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Questions and Answers
Which measurement increases in cases of Neural tube disorder?
Which measurement increases in cases of Neural tube disorder?
Which condition is often associated with Albuminuria?
Which condition is often associated with Albuminuria?
What type of effusion is typically seen in cases of UTI?
What type of effusion is typically seen in cases of UTI?
Is the presence of RBC in urine always pathologic?
Is the presence of RBC in urine always pathologic?
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Which parasite is considered a 'true urinary parasite'?
Which parasite is considered a 'true urinary parasite'?
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Which type of urine sample is best suited for culture of urinary bacilli?
Which type of urine sample is best suited for culture of urinary bacilli?
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What type of transport involves a carrier?
What type of transport involves a carrier?
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What is the significance of the 'Diamond yellow sign'?
What is the significance of the 'Diamond yellow sign'?
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Which of the following is a correctly matched pair?
Which of the following is a correctly matched pair?
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What is the Principle of 'protein error of indicator'?
What is the Principle of 'protein error of indicator'?
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What is the average volume of urine excreted by a normal adult within 24 hours?
What is the average volume of urine excreted by a normal adult within 24 hours?
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Which type of cast cannot be found physiologically after strenuous exercise?
Which type of cast cannot be found physiologically after strenuous exercise?
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Pyridium can cause a false positive reaction in which test?
Pyridium can cause a false positive reaction in which test?
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What is the normal fecal color due to, except?
What is the normal fecal color due to, except?
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What is the ratio of velocity of light in the air over the velocity of light in the solution referred to as?
What is the ratio of velocity of light in the air over the velocity of light in the solution referred to as?
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What is detected by Polarizing Microscopy?
What is detected by Polarizing Microscopy?
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What is the cause of clay-colored stool?
What is the cause of clay-colored stool?
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What is associated with kidney stones?
What is associated with kidney stones?
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What is the typical serum glucose level that corresponds to a CSF glucose level of 80 mg/dl?
What is the typical serum glucose level that corresponds to a CSF glucose level of 80 mg/dl?
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What is associated with ovarian tumors?
What is associated with ovarian tumors?
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What is the term for the presence of increased numbers of normal cells considered abnormal?
What is the term for the presence of increased numbers of normal cells considered abnormal?
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Which of the following is NOT a pigment that can affect the color of urine?
Which of the following is NOT a pigment that can affect the color of urine?
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What is the maximum amount of amniotic fluid that can be collected through amniocentesis?
What is the maximum amount of amniotic fluid that can be collected through amniocentesis?
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What is the term for the smallest diameter of a type of tube?
What is the term for the smallest diameter of a type of tube?
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What is the test used to measure tubular secretion?
What is the test used to measure tubular secretion?
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What is the term for the abnormal increase in urobilinogen and normal bilirubin?
What is the term for the abnormal increase in urobilinogen and normal bilirubin?
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What is the term for a technique used to diagnose meningitis?
What is the term for a technique used to diagnose meningitis?
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What is the term for the appearance of oval fat bodies in the urine, indicative of?
What is the term for the appearance of oval fat bodies in the urine, indicative of?
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What is the unit of measurement for creatine clearance?
What is the unit of measurement for creatine clearance?
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What is the term for the thick-walled glass inserted in the rectum for stool collection?
What is the term for the thick-walled glass inserted in the rectum for stool collection?
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What is the most common site of origin for seminal fluids?
What is the most common site of origin for seminal fluids?
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What type of fat is typically found in urine?
What type of fat is typically found in urine?
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What is the principle of reagent strip automation?
What is the principle of reagent strip automation?
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What is the primary organic constituent of urine?
What is the primary organic constituent of urine?
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What is the characteristic of the fluid leaving the glomerulus?
What is the characteristic of the fluid leaving the glomerulus?
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What is the significance of the presence of triglycerides in urine?
What is the significance of the presence of triglycerides in urine?
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What is the characteristic of bilirubin?
What is the characteristic of bilirubin?
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What is the characteristic of Tamm-Horsfall protein?
What is the characteristic of Tamm-Horsfall protein?
