as blue perinuclear granules in erythroid progenitors?
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Which tyrosine kinase mutation is associated with a high frequency of neutrophils and basophils in myeloproliferative neoplasms?
Which tyrosine kinase mutation is associated with a high frequency of neutrophils and basophils in myeloproliferative neoplasms?
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What is the main consequence of constitutive ABL kinase activation due to the BCR-ABL fusion gene?
What is the main consequence of constitutive ABL kinase activation due to the BCR-ABL fusion gene?
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Which mutation leads to constitutive MPL kinase activation in myeloproliferative neoplasms?
Which mutation leads to constitutive MPL kinase activation in myeloproliferative neoplasms?
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What is the characteristic of the BCR-ABL fusion gene?
What is the characteristic of the BCR-ABL fusion gene?
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In which myeloproliferative neoplasm is systemic mastocytosis commonly found?
In which myeloproliferative neoplasm is systemic mastocytosis commonly found?
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What is the primary consequence of CALR mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms?
What is the primary consequence of CALR mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms?
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Which fusion gene is NOT typically associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms?
Which fusion gene is NOT typically associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms?
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What type of acquired aberrations in signaling pathways lead to growth factor independence in myeloproliferative neoplasms?
What type of acquired aberrations in signaling pathways lead to growth factor independence in myeloproliferative neoplasms?
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What distinguishes Chronic Myeloid Leukemia from other myeloproliferative neoplasms?
What distinguishes Chronic Myeloid Leukemia from other myeloproliferative neoplasms?
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What has increased the importance of molecular tests for tyrosine kinase mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms?
What has increased the importance of molecular tests for tyrosine kinase mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms?
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What is the primary origin of most myeloproliferative neoplasms?
What is the primary origin of most myeloproliferative neoplasms?
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Which neoplasm is associated with mutations in the KIT tyrosine kinase?
Which neoplasm is associated with mutations in the KIT tyrosine kinase?
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What is the most common consequence of tyrosine kinase mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms?
What is the most common consequence of tyrosine kinase mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms?
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What is a distinguishing feature of certain myeloproliferative neoplasms?
What is a distinguishing feature of certain myeloproliferative neoplasms?
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In which cell population do most myeloproliferative neoplasms originate?
In which cell population do most myeloproliferative neoplasms originate?
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What is the role of tyrosine kinase mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms?
What is the role of tyrosine kinase mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms?
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What is a key characteristic of tyrosine kinase mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms?
What is a key characteristic of tyrosine kinase mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms?
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What distinguishes the effect of mutated tyrosine kinases in myeloproliferative neoplasms from normal signaling pathways?
What distinguishes the effect of mutated tyrosine kinases in myeloproliferative neoplasms from normal signaling pathways?
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What distinguishes Systemic mastocytosis from other neoplasms?
What distinguishes Systemic mastocytosis from other neoplasms?
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What is the distinguishing factor between CML and other myeloproliferative neoplasms at the molecular level?
What is the distinguishing factor between CML and other myeloproliferative neoplasms at the molecular level?
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Which signaling component is primarily targeted by the mutated tyrosine kinases in myeloproliferative neoplasms?
Which signaling component is primarily targeted by the mutated tyrosine kinases in myeloproliferative neoplasms?
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What type of hematopoietic growth factors act on normal progenitors by activating tyrosine kinases to promote growth and survival?
What type of hematopoietic growth factors act on normal progenitors by activating tyrosine kinases to promote growth and survival?
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What is the primary method used to detect BCR-ABL fusion gene in cases where cytogenetically complex or cryptic rearrangements occur?
What is the primary method used to detect BCR-ABL fusion gene in cases where cytogenetically complex or cryptic rearrangements occur?
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What domain in the BCR moiety of BCR-ABL facilitates self-association and activation of the ABL tyrosine kinase moiety?
What domain in the BCR moiety of BCR-ABL facilitates self-association and activation of the ABL tyrosine kinase moiety?
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Which signaling pathways are turned on by abnormal release of immature granulocytic and megakaryocytic forms from the marrow into the blood in response to BCR-ABL activation?
Which signaling pathways are turned on by abnormal release of immature granulocytic and megakaryocytic forms from the marrow into the blood in response to BCR-ABL activation?
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What cellular characteristic is observed due to the markedly hypercellular marrow in response to BCR-ABL activation?
What cellular characteristic is observed due to the markedly hypercellular marrow in response to BCR-ABL activation?
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Which protein domain in the BCR moiety of BCR-ABL is responsible for creating dimers and subsequently activating the ABL tyrosine kinase moiety?
Which protein domain in the BCR moiety of BCR-ABL is responsible for creating dimers and subsequently activating the ABL tyrosine kinase moiety?
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What type of translocation leads to the creation of BCR-ABL in most cases?
What type of translocation leads to the creation of BCR-ABL in most cases?
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Which hematopoietic cell type serves as the cell of origin for BCR-ABL?
Which hematopoietic cell type serves as the cell of origin for BCR-ABL?
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What does the ABL tyrosine kinase moiety phosphorylate in response to dimerization and autophosphorylation caused by BCR-ABL activation?
What does the ABL tyrosine kinase moiety phosphorylate in response to dimerization and autophosphorylation caused by BCR-ABL activation?
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What is the primary consequence of the chimeric BCR-ABL fusion gene mentioned in chronic myeloid leukemia?
What is the primary consequence of the chimeric BCR-ABL fusion gene mentioned in chronic myeloid leukemia?
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What is the main role of the BCR-ABL fusion protein in chronic myeloid leukemia?
What is the main role of the BCR-ABL fusion protein in chronic myeloid leukemia?
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How does the BCR-ABL fusion gene affect the differentiation of bone marrow progenitors in chronic myeloid leukemia?
How does the BCR-ABL fusion gene affect the differentiation of bone marrow progenitors in chronic myeloid leukemia?
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What drives the growth factor-independent proliferation and survival of bone marrow progenitors in chronic myeloid leukemia?
What drives the growth factor-independent proliferation and survival of bone marrow progenitors in chronic myeloid leukemia?
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What is the net result of BCR-ABL activation on bone marrow progenitors in chronic myeloid leukemia?
What is the net result of BCR-ABL activation on bone marrow progenitors in chronic myeloid leukemia?
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What is the role of the chimeric BCR-ABL fusion mRNA in chronic myeloid leukemia?
What is the role of the chimeric BCR-ABL fusion mRNA in chronic myeloid leukemia?
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Which downstream pathways are activated by the BCR-ABL fusion gene in chronic myeloid leukemia?
Which downstream pathways are activated by the BCR-ABL fusion gene in chronic myeloid leukemia?
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What genetic event leads to the activation of multiple downstream pathways in chronic myeloid leukemia?
What genetic event leads to the activation of multiple downstream pathways in chronic myeloid leukemia?
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What is a characteristic finding in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) regarding the spleen?
What is a characteristic finding in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) regarding the spleen?
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Which cell type is typically predominant in the leukocytosis seen in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?
Which cell type is typically predominant in the leukocytosis seen in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?
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What symptom can be a presenting feature of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) due to splenomegaly?
What symptom can be a presenting feature of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) due to splenomegaly?
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How do blasts generally contribute to the leukocytosis observed in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?
How do blasts generally contribute to the leukocytosis observed in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?
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Which term describes the finding of numerous macrophages with abundant wrinkled green-blue cytoplasm in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?
Which term describes the finding of numerous macrophages with abundant wrinkled green-blue cytoplasm in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?
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What differentiates Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) from other myeloproliferative neoplasms at the molecular level?
What differentiates Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) from other myeloproliferative neoplasms at the molecular level?
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How does extramedullary hematopoiesis in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) typically manifest?
How does extramedullary hematopoiesis in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) typically manifest?
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What is the approximate median survival for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) without any treatment?
What is the approximate median survival for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) without any treatment?
