Pathology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which measurement increases in cases of Neural tube disorder?

  • Acetylcholinesterase (correct)
  • Phosphotidylinositol
  • Lecithin/sphingomyelin
  • Bilirubin

Which condition is often associated with Albuminuria?

  • Glomerulonephritis (correct)
  • Dehydration
  • Strenuous exercise
  • Cardiac failure

What type of effusion is typically seen in cases of UTI?

  • Inflammatory effusion
  • Exudative effusion (correct)
  • Hemorrhagic effusion
  • Transudative effusion

Is the presence of RBC in urine always pathologic?

<p>False (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parasite is considered a 'true urinary parasite'?

<p>S. haematobium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of urine sample is best suited for culture of urinary bacilli?

<p>Mid-stream urine sample (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport involves a carrier?

<p>Active transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'Diamond yellow sign'?

<p>Instability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correctly matched pair?

<p>Tyrosinuria - Rancid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Principle of 'protein error of indicator'?

<p>Protein error of indicator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average volume of urine excreted by a normal adult within 24 hours?

<p>1200ml (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cast cannot be found physiologically after strenuous exercise?

<p>WBC cast (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pyridium can cause a false positive reaction in which test?

<p>Bilirubin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal fecal color due to, except?

<p>Bilirubin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of velocity of light in the air over the velocity of light in the solution referred to as?

<p>Refractive index (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is detected by Polarizing Microscopy?

<p>Crystals and lipids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of clay-colored stool?

<p>Urobilinogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with kidney stones?

<p>Uric acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical serum glucose level that corresponds to a CSF glucose level of 80 mg/dl?

<p>120 mg/dl (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with ovarian tumors?

<p>CA 125 positive, CEA negative (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the presence of increased numbers of normal cells considered abnormal?

<p>Pleocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a pigment that can affect the color of urine?

<p>NOTA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum amount of amniotic fluid that can be collected through amniocentesis?

<p>30 mL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the smallest diameter of a type of tube?

<p>Levine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the test used to measure tubular secretion?

<p>PSP test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the abnormal increase in urobilinogen and normal bilirubin?

<p>Obstructive jaundice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a technique used to diagnose meningitis?

<p>Limulus lysate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the appearance of oval fat bodies in the urine, indicative of?

<p>Nephrotic syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of measurement for creatine clearance?

<p>mL/min (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the thick-walled glass inserted in the rectum for stool collection?

<p>Jellife tube (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common site of origin for seminal fluids?

<p>Seminal vesicles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fat is typically found in urine?

<p>Oval fat globules and free fat globules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of reagent strip automation?

<p>Reflectance spectrophotometry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary organic constituent of urine?

<p>Urea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the fluid leaving the glomerulus?

<p>Specific gravity of 1.010 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the presence of triglycerides in urine?

<p>Indicates a chylous or pseudochylous effusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of bilirubin?

<p>It is a degradation product of heme catabolism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Tamm-Horsfall protein?

<p>It is a protein found in the urine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Urobilinogen?

<p>It is a pigment found in the urine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the CSF glucose level?

<p>It is lower than the serum glucose level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal volume of urine excreted by a normal adult within 24 hours?

<p>1200mL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cast cannot be found physiologically after strenuous exercise?

<p>WBC cast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Pyridium in a laboratory test?

<p>Causes a false positive reaction in a bilirubin test (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal fecal color due to, except?

<p>Bilirubin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of velocity of light in the air over the velocity of light in the solution referred to as?

<p>Refractive index (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is detected by Polarizing Microscopy?

<p>Crystals and lipids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of clay-colored stool?

<p>Urobilinogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with kidney stones?

<p>Uric acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical serum glucose level that corresponds to a CSF glucose level of 80 mg/dl?

<p>120 mg/dl (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with ovarian tumors?

<p>CA 125 and negative CEA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the abnormal increase in urobilinogen and normal bilirubin?

<p>Hemolytic Anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the test used to measure tubular secretion?