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What is the characteristic of Urobilinogen?
What is the characteristic of Urobilinogen?
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What is the characteristic of the CSF glucose level?
What is the characteristic of the CSF glucose level?
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What is the normal volume of urine excreted by a normal adult within 24 hours?
What is the normal volume of urine excreted by a normal adult within 24 hours?
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Which type of cast cannot be found physiologically after strenuous exercise?
Which type of cast cannot be found physiologically after strenuous exercise?
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What is the significance of Pyridium in a laboratory test?
What is the significance of Pyridium in a laboratory test?
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What is the normal fecal color due to, except?
What is the normal fecal color due to, except?
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What is the ratio of velocity of light in the air over the velocity of light in the solution referred to as?
What is the ratio of velocity of light in the air over the velocity of light in the solution referred to as?
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What is detected by Polarizing Microscopy?
What is detected by Polarizing Microscopy?
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What is the cause of clay-colored stool?
What is the cause of clay-colored stool?
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What is associated with kidney stones?
What is associated with kidney stones?
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What is the typical serum glucose level that corresponds to a CSF glucose level of 80 mg/dl?
What is the typical serum glucose level that corresponds to a CSF glucose level of 80 mg/dl?
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What is associated with ovarian tumors?
What is associated with ovarian tumors?
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What is the term for the abnormal increase in urobilinogen and normal bilirubin?
What is the term for the abnormal increase in urobilinogen and normal bilirubin?
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What is the test used to measure tubular secretion?
What is the test used to measure tubular secretion?
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What is the term for the appearance of oval fat bodies in the urine, indicative of?
What is the term for the appearance of oval fat bodies in the urine, indicative of?
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What is the unit of measurement for creatine clearance?
What is the unit of measurement for creatine clearance?
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What is the term for the thick-walled glass inserted in the rectum for stool collection?
What is the term for the thick-walled glass inserted in the rectum for stool collection?
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What is the maximum amount of amniotic fluid that can be collected through amniocentesis?
What is the maximum amount of amniotic fluid that can be collected through amniocentesis?
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What is the term for the smallest diameter of a type of tube?
What is the term for the smallest diameter of a type of tube?
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What is the term for the abnormal increase in WBCs in the urine?
What is the term for the abnormal increase in WBCs in the urine?
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What is the term for the technique used to diagnose meningitis?
What is the term for the technique used to diagnose meningitis?
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What is the term for the presence of increased numbers of normal cells considered abnormal?
What is the term for the presence of increased numbers of normal cells considered abnormal?
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What is the significance of increased Acetylcholinesterase in amniotic fluid?
What is the significance of increased Acetylcholinesterase in amniotic fluid?
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What is the term for the abnormal increase in urobilinogen and normal bilirubin?
What is the term for the abnormal increase in urobilinogen and normal bilirubin?
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Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause Albuminuria?
Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause Albuminuria?
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What is the characteristic of exudative effusion?
What is the characteristic of exudative effusion?
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What is the characteristic of the fluid leaving the glomerulus?
What is the characteristic of the fluid leaving the glomerulus?
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What is the primary organic constituent of urine?
What is the primary organic constituent of urine?
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What is the significance of RBC in urine?
What is the significance of RBC in urine?
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What is the principle of reagent strip automation?
What is the principle of reagent strip automation?
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What is the habitat of Schistosoma haematobium?
What is the habitat of Schistosoma haematobium?
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What is the characteristic of bilirubin?
What is the characteristic of bilirubin?
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What is the best type of urine sample for culture of urinary bacilli?
What is the best type of urine sample for culture of urinary bacilli?
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What is the characteristic of Tamm-Horsfall protein?
What is the characteristic of Tamm-Horsfall protein?
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What type of transport involves a carrier protein?
What type of transport involves a carrier protein?
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What is the significance of the Diamond yellow sign?
What is the significance of the Diamond yellow sign?
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What is the characteristic of Urobilinogen?
What is the characteristic of Urobilinogen?
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What is the term for the appearance of oval fat bodies in the urine?
What is the term for the appearance of oval fat bodies in the urine?
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What is the principle of protein error of indicator?