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What percentage of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) enter an accelerated phase marked by increasing anemia and thrombocytopenia?
What percentage of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) enter an accelerated phase marked by increasing anemia and thrombocytopenia?
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What additional clonal cytogenetic abnormalities often appear in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) during the accelerated phase?
What additional clonal cytogenetic abnormalities often appear in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) during the accelerated phase?
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What is the most common origin of blasts in blast crises in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)?
What is the most common origin of blasts in blast crises in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)?
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Which stem cell potential is suggested by the fact that chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) blasts can be of both myeloid and lymphoid origin?
Which stem cell potential is suggested by the fact that chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) blasts can be of both myeloid and lymphoid origin?
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What are the characteristic blasts in lymphoid blast crises found in approximately 30% of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cases?
What are the characteristic blasts in lymphoid blast crises found in approximately 30% of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cases?
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What is the name of the phase characterized by acute leukemia-like symptoms that terminates the accelerated phase in some patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)?
What is the name of the phase characterized by acute leukemia-like symptoms that terminates the accelerated phase in some patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)?
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What cytogenetic abnormality is often seen in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) during the accelerated phase that indicates duplication of genetic material?
What cytogenetic abnormality is often seen in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) during the accelerated phase that indicates duplication of genetic material?
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What type of stem cell potential suggests that chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) originates from a cell capable of giving rise to multiple blood cell types?
What type of stem cell potential suggests that chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) originates from a cell capable of giving rise to multiple blood cell types?
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What is the primary reason why HSC transplantation is less effective in patients with accelerated phase or blast crisis?
What is the primary reason why HSC transplantation is less effective in patients with accelerated phase or blast crisis?
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Which tyrosine kinase is implicated in Polycythemia Vera due to activating mutations in the JAK2 gene?
Which tyrosine kinase is implicated in Polycythemia Vera due to activating mutations in the JAK2 gene?
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What is the main distinguishing feature between Polycythemia Vera and relative polycythemia?
What is the main distinguishing feature between Polycythemia Vera and relative polycythemia?
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Which pathway downstream of hematopoietic growth factor receptors is affected by mutations in the JAK2 gene?
Which pathway downstream of hematopoietic growth factor receptors is affected by mutations in the JAK2 gene?
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What cellular characteristic do transformed progenitor cells in Polycythemia Vera exhibit?
What cellular characteristic do transformed progenitor cells in Polycythemia Vera exhibit?
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Why is stable phase HSC transplantation curative in about 75% of relatively young patients?
Why is stable phase HSC transplantation curative in about 75% of relatively young patients?
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What is the primary cause of most clinical symptoms in Polycythemia Vera?
What is the primary cause of most clinical symptoms in Polycythemia Vera?
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What differentiates Polycythemia Vera from other causes of absolute polycythemia?
What differentiates Polycythemia Vera from other causes of absolute polycythemia?
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What is the molecular target of BCR-ABL inhibitors in the treatment of CML?
What is the molecular target of BCR-ABL inhibitors in the treatment of CML?
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What is the effect of BCR-ABL inhibitors on the BCR-ABL-positive cells in CML patients?
What is the effect of BCR-ABL inhibitors on the BCR-ABL-positive cells in CML patients?
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What is the potential limitation of BCR-ABL inhibitors in treating CML?
What is the potential limitation of BCR-ABL inhibitors in treating CML?
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How do BCR-ABL inhibitors affect the risk of transformation to blast crisis in CML?
How do BCR-ABL inhibitors affect the risk of transformation to blast crisis in CML?
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What is the proposed mechanism by which BCR-ABL inhibitors decrease disease progression in CML?
What is the proposed mechanism by which BCR-ABL inhibitors decrease disease progression in CML?
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What is the primary impact of BCR-ABL inhibitors on blood counts in CML patients?
What is the primary impact of BCR-ABL inhibitors on blood counts in CML patients?
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Which cell population persists at low levels despite treatment with BCR-ABL inhibitors?
Which cell population persists at low levels despite treatment with BCR-ABL inhibitors?
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What is the main benefit of using BCR-ABL inhibitors in CML treatment besides sustained remissions?
What is the main benefit of using BCR-ABL inhibitors in CML treatment besides sustained remissions?
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What is the characteristic serum erythropoietin levels in Primary Polycythemia (PCV) as mentioned in the text?
What is the characteristic serum erythropoietin levels in Primary Polycythemia (PCV) as mentioned in the text?
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What is the impact of the elevated hematocrit in PCV on blood viscosity as described in the text?
What is the impact of the elevated hematocrit in PCV on blood viscosity as described in the text?
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What distinguishes the red cell progenitors and megakaryocytes in PCV according to the text?
What distinguishes the red cell progenitors and megakaryocytes in PCV according to the text?
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What is a common morphological feature seen in bone marrows of patients with PCV?
What is a common morphological feature seen in bone marrows of patients with PCV?
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What type of progression is often observed late in the course of PCV as mentioned in the text?
What type of progression is often observed late in the course of PCV as mentioned in the text?
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What distinguishes the proliferative drive in PCV from that in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) according to the text?
What distinguishes the proliferative drive in PCV from that in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) according to the text?
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What characteristic is often observed late in the course of PCV according to the text?
What characteristic is often observed late in the course of PCV according to the text?
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What is a common feature of JAK2 signaling in PCV patients based on the provided text?
What is a common feature of JAK2 signaling in PCV patients based on the provided text?
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What is a common characteristic of organomegaly in PCV patients according to the text?
What is a common characteristic of organomegaly in PCV patients according to the text?
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What distinguishes Essential Thrombocytosis (ET) from Polycythemia Vera (PCV) and primary myelofibrosis?
What distinguishes Essential Thrombocytosis (ET) from Polycythemia Vera (PCV) and primary myelofibrosis?
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What is the characteristic feature of the mutated forms of CALR seen in Essential Thrombocytosis (ET)?
What is the characteristic feature of the mutated forms of CALR seen in Essential Thrombocytosis (ET)?
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Which mutations are commonly associated with Essential Thrombocytosis (ET) according to the text?
Which mutations are commonly associated with Essential Thrombocytosis (ET) according to the text?
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What clinical manifestation primarily separates Essential Thrombocytosis (ET) from Polycythemia Vera (PCV)?
What clinical manifestation primarily separates Essential Thrombocytosis (ET) from Polycythemia Vera (PCV)?
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How does Essential Thrombocytosis (ET) differ from Primary Myelofibrosis?
How does Essential Thrombocytosis (ET) differ from Primary Myelofibrosis?
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What distinguishes the mutated forms of CALR seen in Essential Thrombocytosis (ET)?
What distinguishes the mutated forms of CALR seen in Essential Thrombocytosis (ET)?
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What is the primary clinical presentation of Essential Thrombocytosis (ET) compared to Primary Myelofibrosis?
What is the primary clinical presentation of Essential Thrombocytosis (ET) compared to Primary Myelofibrosis?
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What is a possible reason why some patients with JAK2 mutations present with Polycythemia Vera (PCV) and others with Essential Thrombocythemia (ET)?
What is a possible reason why some patients with JAK2 mutations present with Polycythemia Vera (PCV) and others with Essential Thrombocythemia (ET)?
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What distinguishes the transformation of Polycythemia Vera (PCV) to Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) from Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) transformation to Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)?
What distinguishes the transformation of Polycythemia Vera (PCV) to Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) from Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) transformation to Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)?
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Which mutation is commonly found in cases without JAK2 or MPL mutations in Polycythemia Vera?
Which mutation is commonly found in cases without JAK2 or MPL mutations in Polycythemia Vera?
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What is a characteristic feature of bone marrow cellularity in patients with Polycythemia Vera?
What is a characteristic feature of bone marrow cellularity in patients with Polycythemia Vera?
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What is the primary consequence of Constitutive JAK2 or MPL signaling in Polycythemia Vera?
What is the primary consequence of Constitutive JAK2 or MPL signaling in Polycythemia Vera?
