Pathology Quiz

Measurements in Neural Tube Disorders

• Acetylcholinesterase measurement increases in case of Neural tube disorders

Albuminuria

• Albuminuria is more common in cases of glomerulonephritis, cardiac failure, strenuous exercise, and dehydration

Effusions

• Exudative effusions are more common in cases of infections, inflammations, malignancies, and hemorrhages

Urine Analysis

• Presence of RBCs in urine is always pathologic (FALSE)
• Midstream urine is used for culture of urinary bacilli

Transport Mechanisms

• Active transport involves a carrier

Diamond Yellow Sign

• Indicates instability

Tyrosinuria

• Characterized by a rancid smell

Principles of Protein

• Protein error of indicator

Urine Analysis

• Alkaline buffered pH can cause false negative results in reagent strip tests

Anticoagulants

• Powdered EDTA is not acceptable for synovial fluid

Urine Volume

• Average volume of urine excreted by a normal adult within 24 hours is 1200 mL

Urinary Casts

• WBC cast cannot be found physiologically after strenuous exercise

Interference in Tests

• Pyridium can cause a false positive reaction in bilirubin tests

Fecal Color

• Normal fecal color is due to Stercobilin and Urobilin, but not Bilirubin

Light

• Refractive index is the ratio of velocity of light in air over the velocity of light in the solution

Nitroso-naphthol Test

• Used to screen for Tyrosinuria, Maple syrup disease, and Argentaffinoma

Microscopy

• Polarizing microscopy is used to detect crystals and lipids

Clay Colored Stool

• Caused by Urobilinogen

Uric Acid

• Associated with Gout

Intestinal Perforation

• ALP and amylase are increased in peritoneal fluid

Sodium Nitroprusside

• Tests for ketones

Urine and Kidney

• Ureter connects the kidney to the bladder

WBCs in Urine

• Not always indicative of bacterial infection

HDN Testing

• Zone I of Liley Graph indicates within normal limits

Urine Analysis

• Unpreserved urine collected at midnight and stored at room temperature will cause a decrease in glucose and ketones

Diuretics

• Can lead to polyuria

CSF Glucose

• If serum glucose is 120, CSF glucose is 80 mg/dL

Peritoneal Fluid

• CA 125 and negative CEA are associated with ovarian tumor

Ketosis

• Associated with Diabetes mellitus

Tumor Markers

• Increased cystine and melanin in urine are associated with tumors

Urine pH

• Clinically significant in detecting acid-base disorders and presence of crystals

Ketones

• Reagent strips react most strongly with Acetoacetic acid

Organic Constituents

• Both Creatinine and Urea are organic constituents of urine

Urine Color

• Orange color in urine indicates medication in UTI

Hemolytic Anemia

• Characterized by abnormally high Urobilinogen and normal bilirubin

Flow Cytometry

• Forward scatter indicates size

Meningitis

• Limulus lysate is used to diagnose gram-negative Meningitis

Intestinal Perforation

• ALP and amylase are increased in peritoneal fluid

Prostate Infection

• 3-glass collection, 3rd glass contains WBCs and bacteria, indicating prostate infection

Crush Injury

• Characterized by negative urine blood test and increased Urobilinogen

Diabetes Insipidus

• Specific gravity of urine is 1.005

PSP Test

• Used to measure Tubular Secretion

Sperm Motility

• Grade 3 indicates slow motility and lateral movement

Creatine Clearance

• Measured in mL/min

Meconium

• Greens discoloration of amniotic fluid

Stool Collection

• Jellife's thick-walled glass tube is used for stool collection

RBCs in Urine

• Dissolved with 10% HAc

Nephrotic Syndrome

• Characterized by oval fat bodies

Cryptococcus

• Detected in CSF using India ink/latex agglutination test

Bence Jones Protein

• Detected using electrophoresis

Fetal Amniotic Fluid

• Blood in fetal amniotic fluid may interfere with L/S ratio and foam stability

Levines Rû, and Sawyer's Tubes

• Smallest diameter is Levines

Tyrosine

• Forms fine needles that clump and rosette in severe liver disease

Cryptococcus

• Detected in CSF using India ink/latex agglutination test

Amniotic Fluid

• Maximum amount of amniotic fluid that can be collected through amniocentesis is 30 mL

