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Questions and Answers
Which statement accurately describes a malignant neoplasm?
Which statement accurately describes a malignant neoplasm?
Benign tumors are characterized by their ability to invade surrounding tissues.
Benign tumors are characterized by their ability to invade surrounding tissues.
False
What is metaplasia?
What is metaplasia?
What does the term 'neoplasia' literally mean?
What does the term 'neoplasia' literally mean?
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A tumor that is well-defined and remains localized is generally classified as a __________ tumor.
A tumor that is well-defined and remains localized is generally classified as a __________ tumor.
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Dysplasia is characterized by uniform cell arrangement and preservation of maturation.
Dysplasia is characterized by uniform cell arrangement and preservation of maturation.
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Match the following features with the correct type of neoplasm:
Match the following features with the correct type of neoplasm:
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What happens to the N/C (nucleus to cytoplasm) ratio in dysplastic cells?
What happens to the N/C (nucleus to cytoplasm) ratio in dysplastic cells?
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In dysplasia, cells show ________ in size and shape.
In dysplasia, cells show ________ in size and shape.
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What suffix is typically added to the name of a tissue to designate a benign neoplasm?
What suffix is typically added to the name of a tissue to designate a benign neoplasm?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dysplastic cells?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dysplastic cells?
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Dysplasia refers to a normal arrangement of cells in a tissue.
Dysplasia refers to a normal arrangement of cells in a tissue.
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What factor can lead dysplasia to develop into carcinoma in-situ?
What factor can lead dysplasia to develop into carcinoma in-situ?
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Match the descriptions with the correct characteristics of dysplasia:
Match the descriptions with the correct characteristics of dysplasia:
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Low-grade dysplasia involves the full thickness of the epithelium.
Low-grade dysplasia involves the full thickness of the epithelium.
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Dysplasia is a type of ________ proliferation that is neither neoplastic nor normal.
Dysplasia is a type of ________ proliferation that is neither neoplastic nor normal.
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What characterizes benign tumors?
What characterizes benign tumors?
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Malignant tumors can have an anaplastic differentiation grade.
Malignant tumors can have an anaplastic differentiation grade.
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Name one type of benign neoplasm.
Name one type of benign neoplasm.
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A tumor that consists of spindle-shaped smooth muscle fibers is called a _____ muscle tumor.
A tumor that consists of spindle-shaped smooth muscle fibers is called a _____ muscle tumor.
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Match the type of tumor with its description:
Match the type of tumor with its description:
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Which of the following characteristics is associated with malignant tumors?
Which of the following characteristics is associated with malignant tumors?
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Adenomas are typically composed of abnormal cells.
Adenomas are typically composed of abnormal cells.
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What is the significance of the N/C ratio in tumors?
What is the significance of the N/C ratio in tumors?
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Which of the following routes of distant spread involves movement through blood vessels?
Which of the following routes of distant spread involves movement through blood vessels?
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Transcoelomic spread refers to the movement of malignant cells across body cavities.
Transcoelomic spread refers to the movement of malignant cells across body cavities.
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What is a common site for metastasis in ovarian cancer?
What is a common site for metastasis in ovarian cancer?
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Metastasis through lymphatics leads to __________ involvement.
Metastasis through lymphatics leads to __________ involvement.
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Match the following types of metastasis with their characteristics:
Match the following types of metastasis with their characteristics:
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Which microscopic feature is associated with transitional cell carcinoma?
Which microscopic feature is associated with transitional cell carcinoma?
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The renal pelvis is the only site where transitional cell carcinoma can originate.
The renal pelvis is the only site where transitional cell carcinoma can originate.
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What gross feature is notable in the specimen of the transitional cell carcinoma of the kidney?
What gross feature is notable in the specimen of the transitional cell carcinoma of the kidney?
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The ulcerative mass in the lesion has a raised everted edge and a _________ necrotic floor.
The ulcerative mass in the lesion has a raised everted edge and a _________ necrotic floor.
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Match the following features with their characteristics:
Match the following features with their characteristics:
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What is the prognosis for leiomyoma of the uterus?
What is the prognosis for leiomyoma of the uterus?
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Mitosis is common in the cells of leiomyoma.
Mitosis is common in the cells of leiomyoma.