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In what way does the AML clone arising from Polycythemia Vera differ from the majority of cases of PCV?
In what way does the AML clone arising from Polycythemia Vera differ from the majority of cases of PCV?
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What percentage of patients with Polycythemia Vera have mild organomegaly due to extramedullary hematopoiesis?
What percentage of patients with Polycythemia Vera have mild organomegaly due to extramedullary hematopoiesis?
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What distinguishes the megakaryocytes observed in patients with Polycythemia Vera?
What distinguishes the megakaryocytes observed in patients with Polycythemia Vera?
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What is a characteristic symptom associated with essential thrombocytosis (ET)?
What is a characteristic symptom associated with essential thrombocytosis (ET)?
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Which type of thrombotic event is NOT commonly observed in essential thrombocytosis (ET)?
Which type of thrombotic event is NOT commonly observed in essential thrombocytosis (ET)?
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What can platelet dysfunction in essential thrombocytosis (ET) lead to?
What can platelet dysfunction in essential thrombocytosis (ET) lead to?
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What is the incidence rate of essential thrombocytosis (ET) per year?
What is the incidence rate of essential thrombocytosis (ET) per year?
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What kind of sensation is erythromelalgia, a characteristic symptom of essential thrombocytosis (ET)?
What kind of sensation is erythromelalgia, a characteristic symptom of essential thrombocytosis (ET)?
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Which age group typically experiences essential thrombocytosis (ET)?
Which age group typically experiences essential thrombocytosis (ET)?
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What is the primary clinical manifestation resulting from platelet abnormalities in essential thrombocytosis (ET)?
What is the primary clinical manifestation resulting from platelet abnormalities in essential thrombocytosis (ET)?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with reactive thrombocytosis?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with reactive thrombocytosis?
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Which of the following is a common qualitative abnormality seen in platelets due to essential thrombocytosis (ET)?
Which of the following is a common qualitative abnormality seen in platelets due to essential thrombocytosis (ET)?
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What is the likely hematocrit level in patients with Polycythemia Vera?
What is the likely hematocrit level in patients with Polycythemia Vera?
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Which condition is a common complication of Polycythemia Vera?
Which condition is a common complication of Polycythemia Vera?
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What is a significant risk associated with thromboses in Polycythemia Vera?
What is a significant risk associated with thromboses in Polycythemia Vera?
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Which symptom may indicate the involvement of hepatic veins in Polycythemia Vera?
Which symptom may indicate the involvement of hepatic veins in Polycythemia Vera?
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What percentage of Polycythemia Vera patients may initially present with deep venous thrombosis?
What percentage of Polycythemia Vera patients may initially present with deep venous thrombosis?
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'Life-threatening' hemorrhages occur in what percentage of Polycythemia Vera cases?
'Life-threatening' hemorrhages occur in what percentage of Polycythemia Vera cases?
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'Minor hemorrhages' such as epistaxis and bleeding gums are common in what percentage of Polycythemia Vera cases?
'Minor hemorrhages' such as epistaxis and bleeding gums are common in what percentage of Polycythemia Vera cases?
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What prolongs median survival to about 10 years in patients with Polycythemia Vera?
What prolongs median survival to about 10 years in patients with Polycythemia Vera?
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In Polycythemia Vera, what is mainly responsible for the transition to a 'spent phase' with features of myelofibrosis?
In Polycythemia Vera, what is mainly responsible for the transition to a 'spent phase' with features of myelofibrosis?
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How does untreated Polycythemia Vera lead to death?
How does untreated Polycythemia Vera lead to death?
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What distinguishes the platelets in patients with Polycythemia Vera?
What distinguishes the platelets in patients with Polycythemia Vera?
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What leads to iron deficiency in chronic bleeding, ultimately suppressing erythropoiesis?
What leads to iron deficiency in chronic bleeding, ultimately suppressing erythropoiesis?
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What is the expected white cell count range in patients with the discussed condition?
What is the expected white cell count range in patients with the discussed condition?
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What extends median survival in Polycythemia Vera patients to about 10 years?
What extends median survival in Polycythemia Vera patients to about 10 years?
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What primarily contributes to the lower hematocrit range in some patients with chronic bleeding?
What primarily contributes to the lower hematocrit range in some patients with chronic bleeding?
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What is the characteristic feature of primary myelofibrosis?
What is the characteristic feature of primary myelofibrosis?
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Which gene mutations are commonly found in primary myelofibrosis?
Which gene mutations are commonly found in primary myelofibrosis?
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What is the median survival time in essential thrombocytosis (ET)?
What is the median survival time in essential thrombocytosis (ET)?
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What type of complications are most likely in patients with very high platelet counts in essential thrombocytosis (ET)?
What type of complications are most likely in patients with very high platelet counts in essential thrombocytosis (ET)?
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What is the therapy approach for essential thrombocytosis (ET)?
What is the therapy approach for essential thrombocytosis (ET)?
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What is the primary pathologic feature in primary myelofibrosis?
What is the primary pathologic feature in primary myelofibrosis?
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What is the hallmark feature that leads to cytopenias in primary myelofibrosis?
What is the hallmark feature that leads to cytopenias in primary myelofibrosis?
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What causes marrow failure in primary myelofibrosis?
What causes marrow failure in primary myelofibrosis?
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What is the term used to describe the change when fibrose marige is converted into bone in the context of myelofibrosis?
What is the term used to describe the change when fibrose marige is converted into bone in the context of myelofibrosis?
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Which organ is usually markedly enlarged due to extramedullary hematopoiesis in the context of the provided text?
Which organ is usually markedly enlarged due to extramedullary hematopoiesis in the context of the provided text?
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What is the term for fibrotic obliteration of the marrow space leading to extensive extramedullary hematopoiesis often seen in myelofibrosis?
What is the term for fibrotic obliteration of the marrow space leading to extensive extramedullary hematopoiesis often seen in myelofibrosis?
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In myelofibrosis, where does extramedullary hematopoiesis initially occur before expanding into the cords?
In myelofibrosis, where does extramedullary hematopoiesis initially occur before expanding into the cords?
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What is a common feature seen in the liver of patients with myelofibrosis due to extramedullary hematopoiesis?
What is a common feature seen in the liver of patients with myelofibrosis due to extramedullary hematopoiesis?
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Which cell type may exhibit hematopoietic elements within dilated sinusoids in the context of myelofibrosis?
Which cell type may exhibit hematopoietic elements within dilated sinusoids in the context of myelofibrosis?
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What does the firm, diffusely red spleen weighing up to 4000 g indicate in a patient with advanced myelofibrosis?
What does the firm, diffusely red spleen weighing up to 4000 g indicate in a patient with advanced myelofibrosis?
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What category of clinical features are typically observed in primary myelofibrosis?
What category of clinical features are typically observed in primary myelofibrosis?
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What is the term used to describe the release of nucleated erythroid and early granulocyte progenitors due to marrow distortion?
What is the term used to describe the release of nucleated erythroid and early granulocyte progenitors due to marrow distortion?
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What characteristic shape do red cells (dacryocytes) exhibit in fibrotic marrows?
What characteristic shape do red cells (dacryocytes) exhibit in fibrotic marrows?
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Apart from primary myelofibrosis, where else can teardrop red cells be observed?
Apart from primary myelofibrosis, where else can teardrop red cells be observed?
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In addition to teardrop red cells, what other blood finding is commonly associated with conditions causing marrow distortion?
In addition to teardrop red cells, what other blood finding is commonly associated with conditions causing marrow distortion?
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What is a common feature of nucleated erythroid precursors in diseases associated with marrow distortion and fibrosis?
What is a common feature of nucleated erythroid precursors in diseases associated with marrow distortion and fibrosis?
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Which term describes the condition of immature cells entering circulation from sites of extramedullary hematopoiesis?
Which term describes the condition of immature cells entering circulation from sites of extramedullary hematopoiesis?
