20 Questions
Pathology is the study of causes and effects of disease.
True
Cell death can occur due to lack of adaptation.
True
All disturbances of function and structure in disease are due to cellular abnormalities.
True
The human body is a clone of 1013 cells.
True
Abnormal cell growth can result in dysplasia or neoplastic growth.
True
Pathological stimuli can cause cellular stresses.
True
Adaptive response during cell stress improves cell survival in adverse environments.
True
Hyperplasia refers to an increase in the size of existing cells.
False
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a risk factor for prostatic carcinoma.
False
Apoptosis is responsible for the elimination of unwanted or damaged cells.
True
Necrosis is triggered by acute stressors such as metabolic stress or hypoxia.
True
Restriction in blood supply (ischemia) leads to apoptosis.
False
True or false: Apoptosis is a tightly regulated process?
True
True or false: Necrosis is an energy (ATP) dependent process?
False
True or false: Necrosis occurs at 4oC?
True
True or false: Apoptosis is a passive process?
False
True or false: Apoptosis results in the release of cell contents and an inflammatory response?
False
True or false: Necrosis results in the release of cell contents and an inflammatory response?
True
True or false: Non-random degradation of DNA can be observed as a ladder pattern on agarose gel electrophoresis in apoptosis?
True
True or false: Random digestion of DNA can be observed as a smear on agarose gel electrophoresis in necrosis?
True
Study Notes
Pathology
- Definition: Scientific study of the causes and effects of disease
- Encompasses: Histology, Cytology, Microbiology, Haematology, Clinical Chemistry, Clinical Genetics
Cellular Pathology
- Normal cell structure and function: Functional units of living organisms
- Human body composed of 10^13 cells, with same genetic material, but genes switched on/off in different cell types
- Cells adaptable to changing environment, but may result in abnormal cell growth (dysplasia or neoplastic growth)
Virchow's Concept
- "All disturbances of function and structure in disease are due to cellular abnormalities... the phenomena of a particular disease are brought about by a series of cellular changes"
Cellular Stress Response
- Pathological stimuli cause cellular stresses, triggering an adaptive response to improve cell survival in adverse environments
- Examples of stimuli: Osmotic stress, temperature stress, oxygen/energy deprivation, injury, infection, and disruption of homeostasis
- Cellular response includes alterations in metabolism, changes in gene expression, and morphological changes (metaplasia)
Adaptive Response
- Cells respond to stress by activating stress genes, protecting proteins, and inducing heat shock proteins (HSPs) to prevent protein aggregation
- Ubiquitin targets proteins for destruction by proteasomes
- Chronic stress leads to visible aggregates of constituents known as inclusion bodies (e.g., Lewy body in nerve cells)
Cellular Adaptation and Disease
- Increased functional demand may result in hyperplasia (increase in number of cells) or hypertrophy (increase in size of existing cells)
- Examples: Endometrial lining during menstrual cycle, skeletal muscle fibres of athletes, and colonic epithelial hyperplasia
- Inability to adapt may result in irreversible cell damage, leading to pathological death
Cell Death
- Apoptosis (programmed cell death): elimination of unwanted/damaged cells, with four phases (induction, effector, degradation, and phagocytic)
- Necrosis: cell death due to acute stressors, such as metabolic stress, hypoxia, or trauma
- Examples of pathological stimuli that cause necrosis: Hypoxia, specific chemical agents, and ischemia (restriction in blood supply)
Test your knowledge of cellular pathology and its role in understanding diseases. This quiz covers topics such as cerebral infarct, brain necrosis, histology, cytology, microbiology, haematology, and clinical chemistry. Get ready to delve into the fascinating world of pathology.
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