<p>PSP Test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the appearance of oval fat bodies in the urine, indicative of?

<p>Nephrotic Syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of measurement for creatine clearance?

<p>mL/min (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the thick-walled glass inserted in the rectum for stool collection?

<p>Jelliffe's Tube (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum amount of amniotic fluid that can be collected through amniocentesis?

<p>30 mL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the smallest diameter of a type of tube?

<p>Levine's Diameter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the abnormal increase in WBCs in the urine?

<p>Pyuria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the technique used to diagnose meningitis?

<p>Limulus Lysate Test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the presence of increased numbers of normal cells considered abnormal?

<p>Pleocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of increased Acetylcholinesterase in amniotic fluid?

<p>Neural tube disorder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the abnormal increase in urobilinogen and normal bilirubin?

<p>Hemolytic jaundice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause Albuminuria?

<p>Glomerulonephritis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of exudative effusion?

<p>High protein content (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the fluid leaving the glomerulus?

<p>Specific gravity of 1.010 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary organic constituent of urine?

<p>Urea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of RBC in urine?

<p>Sometimes pathologic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of reagent strip automation?

<p>Reflectance spectrophotometry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the habitat of Schistosoma haematobium?

<p>Urinary tract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of bilirubin?

<p>Degradation product of heme catabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best type of urine sample for culture of urinary bacilli?

<p>Midstream sample (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Tamm-Horsfall protein?

<p>Found in urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport involves a carrier protein?

<p>Active transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Diamond yellow sign?

<p>Instability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Urobilinogen?

<p>Found in urine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the appearance of oval fat bodies in the urine?

<p>Steatorrhea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of protein error of indicator?

<p>Protein interferes with indicator (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Alkaline Buffered pH on reagent strip?

<p>False negative (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of triglycerides in urine?

<p>Indicates fat malabsorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the CSF glucose level?

<p>Lower than serum glucose level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of exudative effusion?

<p>Transudative (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the presence of bilirubin in urine?

<p>It indicates impaired liver function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common site of origin for urinary parasites?

<p>Bladder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of protein error of indicator?

<p>The indicator reacts with the protein in the solution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cast is typically seen in cases of strenuous exercise?

<p>None of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the presence of increased numbers of normal cells considered abnormal?

<p>Hyperplasia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a pigment that can affect the color of urine?

<p>Chlorophyll (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum amount of amniotic fluid that can be collected through amniocentesis?

<p>30-40 mL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the smallest diameter of a type of tube?

<p>Caliber (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the test used to measure tubular secretion?

<p>Phenolsulfonphthalein test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely cause of a false positive reaction in a bilirubin test?

<p>Pyridium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following casts is not typically found in the urine after strenuous exercise?

<p>WBC cast (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal fecal color due to?

<p>Stercobilin and urobilin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of velocity of light in the air over the velocity of light in the solution referred to as?

<p>Refractive index (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of microscopy can detect crystals and lipids?

<p>Polarizing microscopy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely cause of a clay-colored stool?

<p>Urobilinogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary laboratory test used to diagnose hemolytic anemia?

<p>Flow cytometry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with kidney stones?

<p>Uric acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the abnormal increase in urobilinogen and normal bilirubin?

<p>Obstructive jaundice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical serum glucose level that corresponds to a CSF glucose level of 80 mg/dl?

<p>120 mg/dl (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with ovarian tumors?

<p>CA 125 and negative CEA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of measurement for creatine clearance?

<p>mL/min (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is detected by the nitroso-naphthol test?

<p>Tyrosinuria, maple syrup disease, and lead poisoning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the appearance of oval fat bodies in the urine, indicative of?

<p>Nephrotic syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the test used to measure tubular secretion?

<p>PSP test (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum amount of amniotic fluid that can be collected through amniocentesis?

<p>30 mL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the thick-walled glass inserted in the rectum for stool collection?

<p>Jelliffe tube (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the CSF glucose level?