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What is a notable observation in the peripheral blood smear of primary myelofibrosis patients?
What is a notable observation in the peripheral blood smear of primary myelofibrosis patients?
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Apart from primary myelofibrosis, which other condition presents with leukoerythroblastosis on blood examination?
Apart from primary myelofibrosis, which other condition presents with leukoerythroblastosis on blood examination?
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What is the likely cause of moderate to severe anemia in patients with myelofibrosis?
What is the likely cause of moderate to severe anemia in patients with myelofibrosis?
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What effect does TGF-B have on collagen deposition and angiogenesis in myelofibrosis?
What effect does TGF-B have on collagen deposition and angiogenesis in myelofibrosis?
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What happens as marrow fibrosis progresses in patients with myelofibrosis?
What happens as marrow fibrosis progresses in patients with myelofibrosis?
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What is a distinguishing feature of megakaryocytes in the early stage of myelofibrosis?
What is a distinguishing feature of megakaryocytes in the early stage of myelofibrosis?
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How do circulating HSCs contribute to the progression of myelofibrosis?
How do circulating HSCs contribute to the progression of myelofibrosis?
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What is the consequence of red cell production disorder at extramedullary sites?
What is the consequence of red cell production disorder at extramedullary sites?
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What factor contributes to the appearance of extramedullary hematopoiesis in myelofibrosis?
What factor contributes to the appearance of extramedullary hematopoiesis in myelofibrosis?
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Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis?
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In primary myelofibrosis, what contributes to the median survival range of 3 to 5 years?
In primary myelofibrosis, what contributes to the median survival range of 3 to 5 years?
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Which type of neoplasm is considered an unusual myeloid neoplasm due to its involvement with the innate immune system?
Which type of neoplasm is considered an unusual myeloid neoplasm due to its involvement with the innate immune system?
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What distinguishes myeloid tumors characterized by disordered and ineffective hematopoiesis from primary myelofibrosis?
What distinguishes myeloid tumors characterized by disordered and ineffective hematopoiesis from primary myelofibrosis?
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Which factor significantly contributes to the mortality risk of primary myelofibrosis?
Which factor significantly contributes to the mortality risk of primary myelofibrosis?
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What differentiates Langerhans cell histiocytoses from 'histiocytic' sarcomas?
What differentiates Langerhans cell histiocytoses from 'histiocytic' sarcomas?
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What is a key feature that makes Langerhans cells part of the innate immune system?
What is a key feature that makes Langerhans cells part of the innate immune system?
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What is a distinct characteristic of clonal histiocytoses like Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis that sets them apart from other disorders?
What is a distinct characteristic of clonal histiocytoses like Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis that sets them apart from other disorders?
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What is the most common mutation found in Langerhans cell histiocytosis?
What is the most common mutation found in Langerhans cell histiocytosis?
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In myelofibrosis, what treatment option offers hope for cure in young and fit patients?
In myelofibrosis, what treatment option offers hope for cure in young and fit patients?
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Which signaling pathway components are often mutated in aggressive tumors comprised of immature myeloid lineage blasts?
Which signaling pathway components are often mutated in aggressive tumors comprised of immature myeloid lineage blasts?
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What is the primary characteristic of AML tumors in adults compared to other groups based on the text?
What is the primary characteristic of AML tumors in adults compared to other groups based on the text?
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Which gene mutation is less common but also detected in Langerhans cell histiocytosis cases?
Which gene mutation is less common but also detected in Langerhans cell histiocytosis cases?
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What is the main feature associated with hairy cell leukemia cells' appearance under a phase-contrast microscope?
What is the main feature associated with hairy cell leukemia cells' appearance under a phase-contrast microscope?
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Which chromosome translocation leads to overexpression of cyclin D1 in mantle cell lymphoma?
Which chromosome translocation leads to overexpression of cyclin D1 in mantle cell lymphoma?
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What type of cells do cutaneous T-cell lymphomas primarily involve?
What type of cells do cutaneous T-cell lymphomas primarily involve?
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What is a characteristic feature of MDS showing a lacunar variant of Reed-Sternberg cells?
What is a characteristic feature of MDS showing a lacunar variant of Reed-Sternberg cells?
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Which symptom commonly results from an increase in metabolism associated with the expanding mass of hematopoietic cells in MDS?
Which symptom commonly results from an increase in metabolism associated with the expanding mass of hematopoietic cells in MDS?
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What is a common complication that can arise due to the high rate of cell turnover in MDS?
What is a common complication that can arise due to the high rate of cell turnover in MDS?
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Which laboratory finding is typically seen in MDS accompanying normocytic normochromic anemia?
Which laboratory finding is typically seen in MDS accompanying normocytic normochromic anemia?
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What blood finding may supervene as myelodysplastic syndrome progresses, according to the provided information?
What blood finding may supervene as myelodysplastic syndrome progresses, according to the provided information?
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Which symptom arises due to splenomegaly in individuals with MDS?
Which symptom arises due to splenomegaly in individuals with MDS?
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What is a common early presentation that brings individuals with MDS to medical attention?
What is a common early presentation that brings individuals with MDS to medical attention?
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What is a non-specific symptom commonly associated with myelodysplastic syndrome?
What is a non-specific symptom commonly associated with myelodysplastic syndrome?
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What contributes to the homing of neoplastic Langerhans cells?
What contributes to the homing of neoplastic Langerhans cells?
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What is a characteristic morphological feature of proliferating Langerhans cells?
What is a characteristic morphological feature of proliferating Langerhans cells?
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Which tyrosine kinases are commonly associated with myeloid tumors?
Which tyrosine kinases are commonly associated with myeloid tumors?
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Which ligand is relevant for the migration of neoplastic Langerhans cells into lymphoid organs?
Which ligand is relevant for the migration of neoplastic Langerhans cells into lymphoid organs?
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What is the consequence of BCR-ABL and mutated JAK2 activation in myeloproliferative neoplasms?
What is the consequence of BCR-ABL and mutated JAK2 activation in myeloproliferative neoplasms?
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What is a characteristic feature of Birbeck granules found in Langerhans cells?
What is a characteristic feature of Birbeck granules found in Langerhans cells?
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Why do neoplastic Langerhans cells express both CCR6 and CCR7?
Why do neoplastic Langerhans cells express both CCR6 and CCR7?
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What transformation can myeloproliferative neoplasms undergo?
What transformation can myeloproliferative neoplasms undergo?
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What is characteristic of the cytoplasm in proliferating Langerhans cells?
What is characteristic of the cytoplasm in proliferating Langerhans cells?
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What role do platelet-derived growth factor and TGF-ẞ play in the pathogenesis of myelofibrosis?
What role do platelet-derived growth factor and TGF-ẞ play in the pathogenesis of myelofibrosis?
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What result is observed due to circulating HSCs taking up residence in extramedullary hematopoietic organs?
What result is observed due to circulating HSCs taking up residence in extramedullary hematopoietic organs?
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Which factor contributes to the moderate to severe anemia seen in primary myelofibrosis?
Which factor contributes to the moderate to severe anemia seen in primary myelofibrosis?
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What is the consequence of fibrosis progression in the bone marrow?
What is the consequence of fibrosis progression in the bone marrow?
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What is the relationship between primary myelofibrosis and PCV/ET according to the text?
What is the relationship between primary myelofibrosis and PCV/ET according to the text?
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What symptom is commonly associated with primary myelofibrosis due to extramedullary hematopoiesis?
What symptom is commonly associated with primary myelofibrosis due to extramedullary hematopoiesis?
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Which factor contributes to the disordered red cell production at extramedullary sites?
Which factor contributes to the disordered red cell production at extramedullary sites?
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What is the outcome of TGF-B promoting collagen deposition in primary myelofibrosis?
What is the outcome of TGF-B promoting collagen deposition in primary myelofibrosis?
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Which cellular feature distinguishes the spent phase of other myeloproliferative neoplasms from primary myelofibrosis?