WBCs in Urine

• Neutrophils are the most common WBCs found in urine

End-Stage Renal Disease

• Characterized by Isosthenuria, Electrolyte imbalance, and Azotemia

Watson Schwartz Test

• Used to detect Urobilinogen

Ketone Bodies

• Not positive after eating

Pleocytosis

• Presence of increased numbers of normal cells, considered abnormal

Urine pH

• Helpful in identifying some types of urine crystals

CSF

• Requires three tubes, and tube 2 is used for microbiological tests

Urine Analysis

• Urine specimen should be analyzed within 2 hours

Gastric Tube

• Smallest size is Levine's, and largest is Boa's (Edwald's)

Synovial Fluid

• Normal length of rope test is 4-6 cm

Urine Analysis

• Refractometry is used to measure specific gravity of urine

Urinary Crystal Core

• Constituent is Tamm-Horsfall protein

Billirubin

• Positive test in strip testing correlates with Urobilinogen

Steatorrhea

• Evaluated when droplets of large colored neutral fats are seen per HPF

CSF Glucose

• Lower than serum glucose

Multiple Sclerosis

• Characterized by Basic myelin protein and oligoclonal banding

Urobilinogen

• Classic Ehrlich reaction is based on the reaction of Urobilinogen with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde

Feces Analysis

• Clinitest and muscle fiber test are done, but not Iontophoresis pilocarpine

Hoesch Reagent

• Components include Ehrlich's in 6M HCL

Synovial Fluid

• RA cell (Ragocyte) is seen in synovial fluid

Seminal Fluid

• Majority originates from the seminal vesicles

Bacterial Meningitis

• Rapid presumptive diagnosis is done using Gram stain

Crystals

• pH of the urine is the most valuable aid in identifying crystals

Automated Reagent Strips

• Quality control is necessary

hCG Levels

• Not exhibited in ectopic pregnancy

Bilirubin

• Bilirubin is a degradation product of heme catabolism

Fat in Urine

• Oval fat globules and free fat globules are forms of fat found in urine

Chylous and Pseudochylous Fluid

• Differentiated using triglyceride

Angiotensin II

• Mechanism involves vasoconstriction of renal arterioles and release of aldosterone in adrenal cortex

Renal Function

• Tubular reabsorption is affected first in renal disease

Reagent Strip Automation

• Principle involves reflectance spectrophotometry

Degree of Hydration

• Specific gravity is used to determine the degree of hydration

Calcium Oxalate

• Described as octahedral with 2 diagonal lines like X

Tumor Markers

• Increased cystine and melanin in urine are associated with tumors

Primary Organic Constituent

• Urea is the primary organic constituent of urine

Severity of Hemolysis

• Plotted in zone 1 of Liley graph indicates within normal limits

Fluid Leaving Glomerulus

• Specific gravity is 1.010

Urine Composition

• Urea and creatinine are used to identify if it's really urine

Albuminemia

• Orthostatic proteinemia occurs while standing and stops with bed rest

Hartnup's Disease

• Characterized by metabolism of tryptophan

Carcinoma

• Enterochromaffin cells have increased urinary 5-HIAA

Measurements in Neural Tube Disorders

• Acetylcholinesterase measurement increases in case of Neural tube disorders

Albuminuria

• Albuminuria is more common in cases of glomerulonephritis, cardiac failure, strenuous exercise, and dehydration

Effusions

• Exudative effusions are more common in cases of infections, inflammations, malignancies, and hemorrhages

Urine Analysis

• Presence of RBCs in urine is always pathologic (FALSE)
• Midstream urine is used for culture of urinary bacilli

Transport Mechanisms

• Active transport involves a carrier

Diamond Yellow Sign

• Indicates instability

Tyrosinuria

• Characterized by a rancid smell

Principles of Protein

• Protein error of indicator

Urine Analysis

• Alkaline buffered pH can cause false negative results in reagent strip tests

Anticoagulants

• Powdered EDTA is not acceptable for synovial fluid

Urine Volume

• Average volume of urine excreted by a normal adult within 24 hours is 1200 mL

Urinary Casts

• WBC cast cannot be found physiologically after strenuous exercise

Interference in Tests

• Pyridium can cause a false positive reaction in bilirubin tests

Fecal Color

• Normal fecal color is due to Stercobilin and Urobilin, but not Bilirubin

Light

• Refractive index is the ratio of velocity of light in air over the velocity of light in the solution