<p>Lower than serum glucose level (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the presence of increased numbers of normal cells considered abnormal?

<p>Pleocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the smallest diameter of a type of tube?

<p>Levine tube (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correlation of a positive test for bilirubin in strip testing with?

<p>Urobilinogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the fluid leaving the glomerulus?

<p>It has a specific gravity of 1.010 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary organic constituent of urine?

<p>Urea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of triglycerides in urine?

<p>It is a sign of steatorrhea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of bilirubin?

<p>It is a degradation product of heme catabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of reagent strip automation?

<p>Reflectance spectrophotometry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Tamm-Horsfall protein?

<p>It is a glycoprotein produced by the kidneys (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Urobilinogen?

<p>It is a pigment produced by the breakdown of bilirubin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the CSF glucose level?

<p>It is lower than the serum glucose level (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the presence of 5-HIAA in urine?

<p>It is a sign of carcinoid syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Measurements in Neural Tube Disorders

  • Acetylcholinesterase measurement increases in case of Neural tube disorders

Albuminuria

  • Albuminuria is more common in cases of glomerulonephritis, cardiac failure, strenuous exercise, and dehydration

Effusions

  • Exudative effusions are more common in cases of infections, inflammations, malignancies, and hemorrhages

Urine Analysis

  • Presence of RBCs in urine is always pathologic (FALSE)
  • Midstream urine is used for culture of urinary bacilli

Transport Mechanisms

  • Active transport involves a carrier

Diamond Yellow Sign

  • Indicates instability

Tyrosinuria

  • Characterized by a rancid smell

Principles of Protein

  • Protein error of indicator

Urine Analysis

  • Alkaline buffered pH can cause false negative results in reagent strip tests

Anticoagulants

  • Powdered EDTA is not acceptable for synovial fluid

Urine Volume

  • Average volume of urine excreted by a normal adult within 24 hours is 1200 mL

Urinary Casts

  • WBC cast cannot be found physiologically after strenuous exercise

Interference in Tests

  • Pyridium can cause a false positive reaction in bilirubin tests

Fecal Color

  • Normal fecal color is due to Stercobilin and Urobilin, but not Bilirubin

Light

  • Refractive index is the ratio of velocity of light in air over the velocity of light in the solution

Nitroso-naphthol Test

  • Used to screen for Tyrosinuria, Maple syrup disease, and Argentaffinoma

Microscopy

  • Polarizing microscopy is used to detect crystals and lipids

Clay Colored Stool

  • Caused by Urobilinogen

Uric Acid

  • Associated with Gout

Intestinal Perforation

  • ALP and amylase are increased in peritoneal fluid

Sodium Nitroprusside

  • Tests for ketones

Urine and Kidney

  • Ureter connects the kidney to the bladder

WBCs in Urine

  • Not always indicative of bacterial infection

HDN Testing

  • Zone I of Liley Graph indicates within normal limits

Urine Analysis

  • Unpreserved urine collected at midnight and stored at room temperature will cause a decrease in glucose and ketones

Diuretics

  • Can lead to polyuria

CSF Glucose

  • If serum glucose is 120, CSF glucose is 80 mg/dL

Peritoneal Fluid

  • CA 125 and negative CEA are associated with ovarian tumor

Ketosis

  • Associated with Diabetes mellitus

Tumor Markers

  • Increased cystine and melanin in urine are associated with tumors

Urine pH

  • Clinically significant in detecting acid-base disorders and presence of crystals

Ketones

  • Reagent strips react most strongly with Acetoacetic acid

Organic Constituents

  • Both Creatinine and Urea are organic constituents of urine

Urine Color

  • Orange color in urine indicates medication in UTI

Hemolytic Anemia

  • Characterized by abnormally high Urobilinogen and normal bilirubin

Flow Cytometry

  • Forward scatter indicates size

Meningitis

  • Limulus lysate is used to diagnose gram-negative Meningitis

Intestinal Perforation

  • ALP and amylase are increased in peritoneal fluid

Prostate Infection

  • 3-glass collection, 3rd glass contains WBCs and bacteria, indicating prostate infection