Which cellular feature distinguishes the spent phase of other myeloproliferative neoplasms from primary myelofibrosis?
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What is a characteristic morphological feature of megakaryocytes in the fibrotic marrow space of primary myelofibrosis?
What is a characteristic morphological feature of megakaryocytes in the fibrotic marrow space of primary myelofibrosis?
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What pathological change occurs in very late stages of primary myelofibrosis within the fibrotic marrow space?
What pathological change occurs in very late stages of primary myelofibrosis within the fibrotic marrow space?
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What is a common finding in the blood of individuals with primary myelofibrosis that aids in diagnosis?
What is a common finding in the blood of individuals with primary myelofibrosis that aids in diagnosis?
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What contributes to the markedly enlarged spleen seen in advanced primary myelofibrosis?
What contributes to the markedly enlarged spleen seen in advanced primary myelofibrosis?
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What is a key histological feature found within dilated sinusoids in fibrotic marrow in primary myelofibrosis?
What is a key histological feature found within dilated sinusoids in fibrotic marrow in primary myelofibrosis?
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What cellular change can be observed in the very late stages of primary myelofibrosis within the fibrotic marrow space?
What cellular change can be observed in the very late stages of primary myelofibrosis within the fibrotic marrow space?
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'Osteosclerosis' seen in advanced primary myelofibrosis primarily results from the conversion of what tissue?
'Osteosclerosis' seen in advanced primary myelofibrosis primarily results from the conversion of what tissue?
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What is the hallmark of primary myelofibrosis?
What is the hallmark of primary myelofibrosis?
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What is the main pathologic feature in primary myelofibrosis?
What is the main pathologic feature in primary myelofibrosis?
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What is the typical median survival time for essential thrombocytosis?
What is the typical median survival time for essential thrombocytosis?
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What is the therapy for essential thrombocytosis primarily aimed at suppressing?
What is the therapy for essential thrombocytosis primarily aimed at suppressing?
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Which disorder is characterized by long asymptomatic periods punctuated by occasional thrombotic or hemorrhagic crises?
Which disorder is characterized by long asymptomatic periods punctuated by occasional thrombotic or hemorrhagic crises?
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What genetic mutations are most likely to lead to thrombotic complications in essential thrombocytosis?
What genetic mutations are most likely to lead to thrombotic complications in essential thrombocytosis?
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What leads to marrow failure in primary myelofibrosis?
What leads to marrow failure in primary myelofibrosis?
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What characteristic blood findings reflect marrow fibrosis in the text?
What characteristic blood findings reflect marrow fibrosis in the text?
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"Extensive deposition of collagen in the marrow by nonneoplastic fibroblasts" leads to what in primary myelofibrosis?
"Extensive deposition of collagen in the marrow by nonneoplastic fibroblasts" leads to what in primary myelofibrosis?
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What condition is often associated with abnormally large platelets and basophilia based on the text?
What condition is often associated with abnormally large platelets and basophilia based on the text?
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Which cells enter circulation from sites of extramedullary hematopoiesis due to marrow distortion in the text?
Which cells enter circulation from sites of extramedullary hematopoiesis due to marrow distortion in the text?
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What is a common feature of many infiltrative disorders of the marrow according to the text?
What is a common feature of many infiltrative disorders of the marrow according to the text?
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Which of the following conditions may present with teardrop-shaped red cells and leukoerythroblastosis similar to primary myelofibrosis?
Which of the following conditions may present with teardrop-shaped red cells and leukoerythroblastosis similar to primary myelofibrosis?
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What is a characteristic blood finding seen in primary myelofibrosis according to the text?
What is a characteristic blood finding seen in primary myelofibrosis according to the text?
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In primary myelofibrosis, what leads to the premature release of nucleated erythroid progenitors from sites of extramedullary hematopoiesis?
In primary myelofibrosis, what leads to the premature release of nucleated erythroid progenitors from sites of extramedullary hematopoiesis?
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What are abnormal red cell shapes seen in primary myelofibrosis known as?
What are abnormal red cell shapes seen in primary myelofibrosis known as?
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What do nucleated erythroid precursors and dacryocytes indicate in peripheral blood smear according to the text?
What do nucleated erythroid precursors and dacryocytes indicate in peripheral blood smear according to the text?
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What is a dominant clinical feature of Langerhans cell histiocytosis?
What is a dominant clinical feature of Langerhans cell histiocytosis?
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Which cells are most prominently affected in Langerhans cell histiocytosis?
Which cells are most prominently affected in Langerhans cell histiocytosis?
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What is a common consequence of extensive marrow infiltration in Langerhans cell histiocytosis?
What is a common consequence of extensive marrow infiltration in Langerhans cell histiocytosis?
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Which term is used to describe the destructive bone lesions seen in Langerhans cell histiocytosis?
Which term is used to describe the destructive bone lesions seen in Langerhans cell histiocytosis?
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What is a significant symptom associated with Langerhans cell histiocytosis?
What is a significant symptom associated with Langerhans cell histiocytosis?
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Which organ is likely to be affected by hepatosplenomegaly in Langerhans cell histiocytosis?
Which organ is likely to be affected by hepatosplenomegaly in Langerhans cell histiocytosis?
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Which type of cells are characteristically found in unifocal and multifocal unisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis?
Which type of cells are characteristically found in unifocal and multifocal unisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis?
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In unisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis, where do bone lesions most commonly occur?
In unisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis, where do bone lesions most commonly occur?
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What symptom can occur as a result of involvement of the posterior pituitary stalk in unisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis?
What symptom can occur as a result of involvement of the posterior pituitary stalk in unisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis?
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What can be the result of calvarial bone defects in unisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis?
What can be the result of calvarial bone defects in unisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis?
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What treatment modality can cure unifocal disease in some instances according to the text?
What treatment modality can cure unifocal disease in some instances according to the text?
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What is a common symptom seen in multifocal unisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis in young children?
What is a common symptom seen in multifocal unisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis in young children?
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What is the primary function of the spleen as described in the text?
What is the primary function of the spleen as described in the text?
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What are the white pulp follicles in the spleen composed of?
What are the white pulp follicles in the spleen composed of?
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Which statement accurately describes Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis based on the text?
Which statement accurately describes Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis based on the text?
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What is the characteristic feature of the periarteriolar lymphatic sheath within the white pulp follicles?
What is the characteristic feature of the periarteriolar lymphatic sheath within the white pulp follicles?
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What does the comment 'may regress spontaneously upon cessation of smoking' suggest about Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis?
What does the comment 'may regress spontaneously upon cessation of smoking' suggest about Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis?
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Which cell type is primarily involved in reacting to blood-borne antigens in the spleen?
Which cell type is primarily involved in reacting to blood-borne antigens in the spleen?
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What is the main characteristic that distinguishes red pulp from white pulp in the spleen?
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes red pulp from white pulp in the spleen?
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What does the presence of BRAF mutations in 40% of Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis cases suggest?
What does the presence of BRAF mutations in 40% of Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis cases suggest?
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What structural feature of the spleen allows blood cells to squeeze through gaps in the endothelial lining to reach the sinusoids?
What structural feature of the spleen allows blood cells to squeeze through gaps in the endothelial lining to reach the sinusoids?
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Which route is taken by only a small fraction of blood in the spleen's circulation system?
Which route is taken by only a small fraction of blood in the spleen's circulation system?
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In which condition do red cells become trapped in the cords of the spleen due to decreased deformability?
In which condition do red cells become trapped in the cords of the spleen due to decreased deformability?
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What process involves the phagocytosis of blood cells and particulate matter by macrophages in the spleen?
What process involves the phagocytosis of blood cells and particulate matter by macrophages in the spleen?
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What is the term for the process where red cells are examined closely by macrophages in the cords of the spleen?
What is the term for the process where red cells are examined closely by macrophages in the cords of the spleen?
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Which phenomenon involves red cells undergoing extreme deformation during passage from cords into sinusoids?