Nitroso-naphthol Test

• Used to screen for Tyrosinuria, Maple syrup disease, and Argentaffinoma

Microscopy

• Polarizing microscopy is used to detect crystals and lipids

Clay Colored Stool

• Caused by Urobilinogen

Uric Acid

• Associated with Gout

Intestinal Perforation

• ALP and amylase are increased in peritoneal fluid

Sodium Nitroprusside

• Tests for ketones

Urine and Kidney

• Ureter connects the kidney to the bladder

WBCs in Urine

• Not always indicative of bacterial infection

HDN Testing

• Zone I of Liley Graph indicates within normal limits

Urine Analysis

• Unpreserved urine collected at midnight and stored at room temperature will cause a decrease in glucose and ketones

Diuretics

• Can lead to polyuria

CSF Glucose

• If serum glucose is 120, CSF glucose is 80 mg/dL

Peritoneal Fluid

• CA 125 and negative CEA are associated with ovarian tumor

Ketosis

• Associated with Diabetes mellitus

Tumor Markers

• Increased cystine and melanin in urine are associated with tumors

Urine pH

• Clinically significant in detecting acid-base disorders and presence of crystals

Ketones

• Reagent strips react most strongly with Acetoacetic acid

Organic Constituents

• Both Creatinine and Urea are organic constituents of urine

Urine Color

• Orange color in urine indicates medication in UTI

Hemolytic Anemia

• Characterized by abnormally high Urobilinogen and normal bilirubin

Flow Cytometry

• Forward scatter indicates size

Meningitis

• Limulus lysate is used to diagnose gram-negative Meningitis

Intestinal Perforation

• ALP and amylase are increased in peritoneal fluid

Prostate Infection

• 3-glass collection, 3rd glass contains WBCs and bacteria, indicating prostate infection

Crush Injury

• Characterized by negative urine blood test and increased Urobilinogen

Diabetes Insipidus

• Specific gravity of urine is 1.005

PSP Test

• Used to measure Tubular Secretion

Sperm Motility

• Grade 3 indicates slow motility and lateral movement

Creatine Clearance

• Measured in mL/min

Meconium

• Greens discoloration of amniotic fluid

Stool Collection

• Jellife's thick-walled glass tube is used for stool collection

RBCs in Urine

• Dissolved with 10% HAc

Nephrotic Syndrome

• Characterized by oval fat bodies

Cryptococcus

• Detected in CSF using India ink/latex agglutination test

Bence Jones Protein

• Detected using electrophoresis

Fetal Amniotic Fluid

• Blood in fetal amniotic fluid may interfere with L/S ratio and foam stability

Levines Rû, and Sawyer's Tubes

• Smallest diameter is Levines

Tyrosine

• Forms fine needles that clump and rosette in severe liver disease

Cryptococcus

• Detected in CSF using India ink/latex agglutination test

Amniotic Fluid

• Maximum amount of amniotic fluid that can be collected through amniocentesis is 30 mL

WBCs in Urine

• Neutrophils are the most common WBCs found in urine

End-Stage Renal Disease

• Characterized by Isosthenuria, Electrolyte imbalance, and Azotemia

Watson Schwartz Test

• Used to detect Urobilinogen

Ketone Bodies

• Not positive after eating

Pleocytosis

• Presence of increased numbers of normal cells, considered abnormal

Urine pH

• Helpful in identifying some types of urine crystals

CSF

• Requires three tubes, and tube 2 is used for microbiological tests

Urine Analysis

• Urine specimen should be analyzed within 2 hours

Gastric Tube

• Smallest size is Levine's, and largest is Boa's (Edwald's)

Synovial Fluid

• Normal length of rope test is 4-6 cm

Urine Analysis

• Refractometry is used to measure specific gravity of urine

Urinary Crystal Core

• Constituent is Tamm-Horsfall protein

Billirubin

• Positive test in strip testing correlates with Urobilinogen

Steatorrhea

• Evaluated when droplets of large colored neutral fats are seen per HPF

CSF Glucose

• Lower than serum glucose

Multiple Sclerosis

• Characterized by Basic myelin protein and oligoclonal banding

Urobilinogen

• Classic Ehrlich reaction is based on the reaction of Urobilinogen with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde

Feces Analysis

• Clinitest and muscle fiber test are done, but not Iontophoresis pilocarpine

Hoesch Reagent

• Components include Ehrlich's in 6M HCL

Synovial Fluid

• RA cell (Ragocyte) is seen in synovial fluid

Seminal Fluid

• Majority originates from the seminal vesicles

Bacterial Meningitis

• Rapid presumptive diagnosis is done using Gram stain

Crystals

• pH of the urine is the most valuable aid in identifying crystals

Automated Reagent Strips

• Quality control is necessary

hCG Levels

• Not exhibited in ectopic pregnancy

Bilirubin

• Bilirubin is a degradation product of heme catabolism

Fat in Urine

• Oval fat globules and free fat globules are forms of fat found in urine

Chylous and Pseudochylous Fluid

• Differentiated using triglyceride

Angiotensin II

• Mechanism involves vasoconstriction of renal arterioles and release of aldosterone in adrenal cortex

Renal Function

• Tubular reabsorption is affected first in renal disease

Reagent Strip Automation

• Principle involves reflectance spectrophotometry

Degree of Hydration

• Specific gravity is used to determine the degree of hydration

Calcium Oxalate

• Described as octahedral with 2 diagonal lines like X

Tumor Markers

• Increased cystine and melanin in urine are associated with tumors

Primary Organic Constituent

• Urea is the primary organic constituent of urine

Severity of Hemolysis

• Plotted in zone 1 of Liley graph indicates within normal limits

Fluid Leaving Glomerulus

• Specific gravity is 1.010

Urine Composition

• Urea and creatinine are used to identify if it's really urine

Albuminemia

• Orthostatic proteinemia occurs while standing and stops with bed rest

Hartnup's Disease

• Characterized by metabolism of tryptophan

Carcinoma

• Enterochromaffin cells have increased urinary 5-HIAA

Measurements in Neural Tube Disorders

• Acetylcholinesterase measurement increases in case of Neural tube disorders

Albuminuria

• Albuminuria is more common in cases of glomerulonephritis, cardiac failure, strenuous exercise, and dehydration

Effusions

• Exudative effusions are more common in cases of infections, inflammations, malignancies, and hemorrhages

Urine Analysis

• Presence of RBCs in urine is always pathologic (FALSE)
• Midstream urine is used for culture of urinary bacilli

Transport Mechanisms

• Active transport involves a carrier

Diamond Yellow Sign

• Indicates instability

Tyrosinuria

• Characterized by a rancid smell

Principles of Protein

• Protein error of indicator

Urine Analysis

• Alkaline buffered pH can cause false negative results in reagent strip tests

Anticoagulants

• Powdered EDTA is not acceptable for synovial fluid

Urine Volume

• Average volume of urine excreted by a normal adult within 24 hours is 1200 mL

Urinary Casts

• WBC cast cannot be found physiologically after strenuous exercise

Interference in Tests

• Pyridium can cause a false positive reaction in bilirubin tests

Fecal Color

• Normal fecal color is due to Stercobilin and Urobilin, but not Bilirubin

Light

• Refractive index is the ratio of velocity of light in air over the velocity of light in the solution

Nitroso-naphthol Test

• Used to screen for Tyrosinuria, Maple syrup disease, and Argentaffinoma

Microscopy

• Polarizing microscopy is used to detect crystals and lipids

Clay Colored Stool

• Caused by Urobilinogen

Uric Acid

• Associated with Gout

Intestinal Perforation

• ALP and amylase are increased in peritoneal fluid

Sodium Nitroprusside

• Tests for ketones

Urine and Kidney

• Ureter connects the kidney to the bladder

WBCs in Urine

• Not always indicative of bacterial infection

HDN Testing

• Zone I of Liley Graph indicates within normal limits

Urine Analysis

• Unpreserved urine collected at midnight and stored at room temperature will cause a decrease in glucose and ketones

Diuretics

• Can lead to polyuria

CSF Glucose

• If serum glucose is 120, CSF glucose is 80 mg/dL

Peritoneal Fluid

• CA 125 and negative CEA are associated with ovarian tumor

Ketosis

• Associated with Diabetes mellitus

Tumor Markers

• Increased cystine and melanin in urine are associated with tumors

Urine pH

• Clinically significant in detecting acid-base disorders and presence of crystals

Ketones

• Reagent strips react most strongly with Acetoacetic acid

Organic Constituents

• Both Creatinine and Urea are organic constituents of urine

Urine Color

• Orange color in urine indicates medication in UTI

Hemolytic Anemia

• Characterized by abnormally high Urobilinogen and normal bilirubin

Flow Cytometry

• Forward scatter indicates size

Meningitis

• Limulus lysate is used to diagnose gram-negative Meningitis

Intestinal Perforation

• ALP and amylase are increased in peritoneal fluid

Prostate Infection

• 3-glass collection, 3rd glass contains WBCs and bacteria, indicating prostate infection