Crush Injury

  • Characterized by negative urine blood test and increased Urobilinogen

Diabetes Insipidus

  • Specific gravity of urine is 1.005

PSP Test

  • Used to measure Tubular Secretion

Sperm Motility

  • Grade 3 indicates slow motility and lateral movement

Creatine Clearance

  • Measured in mL/min

Meconium

  • Greens discoloration of amniotic fluid

Stool Collection

  • Jellife's thick-walled glass tube is used for stool collection

RBCs in Urine

  • Dissolved with 10% HAc

Nephrotic Syndrome

  • Characterized by oval fat bodies

Cryptococcus

  • Detected in CSF using India ink/latex agglutination test

Bence Jones Protein

  • Detected using electrophoresis

Fetal Amniotic Fluid

  • Blood in fetal amniotic fluid may interfere with L/S ratio and foam stability

Levines Rû, and Sawyer's Tubes

  • Smallest diameter is Levines

Tyrosine

  • Forms fine needles that clump and rosette in severe liver disease

Cryptococcus

  • Detected in CSF using India ink/latex agglutination test

Amniotic Fluid

  • Maximum amount of amniotic fluid that can be collected through amniocentesis is 30 mL

WBCs in Urine

  • Neutrophils are the most common WBCs found in urine

End-Stage Renal Disease

  • Characterized by Isosthenuria, Electrolyte imbalance, and Azotemia

Watson Schwartz Test

  • Used to detect Urobilinogen

Ketone Bodies

  • Not positive after eating

Pleocytosis

  • Presence of increased numbers of normal cells, considered abnormal

Urine pH

  • Helpful in identifying some types of urine crystals

CSF

  • Requires three tubes, and tube 2 is used for microbiological tests

Urine Analysis

  • Urine specimen should be analyzed within 2 hours

Gastric Tube

  • Smallest size is Levine's, and largest is Boa's (Edwald's)

Synovial Fluid

  • Normal length of rope test is 4-6 cm

Urine Analysis

  • Refractometry is used to measure specific gravity of urine

Urinary Crystal Core

  • Constituent is Tamm-Horsfall protein

Billirubin

  • Positive test in strip testing correlates with Urobilinogen

Steatorrhea

  • Evaluated when droplets of large colored neutral fats are seen per HPF

CSF Glucose

  • Lower than serum glucose

Multiple Sclerosis

  • Characterized by Basic myelin protein and oligoclonal banding

Urobilinogen

  • Classic Ehrlich reaction is based on the reaction of Urobilinogen with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde

Feces Analysis

  • Clinitest and muscle fiber test are done, but not Iontophoresis pilocarpine

Hoesch Reagent

  • Components include Ehrlich's in 6M HCL

Synovial Fluid

  • RA cell (Ragocyte) is seen in synovial fluid

Seminal Fluid

  • Majority originates from the seminal vesicles

Bacterial Meningitis

  • Rapid presumptive diagnosis is done using Gram stain

Crystals

  • pH of the urine is the most valuable aid in identifying crystals

Automated Reagent Strips

  • Quality control is necessary

hCG Levels

  • Not exhibited in ectopic pregnancy

Bilirubin

  • Bilirubin is a degradation product of heme catabolism

Fat in Urine

  • Oval fat globules and free fat globules are forms of fat found in urine

Chylous and Pseudochylous Fluid

  • Differentiated using triglyceride

Angiotensin II

  • Mechanism involves vasoconstriction of renal arterioles and release of aldosterone in adrenal cortex