Which phenomenon involves red cells undergoing extreme deformation during passage from cords into sinusoids?
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What is the primary function of macrophages in the spleen related to blood cell examination?
What is the primary function of macrophages in the spleen related to blood cell examination?
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In which structure of the spleen do blood cells squeeze through gaps to reach sinusoids in a slow compartment circulation?
In which structure of the spleen do blood cells squeeze through gaps to reach sinusoids in a slow compartment circulation?
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What is the key feature of the spleen's architecture that facilitates examination of blood cells by macrophages in the cords?
What is the key feature of the spleen's architecture that facilitates examination of blood cells by macrophages in the cords?
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What is the major clinical manifestation of splenic insufficiency due to splenectomy or autoinfarction?
What is the major clinical manifestation of splenic insufficiency due to splenectomy or autoinfarction?
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What is the syndrome characterized by anemia, leukopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia due to splenomegaly?
What is the syndrome characterized by anemia, leukopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia due to splenomegaly?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with splenomegaly?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with splenomegaly?
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What is the probable cause of cytopenias in hypersplenism?
What is the probable cause of cytopenias in hypersplenism?
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What major clinical complication should asplenic individuals be vaccinated against?
What major clinical complication should asplenic individuals be vaccinated against?
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What is the major manifestation of disorders of the spleen?
What is the major manifestation of disorders of the spleen?
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What does splenic insufficiency due to splenectomy or autoinfarction lead to?
What does splenic insufficiency due to splenectomy or autoinfarction lead to?
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What is the primary function of dendritic cells in the spleen?
What is the primary function of dendritic cells in the spleen?
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In what condition does the spleen become a major site of compensatory extramedullary hematopoiesis?
In what condition does the spleen become a major site of compensatory extramedullary hematopoiesis?
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What is a common consequence of splenomegaly?
What is a common consequence of splenomegaly?
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What is a characteristic of the spleen during fetal development?
What is a characteristic of the spleen during fetal development?
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Which cells are mainly responsible for antibody production in the spleen?
Which cells are mainly responsible for antibody production in the spleen?
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Which condition leads to a substantial increase in the platelet mass sequestered in the spleen?
Which condition leads to a substantial increase in the platelet mass sequestered in the spleen?
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What can cause systemic venous congestion related to cardiac decompensation?
What can cause systemic venous congestion related to cardiac decompensation?
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What type of cells are typically found throughout the white and red pulp in congestive splenomegaly?
What type of cells are typically found throughout the white and red pulp in congestive splenomegaly?
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What is a common cause of portal or splenic vein hypertension?
What is a common cause of portal or splenic vein hypertension?
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Which condition may lead to necrosis of white pulp follicles in the spleen?
Which condition may lead to necrosis of white pulp follicles in the spleen?
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In which condition do neutrophils, plasma cells, and occasionally eosinophils appear in the spleen's white and red pulp?
In which condition do neutrophils, plasma cells, and occasionally eosinophils appear in the spleen's white and red pulp?
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Which condition may evoke splenomegaly along with cirrhosis of the liver?
Which condition may evoke splenomegaly along with cirrhosis of the liver?
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How can congestive splenomegaly be caused?
How can congestive splenomegaly be caused?
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What is a rare occurrence in congestive splenomegaly due to chronic venous outflow obstruction?
What is a rare occurrence in congestive splenomegaly due to chronic venous outflow obstruction?
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What can lead to splenic congestion due to infiltrating tumors?
What can lead to splenic congestion due to infiltrating tumors?
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Which condition can cause a form of splenic enlargement referred to as congestive splenomegaly?
Which condition can cause a form of splenic enlargement referred to as congestive splenomegaly?
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What may lead to white pulp follicles necrosis in the spleen?
What may lead to white pulp follicles necrosis in the spleen?
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In what condition does thrombosis of the splenic vein typically occur?
In what condition does thrombosis of the splenic vein typically occur?
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Which factor is usually implicated in systemic venous congestion cases related to cardiac decompensation?
Which factor is usually implicated in systemic venous congestion cases related to cardiac decompensation?
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What can lead to engorgement and fibrosis in the spleen over time?
What can lead to engorgement and fibrosis in the spleen over time?
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What is the primary pathologic feature in primary myelofibrosis?
What is the primary pathologic feature in primary myelofibrosis?
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How do circulating HSCs contribute to the progression of myelofibrosis?
How do circulating HSCs contribute to the progression of myelofibrosis?
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What contributes to the development of AML according to the provided text?
What contributes to the development of AML according to the provided text?
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In myelodysplastic syndromes, what is the typical percentage of myeloid blasts in the overall marrow cellularity?
In myelodysplastic syndromes, what is the typical percentage of myeloid blasts in the overall marrow cellularity?
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What distinguishes the megakaryocytes observed in patients with Polycythemia Vera?
What distinguishes the megakaryocytes observed in patients with Polycythemia Vera?
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What influences the homeostasis of lymphocytes in peripheral (secondary) lymphoid tissues?
What influences the homeostasis of lymphocytes in peripheral (secondary) lymphoid tissues?
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What is a common feature of many infiltrative disorders of the marrow according to the text?
What is a common feature of many infiltrative disorders of the marrow according to the text?
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What is the main function of the 'thymic university' mentioned in the text?
What is the main function of the 'thymic university' mentioned in the text?
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Which cell type predominates in the thymus along with thymic epithelial cells?
Which cell type predominates in the thymus along with thymic epithelial cells?
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What are the main characteristics of thymic epithelial cells in the cortex, as described in the text?
What are the main characteristics of thymic epithelial cells in the cortex, as described in the text?
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What is the role of fibrous extensions of the capsule in the thymus?
What is the role of fibrous extensions of the capsule in the thymus?
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Which type of cells create Hassall corpuscles in the thymus?
Which type of cells create Hassall corpuscles in the thymus?
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What leads to the decline in thymic production of T cells during adulthood?
What leads to the decline in thymic production of T cells during adulthood?
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What is the main function of T cells educated in the 'thymic university'?
What is the main function of T cells educated in the 'thymic university'?
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'Thymic university' aims to educate T cells primarily about which concept?
'Thymic university' aims to educate T cells primarily about which concept?
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'Thymic university' education leads to the development of T cells that can differentiate between:
'Thymic university' education leads to the development of T cells that can differentiate between:
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What is a unique characteristic of Hassall corpuscles in the thymus?
What is a unique characteristic of Hassall corpuscles in the thymus?
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What is the most common predisposing condition for splenic rupture according to the text?
What is the most common predisposing condition for splenic rupture according to the text?
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In which age group does the thymus undergo progressive involution after puberty?
In which age group does the thymus undergo progressive involution after puberty?
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What is the embryological origin of the thymus according to the text?
What is the embryological origin of the thymus according to the text?
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What is the significance of the physical insult that leads to spontaneous splenic rupture?
What is the significance of the physical insult that leads to spontaneous splenic rupture?
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Which organ has gained prominence in cell-mediated immunity according to the text?
Which organ has gained prominence in cell-mediated immunity according to the text?
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What is the usual weight range of the thymus at birth?
What is the usual weight range of the thymus at birth?
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What does a rapid enlargement of the spleen result in according to the text?
What does a rapid enlargement of the spleen result in according to the text?
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Which event often follows a dramatic spontaneous splenic rupture according to the text?
Which event often follows a dramatic spontaneous splenic rupture according to the text?
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What is the characteristic color of older, more fibrotic splenic infarcts mentioned in the text?
What is the characteristic color of older, more fibrotic splenic infarcts mentioned in the text?
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In which myeloproliferative neoplasm is extramedullary hematopoiesis seen causing a massively enlarged spleen?
In which myeloproliferative neoplasm is extramedullary hematopoiesis seen causing a massively enlarged spleen?
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What structures are functionally identical to the normal spleen and can be found at any place within the abdominal cavity?