Crush Injury

• Characterized by negative urine blood test and increased Urobilinogen

Diabetes Insipidus

• Specific gravity of urine is 1.005

PSP Test

• Used to measure Tubular Secretion

Sperm Motility

• Grade 3 indicates slow motility and lateral movement

Creatine Clearance

• Measured in mL/min

Meconium

• Greens discoloration of amniotic fluid

Stool Collection

• Jellife's thick-walled glass tube is used for stool collection

RBCs in Urine

• Dissolved with 10% HAc

Nephrotic Syndrome

• Characterized by oval fat bodies

Cryptococcus

• Detected in CSF using India ink/latex agglutination test

Bence Jones Protein

• Detected using electrophoresis

Fetal Amniotic Fluid

• Blood in fetal amniotic fluid may interfere with L/S ratio and foam stability

Levines Rû, and Sawyer's Tubes

• Smallest diameter is Levines

Tyrosine

• Forms fine needles that clump and rosette in severe liver disease

Cryptococcus

• Detected in CSF using India ink/latex agglutination test

Amniotic Fluid

• Maximum amount of amniotic fluid that can be collected through amniocentesis is 30 mL

WBCs in Urine

• Neutrophils are the most common WBCs found in urine

End-Stage Renal Disease

• Characterized by Isosthenuria, Electrolyte imbalance, and Azotemia

Watson Schwartz Test

• Used to detect Urobilinogen

Ketone Bodies

• Not positive after eating

Pleocytosis

• Presence of increased numbers of normal cells, considered abnormal

Urine pH

• Helpful in identifying some types of urine crystals

CSF

• Requires three tubes, and tube 2 is used for microbiological tests

Urine Analysis

• Urine specimen should be analyzed within 2 hours

Gastric Tube

• Smallest size is Levine's, and largest is Boa's (Edwald's)

Synovial Fluid

• Normal length of rope test is 4-6 cm

Urine Analysis

• Refractometry is used to measure specific gravity of urine

Urinary Crystal Core

• Constituent is Tamm-Horsfall protein

Billirubin

• Positive test in strip testing correlates with Urobilinogen

Steatorrhea

• Evaluated when droplets of large colored neutral fats are seen per HPF

CSF Glucose

• Lower than serum glucose

Multiple Sclerosis

• Characterized by Basic myelin protein and oligoclonal banding

Urobilinogen

• Classic Ehrlich reaction is based on the reaction of Urobilinogen with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde

Feces Analysis

• Clinitest and muscle fiber test are done, but not Iontophoresis pilocarpine

Hoesch Reagent

• Components include Ehrlich's in 6M HCL

Synovial Fluid

• RA cell (Ragocyte) is seen in synovial fluid

Seminal Fluid

• Majority originates from the seminal vesicles

Bacterial Meningitis

• Rapid presumptive diagnosis is done using Gram stain

Crystals

• pH of the urine is the most valuable aid in identifying crystals

Automated Reagent Strips

• Quality control is necessary

hCG Levels

• Not exhibited in ectopic pregnancy

Bilirubin

• Bilirubin is a degradation product of heme catabolism

Fat in Urine

• Oval fat globules and free fat globules are forms of fat found in urine

Chylous and Pseudochylous Fluid

• Differentiated using triglyceride

Angiotensin II

• Mechanism involves vasoconstriction of renal arterioles and release of aldosterone in adrenal cortex

Renal Function

• Tubular reabsorption is affected first in renal disease

Reagent Strip Automation

• Principle involves reflectance spectrophotometry

Degree of Hydration

• Specific gravity is used to determine the degree of hydration

Calcium Oxalate

• Described as octahedral with 2 diagonal lines like X

Tumor Markers

• Increased cystine and melanin in urine are associated with tumors

Primary Organic Constituent

• Urea is the primary organic constituent of urine

Severity of Hemolysis

• Plotted in zone 1 of Liley graph indicates within normal limits

Fluid Leaving Glomerulus

• Specific gravity is 1.010

Urine Composition

• Urea and creatinine are used to identify if it's really urine

Albuminemia

• Orthostatic proteinemia occurs while standing and stops with bed rest

Hartnup's Disease

• Characterized by metabolism of tryptophan

Carcinoma

• Enterochromaffin cells have increased urinary 5-HIAA