Renal Function

  • Tubular reabsorption is affected first in renal disease

Reagent Strip Automation

  • Principle involves reflectance spectrophotometry

Degree of Hydration

  • Specific gravity is used to determine the degree of hydration

Calcium Oxalate

  • Described as octahedral with 2 diagonal lines like X

Tumor Markers

  • Increased cystine and melanin in urine are associated with tumors

Primary Organic Constituent

  • Urea is the primary organic constituent of urine

Severity of Hemolysis

  • Plotted in zone 1 of Liley graph indicates within normal limits

Fluid Leaving Glomerulus

  • Specific gravity is 1.010

Urine Composition

  • Urea and creatinine are used to identify if it's really urine

Albuminemia

  • Orthostatic proteinemia occurs while standing and stops with bed rest

Hartnup's Disease

  • Characterized by metabolism of tryptophan

Carcinoma

  • Enterochromaffin cells have increased urinary 5-HIAA

Measurements in Neural Tube Disorders

  • Acetylcholinesterase measurement increases in case of Neural tube disorders

Albuminuria

  • Albuminuria is more common in cases of glomerulonephritis, cardiac failure, strenuous exercise, and dehydration

Effusions

  • Exudative effusions are more common in cases of infections, inflammations, malignancies, and hemorrhages

Urine Analysis

  • Presence of RBCs in urine is always pathologic (FALSE)
  • Midstream urine is used for culture of urinary bacilli

Transport Mechanisms

  • Active transport involves a carrier

Diamond Yellow Sign

  • Indicates instability

Tyrosinuria

  • Characterized by a rancid smell

Principles of Protein

  • Protein error of indicator

Urine Analysis

  • Alkaline buffered pH can cause false negative results in reagent strip tests

Anticoagulants

  • Powdered EDTA is not acceptable for synovial fluid

Urine Volume

  • Average volume of urine excreted by a normal adult within 24 hours is 1200 mL

Urinary Casts

  • WBC cast cannot be found physiologically after strenuous exercise

Interference in Tests

  • Pyridium can cause a false positive reaction in bilirubin tests

Fecal Color

  • Normal fecal color is due to Stercobilin and Urobilin, but not Bilirubin

Light

  • Refractive index is the ratio of velocity of light in air over the velocity of light in the solution

Nitroso-naphthol Test

  • Used to screen for Tyrosinuria, Maple syrup disease, and Argentaffinoma

Microscopy

  • Polarizing microscopy is used to detect crystals and lipids

Clay Colored Stool

  • Caused by Urobilinogen

Uric Acid

  • Associated with Gout

Intestinal Perforation

  • ALP and amylase are increased in peritoneal fluid

Sodium Nitroprusside

  • Tests for ketones

Urine and Kidney

  • Ureter connects the kidney to the bladder

WBCs in Urine

  • Not always indicative of bacterial infection

HDN Testing

  • Zone I of Liley Graph indicates within normal limits

Urine Analysis

  • Unpreserved urine collected at midnight and stored at room temperature will cause a decrease in glucose and ketones

Diuretics

  • Can lead to polyuria

CSF Glucose

  • If serum glucose is 120, CSF glucose is 80 mg/dL

Peritoneal Fluid

  • CA 125 and negative CEA are associated with ovarian tumor

Ketosis

  • Associated with Diabetes mellitus

Tumor Markers

  • Increased cystine and melanin in urine are associated with tumors

Urine pH

  • Clinically significant in detecting acid-base disorders and presence of crystals

Ketones

  • Reagent strips react most strongly with Acetoacetic acid

Organic Constituents

  • Both Creatinine and Urea are organic constituents of urine

Urine Color

  • Orange color in urine indicates medication in UTI

Hemolytic Anemia

  • Characterized by abnormally high Urobilinogen and normal bilirubin

Flow Cytometry

  • Forward scatter indicates size

Meningitis

  • Limulus lysate is used to diagnose gram-negative Meningitis

Intestinal Perforation

  • ALP and amylase are increased in peritoneal fluid

Prostate Infection

  • 3-glass collection, 3rd glass contains WBCs and bacteria, indicating prostate infection