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Describe the microscopic features of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.
Describe the microscopic features of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.
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Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of ___________ neoplasm.
Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of ___________ neoplasm.
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Match the following tumors with their associated features:
Match the following tumors with their associated features:
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Which of the following is NOT a malignant neoplasm?
Which of the following is NOT a malignant neoplasm?
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Keratin pearls are a feature seen in well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.
Keratin pearls are a feature seen in well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.
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List two features of a malignant ulcer from squamous cell carcinoma.
List two features of a malignant ulcer from squamous cell carcinoma.
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Study Notes
Lab Skills: Pathology of Neoplasia
- Unit 1, Problem 10: Breaking Boundaries
- The course covers lab skills in pathology related to neoplasia.
- Includes information on benign and malignant neoplasms.
Specific Learning Objectives (SLOs)
- Define terms like hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, and neoplasia.
- Correlate nomenclature of benign and malignant neoplasms with their tissue of origin.
- Differentiate benign and malignant neoplasms.
- Explain grading and staging methods for malignant neoplasms.
Neoplasia
- Neoplasia is abnormal cell growth.
- Tumors come from abnormal cell growth.
- Normal skin cell growth = cell cycle.
Disorders of Cell Growth
-
Non-Neoplastic: Hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia.
- Reversible changes
-
Neoplastic (tumors): Benign and malignant.
- Non-reversible changes
Hypertrophy and Atrophy
-
Hypertrophy: Increase in tissue size due to cell enlargement.
- Example: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in hypertension.
- Atrophy: Decrease in tissue/organ size due to reduced cell size and numbers.
Microscopic Appearance of Normal Tissue
- Architecture: Surface epithelium, glands, bundles, etc.
- Cells: Uniform size and shape, preserved polarity, uniform nuclei, regular outlines, mitosis limited to the basal layer, normal N/C ratio.
- Nucleus: at the lower pole of the cell
Hyperplasia and Metaplasia
- Hyperplasia: Increased cell number due to increased cell proliferation. Physiological or pathological; reversible.
- Metaplasia: Change of adult cell type to different adult cell type. Reversible change where one cell type is replaced by another.
Dysplasia
- Dysplasia: Disorderly growth of cells in tissues (Loss of uniformity of individual cells, architectural orientation).
- Architecture: Disorderly arrangement in epithelium, loss of maturation.
- Cells: Pleomorphic (variation in size and shape), lost polarity.
- Nuclei: Variation in size and shape, nuclear enlargement, hyperchromatic nuclei, increased N/C ratio, mitosis not confined to the basal layer.
Dysplastic Cells vs. Normal Cells
- Arrangement: Dysplastic - disordered; Normal - arranged
- Size and shape: Dysplastic - variations; Normal - uniform
- Maturation: Dysplastic - loss; Normal - preserved
- Polarity: Dysplastic - loss; Normal - preserved
- Nuclear size & shape: Dysplastic - enlargement, irregularity; Normal - uniform
- Chromatin: Dysplastic - hyperchromatic; Normal - normochromatic
- N/C ratio: Dysplastic - increased; Normal - normal
- Mitosis: Dysplastic - not confined to basal layer; Normal - confined to basal layer.
Dysplasia Progression
- Reversible: Low-grade dysplasia may regress if the persistent injury is removed.
- Progressive: High-grade dysplasia may progress to carcinoma in situ, followed by invasive carcinoma.
What is a Neoplasm?
- Neoplasia means "new growth."
- Neoplasms are characterized by purposeless and autonomous cell growth.
- Differentiate benign/malignant tumors based on their gross and microscopic examination.
Benign vs. Malignant Neoplasms (Gross Features)
- Benign Tumors: Slow growth, well-defined edges/margins, encapsulated, no invasion, do not spread to distant sites.
- Malignant Tumors: Rapid growth, irregular edges/margins, not encapsulated, invasive, spread to distant sites.
Classification and Nomenclature of Benign and Malignant Neoplasms
- Neoplasms are named on the basis of their cell/tissue of origin.
- Epithelial, connective tissue, lymphoid/hematological, mixed tissue.
- Specific terms are used (e.g. suffix "-oma" for benign epithelial tumors).