What is the principle of protein error of indicator?
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What is the effect of Alkaline Buffered pH on reagent strip?
What is the effect of Alkaline Buffered pH on reagent strip?
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What is the significance of triglycerides in urine?
What is the significance of triglycerides in urine?
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What is the characteristic of the CSF glucose level?
What is the characteristic of the CSF glucose level?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of exudative effusion?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of exudative effusion?
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What is the significance of the presence of bilirubin in urine?
What is the significance of the presence of bilirubin in urine?
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What is the most common site of origin for urinary parasites?
What is the most common site of origin for urinary parasites?
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What is the principle of protein error of indicator?
What is the principle of protein error of indicator?
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What type of cast is typically seen in cases of strenuous exercise?
What type of cast is typically seen in cases of strenuous exercise?
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What is the term for the presence of increased numbers of normal cells considered abnormal?
What is the term for the presence of increased numbers of normal cells considered abnormal?
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Which of the following is NOT a pigment that can affect the color of urine?
Which of the following is NOT a pigment that can affect the color of urine?
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What is the maximum amount of amniotic fluid that can be collected through amniocentesis?
What is the maximum amount of amniotic fluid that can be collected through amniocentesis?
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What is the term for the smallest diameter of a type of tube?
What is the term for the smallest diameter of a type of tube?
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What is the test used to measure tubular secretion?
What is the test used to measure tubular secretion?
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What is the likely cause of a false positive reaction in a bilirubin test?
What is the likely cause of a false positive reaction in a bilirubin test?
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Which of the following casts is not typically found in the urine after strenuous exercise?
Which of the following casts is not typically found in the urine after strenuous exercise?
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What is the normal fecal color due to?
What is the normal fecal color due to?
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What is the ratio of velocity of light in the air over the velocity of light in the solution referred to as?
What is the ratio of velocity of light in the air over the velocity of light in the solution referred to as?
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What type of microscopy can detect crystals and lipids?
What type of microscopy can detect crystals and lipids?
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What is the likely cause of a clay-colored stool?
What is the likely cause of a clay-colored stool?
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What is the primary laboratory test used to diagnose hemolytic anemia?
What is the primary laboratory test used to diagnose hemolytic anemia?
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What is associated with kidney stones?
What is associated with kidney stones?
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What is the term for the abnormal increase in urobilinogen and normal bilirubin?
What is the term for the abnormal increase in urobilinogen and normal bilirubin?
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What is the typical serum glucose level that corresponds to a CSF glucose level of 80 mg/dl?
What is the typical serum glucose level that corresponds to a CSF glucose level of 80 mg/dl?
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What is associated with ovarian tumors?
What is associated with ovarian tumors?
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What is the unit of measurement for creatine clearance?
What is the unit of measurement for creatine clearance?
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What is detected by the nitroso-naphthol test?
What is detected by the nitroso-naphthol test?
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What is the term for the appearance of oval fat bodies in the urine, indicative of?
What is the term for the appearance of oval fat bodies in the urine, indicative of?
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What is the test used to measure tubular secretion?
What is the test used to measure tubular secretion?
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What is the maximum amount of amniotic fluid that can be collected through amniocentesis?
What is the maximum amount of amniotic fluid that can be collected through amniocentesis?
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What is the term for the thick-walled glass inserted in the rectum for stool collection?
What is the term for the thick-walled glass inserted in the rectum for stool collection?
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What is the characteristic of the CSF glucose level?
What is the characteristic of the CSF glucose level?
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What is the term for the presence of increased numbers of normal cells considered abnormal?
What is the term for the presence of increased numbers of normal cells considered abnormal?
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What is the term for the smallest diameter of a type of tube?
What is the term for the smallest diameter of a type of tube?
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What is the correlation of a positive test for bilirubin in strip testing with?
What is the correlation of a positive test for bilirubin in strip testing with?
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What is the characteristic of the fluid leaving the glomerulus?
What is the characteristic of the fluid leaving the glomerulus?
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What is the primary organic constituent of urine?
What is the primary organic constituent of urine?
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What is the significance of triglycerides in urine?