Crush Injury

  • Characterized by negative urine blood test and increased Urobilinogen

Diabetes Insipidus

  • Specific gravity of urine is 1.005

PSP Test

  • Used to measure Tubular Secretion

Sperm Motility

  • Grade 3 indicates slow motility and lateral movement

Creatine Clearance

  • Measured in mL/min

Meconium

  • Greens discoloration of amniotic fluid

Stool Collection

  • Jellife's thick-walled glass tube is used for stool collection

RBCs in Urine

  • Dissolved with 10% HAc

Nephrotic Syndrome

  • Characterized by oval fat bodies

Cryptococcus

  • Detected in CSF using India ink/latex agglutination test

Bence Jones Protein

  • Detected using electrophoresis

Fetal Amniotic Fluid

  • Blood in fetal amniotic fluid may interfere with L/S ratio and foam stability

Levines Rû, and Sawyer's Tubes

  • Smallest diameter is Levines

Tyrosine

  • Forms fine needles that clump and rosette in severe liver disease

Cryptococcus

  • Detected in CSF using India ink/latex agglutination test

Amniotic Fluid

  • Maximum amount of amniotic fluid that can be collected through amniocentesis is 30 mL

WBCs in Urine

  • Neutrophils are the most common WBCs found in urine

End-Stage Renal Disease

  • Characterized by Isosthenuria, Electrolyte imbalance, and Azotemia

Watson Schwartz Test

  • Used to detect Urobilinogen

Ketone Bodies

  • Not positive after eating

Pleocytosis

  • Presence of increased numbers of normal cells, considered abnormal

Urine pH

  • Helpful in identifying some types of urine crystals

CSF

  • Requires three tubes, and tube 2 is used for microbiological tests

Urine Analysis

  • Urine specimen should be analyzed within 2 hours

Gastric Tube

  • Smallest size is Levine's, and largest is Boa's (Edwald's)

Synovial Fluid

  • Normal length of rope test is 4-6 cm

Urine Analysis

  • Refractometry is used to measure specific gravity of urine

Urinary Crystal Core

  • Constituent is Tamm-Horsfall protein

Billirubin

  • Positive test in strip testing correlates with Urobilinogen

Steatorrhea

  • Evaluated when droplets of large colored neutral fats are seen per HPF

CSF Glucose

  • Lower than serum glucose

Multiple Sclerosis

  • Characterized by Basic myelin protein and oligoclonal banding

Urobilinogen

  • Classic Ehrlich reaction is based on the reaction of Urobilinogen with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde

Feces Analysis

  • Clinitest and muscle fiber test are done, but not Iontophoresis pilocarpine

Hoesch Reagent

  • Components include Ehrlich's in 6M HCL

Synovial Fluid

  • RA cell (Ragocyte) is seen in synovial fluid

Seminal Fluid

  • Majority originates from the seminal vesicles

Bacterial Meningitis

  • Rapid presumptive diagnosis is done using Gram stain

Crystals

  • pH of the urine is the most valuable aid in identifying crystals

Automated Reagent Strips

  • Quality control is necessary

hCG Levels

  • Not exhibited in ectopic pregnancy

Bilirubin

  • Bilirubin is a degradation product of heme catabolism

Fat in Urine

  • Oval fat globules and free fat globules are forms of fat found in urine

Chylous and Pseudochylous Fluid

  • Differentiated using triglyceride

Angiotensin II

  • Mechanism involves vasoconstriction of renal arterioles and release of aldosterone in adrenal cortex

Renal Function

  • Tubular reabsorption is affected first in renal disease

Reagent Strip Automation

  • Principle involves reflectance spectrophotometry

Degree of Hydration

  • Specific gravity is used to determine the degree of hydration

Calcium Oxalate

  • Described as octahedral with 2 diagonal lines like X

Tumor Markers

  • Increased cystine and melanin in urine are associated with tumors

Primary Organic Constituent

  • Urea is the primary organic constituent of urine

Severity of Hemolysis

  • Plotted in zone 1 of Liley graph indicates within normal limits

Fluid Leaving Glomerulus

  • Specific gravity is 1.010

Urine Composition

  • Urea and creatinine are used to identify if it's really urine

Albuminemia

  • Orthostatic proteinemia occurs while standing and stops with bed rest

Hartnup's Disease

  • Characterized by metabolism of tryptophan

Carcinoma

  • Enterochromaffin cells have increased urinary 5-HIAA

Measurements in Neural Tube Disorders

  • Acetylcholinesterase measurement increases in case of Neural tube disorders

Albuminuria

  • Albuminuria is more common in cases of glomerulonephritis, cardiac failure, strenuous exercise, and dehydration