Main Classifications: Benign and Malignant Tumors
- Benign: Epithelial, connective tissue, fat/lipid, cartilage, bone, muscle
- Malignant: Carcinoma(Epithelial). Sarcoma(Connective tissue), Lipomas, Adenocarcinoma.
Other Tumors
- Lymphoid/Hematopoietic: Lymphomas, leukemia
- Melanocytes: Melanoma (malignant), Nevus (benign)
- Embryonic Tissue: Teratomas (malignant)
Teratomas of the Ovary
- Benign tumors composed of mixed tissues (e.g., skin, hair, bone, cartilage).
- Other common sites (e.g., testis) but testicular teratomas are malignant.
Pathological Changes in Tumors
- Gross (Macroscopic): Describes physical characteristics (size, shape, color, number, location)
- Microscopic: Examines the cells and tissue structures at high magnification
How to Describe Gross Pathological Changes
- Shape of lesion (e.g., ulcer, nodule, mass, polyp)
- Number of lesions (e.g., single, multiple, 2,3 etc)
- Location of lesion
- Shape of lesion (e.g., rounded, oval ...etc)
- Size of lesion
- Color of lesion
- Surface of lesion (e.g., intact, smooth, ulcerated)
- Outline/Border (e.g., regular/irregular, well demarcated/poorly demarcated)
- Relationship to surrounding structures.
A Pathological Lesion of the Uterus
- Well-Circumscribed Masses: Multiple, rounded, white, regular well-demarcated masses, pushing the surrounding structure without invasion.
Is it Benign or Malignant?
- Benign: Leiomyoma of the uterus
Adenoma of Colon
- Lesion: Polyps
- Location: Above mucosa
- Shape: Rounded Mass with a neck
- Size: ~ 2 x 2 cm
- Color: Brown/Reddish
- Outline/ Border: regular well demarcated
- Relation to surrounding structure: above surface with no invasion
Benign Tumors
- Well differentiated: Tumors resemble their tissue of origin
-
Examples of benign tumors:
- Adenoma
- Lipoma
- Leiomyoma
Malignant Tumors
- Grades: 4 grades of differentiation (well-differentiated, moderately differentiated, poorly differentiated, anaplastic)
Microscopic Pathological Changes of Tumors
- (A) Parenchyma: Arrangement (tubules, glands, sheets, cords, papillae), Cell size and shape (uniform or pleomorphic), nuclei (shape, chromatin, N/C ratio), mitosis (rare, frequent, normal or abnormal).
- (B) Stroma: Connective tissue, blood vessels, and host-derived inflammatory cells.
Invasive vs. Non-Invasive Cells
- Benign: Cells remain confined to their areas
- Malignant: Cells invade surrounding tissues
Metastasis (Spread) of Malignant Tumors
- Process: Neoplastic cells from primary tumors spread to distant sites.
- Steps: Invasion into surrounding tissues; detachment within vessels; transport in emboli; extravasation (movement from vessel to tissue) and growth at new sites.
- Routes: Blood vessels, lymphatics, and transcoelomic spread. (across body cavities e.g. spread of malignant cells from gastric carcinoma too the ovaries through peritoneal cavity)
Metastatic Malignant Tumors in the Liver
- Liver containing multiple metastases, noted with central necrosis within nodules.
Grading of Adenocarcinoma of Colon
- 4 grades of differentiation: well-differentiated, moderately-differentiated, poorly-differentiated, and undifferentiated (anaplastic).
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Gross Appearance: Ulcer with raised everted edges, irregular outline; red necrotic floor
- Microscopic features: Keratin pearls, malignant sheet, malignant cells
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Kidney
- Gross: friable, necrotic tumor mass, in renal pelvis
- Microscopically: transitional cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma of the Colon
- Lesion appearance: ulcerative mass with irregular outline
- Edge: raised everted edges
- Floor: red necrotic floor
Endometrial Carcinoma, Uterus
- Type: Grade 1 adenocarcinoma
- Characteristics are described in the slides
Breast Carcinoma
- Describe gross and microscopic features
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts related to neoplasia and dysplasia in pathology. This quiz covers definitions, characteristics, and classifications of various types of tumors and cellular abnormalities. Perfect for students in medical or health sciences courses.