What structures are functionally identical to the normal spleen and can be found at any place within the abdominal cavity?
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What condition makes accessory spleens clinically important, especially in hematology disorders like hereditary spherocytosis?
What condition makes accessory spleens clinically important, especially in hematology disorders like hereditary spherocytosis?
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Which benign growths may arise in the spleen, including lymphangiomas and chondromas?
Which benign growths may arise in the spleen, including lymphangiomas and chondromas?
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What common cardiac finding is associated with thymic enlargement?
What common cardiac finding is associated with thymic enlargement?
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What percentage of postmortem examinations show the presence of accessory spleens, according to the text?
What percentage of postmortem examinations show the presence of accessory spleens, according to the text?
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What is the main significance of thymic 'hyperplasia' mentioned in the text?
What is the main significance of thymic 'hyperplasia' mentioned in the text?
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In the classification system for thymomas mentioned in the text, how many histologic subtypes are considered?
In the classification system for thymomas mentioned in the text, how many histologic subtypes are considered?
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Where do most thymomas usually occur in the body?
Where do most thymomas usually occur in the body?
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What is the main utility of the WHO classification system for thymomas based on the text?
What is the main utility of the WHO classification system for thymomas based on the text?
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What distinguishes tumors classified as cytologically malignant thymic carcinoma?
What distinguishes tumors classified as cytologically malignant thymic carcinoma?
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What age group do most thymomas usually occur in?
What age group do most thymomas usually occur in?
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Which gender is more commonly affected by thymomas according to the text?
Which gender is more commonly affected by thymomas according to the text?
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What is the key feature used to classify thymomas in the system discussed in the text?
What is the key feature used to classify thymomas in the system discussed in the text?
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Which term is used to describe the appearance of B-cell germinal centers within the thymus?
Which term is used to describe the appearance of B-cell germinal centers within the thymus?
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In what percentage of cases of myasthenia gravis is thymic follicular hyperplasia found?
In what percentage of cases of myasthenia gravis is thymic follicular hyperplasia found?
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Which condition is most frequently associated with thymic follicular hyperplasia?
Which condition is most frequently associated with thymic follicular hyperplasia?
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What is the significance of finding a cystic thymic lesion in a symptomatic patient?
What is the significance of finding a cystic thymic lesion in a symptomatic patient?
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What is the primary difference between isolated thymic cysts and neoplastic thymic masses?
What is the primary difference between isolated thymic cysts and neoplastic thymic masses?
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Where are B-cell germinal centers usually present in the normal thymus?
Where are B-cell germinal centers usually present in the normal thymus?
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What is the predominant cause of thymic follicular hyperplasia according to the text?
What is the predominant cause of thymic follicular hyperplasia according to the text?
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What is a distinct feature of invasive thymomas?
What is a distinct feature of invasive thymomas?
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Which characteristic is commonly observed in noninvasive thymomas?
Which characteristic is commonly observed in noninvasive thymomas?
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What sets apart noninvasive thymomas from the invasive variety?
What sets apart noninvasive thymomas from the invasive variety?
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Which feature is characteristic of mixed thymomas?
Which feature is characteristic of mixed thymomas?
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What is a key histological feature of medullary-type epithelial cells in thymomas?
What is a key histological feature of medullary-type epithelial cells in thymomas?
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What is the most distinctive variant of Thymic carcinomas microscopically?
What is the most distinctive variant of Thymic carcinomas microscopically?
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What is a characteristic feature of Malignant thymoma, type I?
What is a characteristic feature of Malignant thymoma, type I?
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What is a clinical feature associated with Thymomas in about 40% to 45% of cases?
What is a clinical feature associated with Thymomas in about 40% to 45% of cases?
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In what way did the malignant thymoma in Figure 13.42 differ from benign thymomas depicted in the same figure?
In what way did the malignant thymoma in Figure 13.42 differ from benign thymomas depicted in the same figure?
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Which clinical disorder is commonly associated with Thymoma cortical type?
Which clinical disorder is commonly associated with Thymoma cortical type?
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What is the morphological appearance of Malignant thymoma, type I?
What is the morphological appearance of Malignant thymoma, type I?
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What is the invasive behavior seen in the malignant thymoma depicted in Figure 13.42?
What is the invasive behavior seen in the malignant thymoma depicted in Figure 13.42?
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'Benign thymomas of the cortical type' are morphologically identical to which malignant thymoma type?
'Benign thymomas of the cortical type' are morphologically identical to which malignant thymoma type?
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'Thymoma cortical associated with myasthenia gravis' suggests that abnormalities in which organ/system might be present?
'Thymoma cortical associated with myasthenia gravis' suggests that abnormalities in which organ/system might be present?
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What is the approximate percentage of thymomas that are encapsulated and noninvasive?
What is the approximate percentage of thymomas that are encapsulated and noninvasive?
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Which type of thymoma is characterized by a tumor that has cytologically abundant cytoplasm and rounded vesicular nuclei?
Which type of thymoma is characterized by a tumor that has cytologically abundant cytoplasm and rounded vesicular nuclei?
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What is the survival rate associated with complete excision of thymomas with minimal invasion?
What is the survival rate associated with complete excision of thymomas with minimal invasion?
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Which term describes invasive thymomas that penetrate through the capsule into surrounding structures?
Which term describes invasive thymomas that penetrate through the capsule into surrounding structures?
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Thymic carcinoma accounts for approximately what percentage of thymomas?
Thymic carcinoma accounts for approximately what percentage of thymomas?
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What is the key feature of thymic carcinomas compared to other thymomas?
What is the key feature of thymic carcinomas compared to other thymomas?
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Which characteristic correlates with a propensity for more aggressive behavior in some neoplastic thymoma cells?
Which characteristic correlates with a propensity for more aggressive behavior in some neoplastic thymoma cells?
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With extensive invasion, what is the associated 5-year survival rate?
With extensive invasion, what is the associated 5-year survival rate?
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What is a distinctive variant of thymic carcinoma that closely resembles nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
What is a distinctive variant of thymic carcinoma that closely resembles nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
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Which cells are most often found in thymic carcinomas?
Which cells are most often found in thymic carcinomas?
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What percentage of lym- phoepithelioma-like carcinomas contain monoclonal EBV genomes?
What percentage of lym- phoepithelioma-like carcinomas contain monoclonal EBV genomes?
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Which histologic pattern is NOT commonly described in thymic carcinomas?
Which histologic pattern is NOT commonly described in thymic carcinomas?
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What is a key feature of lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas?
What is a key feature of lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas?
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Which feature is characteristic of mixed thymomas?
Which feature is characteristic of mixed thymomas?
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What is the role of EBV in the pathogenesis of some thymic carcinomas?
What is the role of EBV in the pathogenesis of some thymic carcinomas?
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"A tumor composed of sheets of cells that bears a close histologic resemblance to nasopharyngeal carcinoma" describes which variant?
"A tumor composed of sheets of cells that bears a close histologic resemblance to nasopharyngeal carcinoma" describes which variant?
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What is the basis for the association between thymomas and autoimmune disorders?
What is the basis for the association between thymomas and autoimmune disorders?
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Why are only a few small lymphoid cells observed in malignant thymomas?
Why are only a few small lymphoid cells observed in malignant thymomas?
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What type of thymoma is more likely to be associated with autoimmune diseases?
What type of thymoma is more likely to be associated with autoimmune diseases?
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Which autoimmune disorder is NOT mentioned as being associated with thymomas?
Which autoimmune disorder is NOT mentioned as being associated with thymomas?
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Why do 30% to 45% of thymomas get detected in patients with myasthenia gravis?
Why do 30% to 45% of thymomas get detected in patients with myasthenia gravis?
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What contributes to the development of diverse autoimmune disorders in individuals with thymomas?
What contributes to the development of diverse autoimmune disorders in individuals with thymomas?
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What is uncertain about the basis for the associations between thymomas and autoimmune disorders?