Effusions

  • Exudative effusions are more common in cases of infections, inflammations, malignancies, and hemorrhages

Urine Analysis

  • Presence of RBCs in urine is always pathologic (FALSE)
  • Midstream urine is used for culture of urinary bacilli

Transport Mechanisms

  • Active transport involves a carrier

Diamond Yellow Sign

  • Indicates instability

Tyrosinuria

  • Characterized by a rancid smell

Principles of Protein

  • Protein error of indicator

Urine Analysis

  • Alkaline buffered pH can cause false negative results in reagent strip tests

Anticoagulants

  • Powdered EDTA is not acceptable for synovial fluid

Urine Volume

  • Average volume of urine excreted by a normal adult within 24 hours is 1200 mL

Urinary Casts

  • WBC cast cannot be found physiologically after strenuous exercise

Interference in Tests

  • Pyridium can cause a false positive reaction in bilirubin tests

Fecal Color

  • Normal fecal color is due to Stercobilin and Urobilin, but not Bilirubin

Light

  • Refractive index is the ratio of velocity of light in air over the velocity of light in the solution

Nitroso-naphthol Test

  • Used to screen for Tyrosinuria, Maple syrup disease, and Argentaffinoma

Microscopy

  • Polarizing microscopy is used to detect crystals and lipids

Clay Colored Stool

  • Caused by Urobilinogen

Uric Acid

  • Associated with Gout

Intestinal Perforation

  • ALP and amylase are increased in peritoneal fluid

Sodium Nitroprusside

  • Tests for ketones

Urine and Kidney

  • Ureter connects the kidney to the bladder

WBCs in Urine

  • Not always indicative of bacterial infection

HDN Testing

  • Zone I of Liley Graph indicates within normal limits

Urine Analysis

  • Unpreserved urine collected at midnight and stored at room temperature will cause a decrease in glucose and ketones

Diuretics

  • Can lead to polyuria

CSF Glucose

  • If serum glucose is 120, CSF glucose is 80 mg/dL

Peritoneal Fluid

  • CA 125 and negative CEA are associated with ovarian tumor

Ketosis

  • Associated with Diabetes mellitus

Tumor Markers

  • Increased cystine and melanin in urine are associated with tumors

Urine pH

  • Clinically significant in detecting acid-base disorders and presence of crystals

Ketones

  • Reagent strips react most strongly with Acetoacetic acid

Organic Constituents

  • Both Creatinine and Urea are organic constituents of urine

Urine Color

  • Orange color in urine indicates medication in UTI

Hemolytic Anemia

  • Characterized by abnormally high Urobilinogen and normal bilirubin

Flow Cytometry

  • Forward scatter indicates size

Meningitis

  • Limulus lysate is used to diagnose gram-negative Meningitis

Intestinal Perforation

  • ALP and amylase are increased in peritoneal fluid

Prostate Infection

  • 3-glass collection, 3rd glass contains WBCs and bacteria, indicating prostate infection

Crush Injury

  • Characterized by negative urine blood test and increased Urobilinogen

Diabetes Insipidus

  • Specific gravity of urine is 1.005

PSP Test

  • Used to measure Tubular Secretion

Sperm Motility

  • Grade 3 indicates slow motility and lateral movement

Creatine Clearance

  • Measured in mL/min

Meconium

  • Greens discoloration of amniotic fluid

Stool Collection

  • Jellife's thick-walled glass tube is used for stool collection

RBCs in Urine

  • Dissolved with 10% HAc

Nephrotic Syndrome

  • Characterized by oval fat bodies

Cryptococcus

  • Detected in CSF using India ink/latex agglutination test

Bence Jones Protein

  • Detected using electrophoresis

Fetal Amniotic Fluid

  • Blood in fetal amniotic fluid may interfere with L/S ratio and foam stability

Levines Rû, and Sawyer's Tubes

  • Smallest diameter is Levines

Tyrosine

  • Forms fine needles that clump and rosette in severe liver disease

Cryptococcus

  • Detected in CSF using India ink/latex agglutination test

Amniotic Fluid

  • Maximum amount of amniotic fluid that can be collected through amniocentesis is 30 mL

WBCs in Urine

  • Neutrophils are the most common WBCs found in urine

End-Stage Renal Disease

  • Characterized by Isosthenuria, Electrolyte imbalance, and Azotemia

Watson Schwartz Test

  • Used to detect Urobilinogen

Ketone Bodies

  • Not positive after eating

Pleocytosis

  • Presence of increased numbers of normal cells, considered abnormal

Urine pH

  • Helpful in identifying some types of urine crystals

CSF

  • Requires three tubes, and tube 2 is used for microbiological tests

Urine Analysis

  • Urine specimen should be analyzed within 2 hours

Gastric Tube

  • Smallest size is Levine's, and largest is Boa's (Edwald's)

Synovial Fluid

  • Normal length of rope test is 4-6 cm

Urine Analysis

  • Refractometry is used to measure specific gravity of urine

Urinary Crystal Core

  • Constituent is Tamm-Horsfall protein

Billirubin

  • Positive test in strip testing correlates with Urobilinogen

Steatorrhea

  • Evaluated when droplets of large colored neutral fats are seen per HPF

CSF Glucose

  • Lower than serum glucose

Multiple Sclerosis

  • Characterized by Basic myelin protein and oligoclonal banding

Urobilinogen

  • Classic Ehrlich reaction is based on the reaction of Urobilinogen with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde

Feces Analysis

  • Clinitest and muscle fiber test are done, but not Iontophoresis pilocarpine

Hoesch Reagent

  • Components include Ehrlich's in 6M HCL

Synovial Fluid

  • RA cell (Ragocyte) is seen in synovial fluid

Seminal Fluid

  • Majority originates from the seminal vesicles

Bacterial Meningitis

  • Rapid presumptive diagnosis is done using Gram stain

Crystals

  • pH of the urine is the most valuable aid in identifying crystals

Automated Reagent Strips

  • Quality control is necessary

hCG Levels

  • Not exhibited in ectopic pregnancy

Bilirubin

  • Bilirubin is a degradation product of heme catabolism

Fat in Urine

  • Oval fat globules and free fat globules are forms of fat found in urine

Chylous and Pseudochylous Fluid

  • Differentiated using triglyceride

Angiotensin II

  • Mechanism involves vasoconstriction of renal arterioles and release of aldosterone in adrenal cortex

Renal Function

  • Tubular reabsorption is affected first in renal disease

Reagent Strip Automation

  • Principle involves reflectance spectrophotometry

Degree of Hydration

  • Specific gravity is used to determine the degree of hydration

Calcium Oxalate

  • Described as octahedral with 2 diagonal lines like X

Tumor Markers

  • Increased cystine and melanin in urine are associated with tumors

Primary Organic Constituent

  • Urea is the primary organic constituent of urine

Severity of Hemolysis

  • Plotted in zone 1 of Liley graph indicates within normal limits

Fluid Leaving Glomerulus

  • Specific gravity is 1.010

Urine Composition

  • Urea and creatinine are used to identify if it's really urine

Albuminemia

  • Orthostatic proteinemia occurs while standing and stops with bed rest

Hartnup's Disease

  • Characterized by metabolism of tryptophan

Carcinoma

  • Enterochromaffin cells have increased urinary 5-HIAA

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A set of multiple-choice questions covering various topics in pathology, including neural tube disorders, albuminuria, and effusions.

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