What is uncertain about the basis for the associations between thymomas and autoimmune disorders?
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What is the most likely reason why some individuals with autoimmune diseases have their thymoma discovered incidentally?
What is the most likely reason why some individuals with autoimmune diseases have their thymoma discovered incidentally?
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Study Notes
Components of Hematopoietic System
- Bone marrow and cells derived from it (e.g. red cells, platelets, granulocytes, and monocytes)
- Lymphoid tissues (e.g. thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen)
Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)
- Pluripotent cells that give rise to all blood cells
- Possess two essential properties: pluripotency and self-renewal
- HSCs arise in the mesoderm of the intraembryonic aorta/gonad/mesonephros region during embryonic development
- HSCs migrate to the liver, then to the bone marrow, and finally to the peripheral blood
Blood Cell Development
- HSCs give rise to committed progenitors, which differentiate into specific types of blood cells
- Colony-forming units (CFUs) are committed progenitors that produce colonies of specific blood cells
- Progenitors differentiate into morphologically recognizable precursors, such as myeloblasts, proerythroblasts, and megakaryoblasts
Regulation of Hematopoiesis
- Hematopoietic growth factors regulate the production of blood cells
- Growth factors, such as erythropoietin, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), act on specific receptors to stimulate the production of specific blood cells
- Feedback loops involving growth factors maintain the balance of blood cell production
Diseases of Hematopoiesis
- Defects in hematopoiesis can lead to deficiencies in one or more types of blood cells
- Primary tumors of hematopoietic cells can interfere with marrow function
- Genetic diseases, infections, toxins, and nutritional deficiencies can also decrease blood cell production
Leukopenia
- A decrease in the number of circulating white blood cells
- Can be caused by reduced numbers of neutrophils (neutropenia, granulocytopenia) or lymphocytes (lymphopenia)
- Can occur due to ineffective hematopoiesis, suppressed bone marrow function, or increased destruction of white blood cells
Agranulocytosis
- A marked reduction in neutrophils
- Can be caused by inadequate or ineffective granulopoiesis, or increased destruction or sequestration of neutrophils
- Consequences include susceptibility to infections, particularly bacterial and fungal infections
Reactive Proliferations of White Cells
- Leukocytosis: an increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood, often in response to infection or inflammation
- Pathogenesis involves the release of cytokines, growth factors, and adhesion molecules that stimulate the production and release of white blood cells
Disorders of White Blood Cells
- Leukopenias: deficiencies of white blood cells
- Proliferative disorders: expansions of white blood cells, including reactive and neoplastic proliferations
- Neoplastic disorders: malignant proliferations of white blood cells, including leukemias### Leukocytosis
- Leukocytosis is a rapid increase in the egress of mature granulocytes from the bone marrow pool, mediated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1)
- Prolonged infection or inflammation stimulates macrophages, bone marrow stromal cells, and T cells to produce increased amounts of hematopoietic growth factors
- Growth factors stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of committed granulocytic progenitors, leading to a sustained increase in neutrophil production
Mechanisms of Leukocytosis
- Increased marrow production:
- Chronic infection or inflammation (growth factor-dependent)
- Paraneoplastic (e.g., Hodgkin lymphoma; growth factor-dependent)
- Myeloproliferative neoplasms (e.g., chronic myeloid leukemia; growth factor-independent)
- Increased release from marrow stores:
- Acute inflammation (e.g., with infection)
- Chronic inflammation (many causes)
- Decreased margination:
- Exercise
- Catecholamines
- Decreased extravasation into tissues:
- Glucocorticoids
Leukocytosis Types and Causes
- Neutrophilic leukocytosis:
- Causes: tissue necrosis (e.g., myocardial infarction, burns), allergic disorders, parasitic infestations, and certain malignancies
- Eosinophilic leukocytosis (eosinophilia):
- Causes: allergic disorders, parasitic infestations, and certain malignancies
- Basophilic leukocytosis (basophilia):
- Rare, often indicative of a myeloproliferative neoplasm
- Monocytosis:
- Causes: chronic infections, bacterial endocarditis, rickettsiosis, and malaria
- Lymphocytosis:
- Causes: viral infections, infectious mononucleosis, and certain autoimmune disorders
Lymphadenitis
- Lymph nodes are discrete, encapsulated structures that contain separate B-cell and T-cell zones
- Activation of resident immune cells leads to morphologic changes in lymph nodes
- Within several days of antigenic stimulation, primary follicles enlarge and develop pale-staining germinal centers
Acute Nonspecific Lymphadenitis
- Caused by bacterial infections, viral infections, and inflammatory disorders
- Morphologic changes: swollen nodes, gray-red color, and engorged sinuses
- Microscopic features: prominent reactive germinal centers, numerous mitotic figures, and scattered neutrophils
Chronic Nonspecific Lymphadenitis
- Caused by chronic infections, autoimmune disorders, and inflammatory disorders
- Morphologic changes: swollen nodes, mild increase in germinal centers, and scattered macrophages
- Microscopic features: follicular hyperplasia, paracortical hyperplasia, and sinus histiocytosis
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
- Characterized by cytopenias and systemic inflammation related to macrophage activation
- Triggers: infection, autoimmune disorders, and cancer
- Pathogenesis: macrophage activation, phagocytosis of blood cell progenitors, and suppression of hematopoiesis
- Clinical features: fever, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and very high levels of inflammatory mediators### Lymphoid Neoplasms
- Lymphoid neoplasms are cancers that affect the immune system, particularly the white blood cells (lymphocytes).
- They are classified into two main categories: B-cell neoplasms (85-90% of cases) and T-cell neoplasms.
Precursor B-Cell Neoplasms
- B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (B-ALL) is a type of precursor B-cell neoplasm.
- B-ALL is typically seen in children, but it can occur in adults as well.
- Acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (ALL) is a neoplasm composed of immature B (pre-B) or T (pre-T) cells, referred to as lymphoblasts.
Peripheral B-Cell Neoplasms
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma is a type of peripheral B-cell neoplasm.
- It is characterized by the accumulation of mature B cells in the bone marrow and lymph nodes.
Precursor T-Cell Neoplasms
- T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL) is a type of precursor T-cell neoplasm.
- T-ALL is typically seen in adolescents and young adults.
Peripheral T-Cell and NK-Cell Neoplasms
- Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified, is a type of peripheral T-cell neoplasm.
- Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, is a type of peripheral T-cell and NK-cell neoplasm.
Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of lymphoid neoplasm that is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells.
- It is typically seen in young adults and is often associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection.
Pathogenesis of Lymphoid Neoplasms
- Lymphoid neoplasms can arise from genetic mutations, particularly in genes involved in B-cell and T-cell development.
- Chromosomal translocations and gene mutations can lead to the formation of oncogenic proteins that promote cell growth and proliferation.
Risk Factors for Lymphoid Neoplasms
- Genetic factors, such as inherited genetic syndromes, can increase the risk of developing lymphoid neoplasms.
- Exposure to carcinogens, such as benzene, can also increase the risk.
- Infections, such as EBV and human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1), can increase the risk of developing certain types of lymphoid neoplasms.
Clinical Features of Lymphoid Neoplasms
- Lymphoid neoplasms can present with a range of symptoms, including fatigue, fever, and lymph node enlargement.
- Diagnosis is typically made by histologic examination of lymph node biopsies or bone marrow aspirates.
Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms
- The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lymphoid neoplasms is based on the cell of origin and the morphologic, immunophenotypic, and genetic features of the neoplasm.
- The classification includes five broad categories: precursor B-cell neoplasms, peripheral B-cell neoplasms, precursor T-cell neoplasms, peripheral T-cell and NK-cell neoplasms, and Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Test your knowledge on various blood disorders including B-Cell Neoplasms, Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma, and Hodgkin Lymphoma. Questions cover topics like hematopoietic system components, myeloid tissues, and therapeutic conditions related to blood disorders.