What is the significance of triglycerides in urine?
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What is the characteristic of bilirubin?
What is the characteristic of bilirubin?
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What is the principle of reagent strip automation?
What is the principle of reagent strip automation?
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What is the characteristic of Tamm-Horsfall protein?
What is the characteristic of Tamm-Horsfall protein?
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What is the characteristic of Urobilinogen?
What is the characteristic of Urobilinogen?
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What is the characteristic of the CSF glucose level?
What is the characteristic of the CSF glucose level?
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What is the significance of the presence of 5-HIAA in urine?
What is the significance of the presence of 5-HIAA in urine?
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Study Notes
Measurements in Neural Tube Disorders
- Acetylcholinesterase measurement increases in case of Neural tube disorders
Albuminuria
- Albuminuria is more common in cases of glomerulonephritis, cardiac failure, strenuous exercise, and dehydration
Effusions
- Exudative effusions are more common in cases of infections, inflammations, malignancies, and hemorrhages
Urine Analysis
- Presence of RBCs in urine is always pathologic (FALSE)
- Midstream urine is used for culture of urinary bacilli
Transport Mechanisms
- Active transport involves a carrier
Diamond Yellow Sign
- Indicates instability
Tyrosinuria
- Characterized by a rancid smell
Principles of Protein
- Protein error of indicator
Urine Analysis
- Alkaline buffered pH can cause false negative results in reagent strip tests
Anticoagulants
- Powdered EDTA is not acceptable for synovial fluid
Urine Volume
- Average volume of urine excreted by a normal adult within 24 hours is 1200 mL
Urinary Casts
- WBC cast cannot be found physiologically after strenuous exercise
Interference in Tests
- Pyridium can cause a false positive reaction in bilirubin tests
Fecal Color
- Normal fecal color is due to Stercobilin and Urobilin, but not Bilirubin
Light
- Refractive index is the ratio of velocity of light in air over the velocity of light in the solution
Nitroso-naphthol Test
- Used to screen for Tyrosinuria, Maple syrup disease, and Argentaffinoma
Microscopy
- Polarizing microscopy is used to detect crystals and lipids
Clay Colored Stool
- Caused by Urobilinogen
Uric Acid
- Associated with Gout
Intestinal Perforation
- ALP and amylase are increased in peritoneal fluid
Sodium Nitroprusside
- Tests for ketones
Urine and Kidney
- Ureter connects the kidney to the bladder
WBCs in Urine
- Not always indicative of bacterial infection
HDN Testing
- Zone I of Liley Graph indicates within normal limits
Urine Analysis
- Unpreserved urine collected at midnight and stored at room temperature will cause a decrease in glucose and ketones
Diuretics
- Can lead to polyuria
CSF Glucose
- If serum glucose is 120, CSF glucose is 80 mg/dL
Peritoneal Fluid
- CA 125 and negative CEA are associated with ovarian tumor
Ketosis
- Associated with Diabetes mellitus
Tumor Markers
- Increased cystine and melanin in urine are associated with tumors
Urine pH
- Clinically significant in detecting acid-base disorders and presence of crystals
Ketones
- Reagent strips react most strongly with Acetoacetic acid
Organic Constituents
- Both Creatinine and Urea are organic constituents of urine
Urine Color
- Orange color in urine indicates medication in UTI
Hemolytic Anemia
- Characterized by abnormally high Urobilinogen and normal bilirubin
Flow Cytometry
- Forward scatter indicates size
Meningitis
- Limulus lysate is used to diagnose gram-negative Meningitis
Intestinal Perforation
- ALP and amylase are increased in peritoneal fluid
Prostate Infection
- 3-glass collection, 3rd glass contains WBCs and bacteria, indicating prostate infection
Crush Injury
- Characterized by negative urine blood test and increased Urobilinogen
Diabetes Insipidus
- Specific gravity of urine is 1.005
PSP Test
- Used to measure Tubular Secretion
Sperm Motility
- Grade 3 indicates slow motility and lateral movement
Creatine Clearance
- Measured in mL/min
Meconium
- Greens discoloration of amniotic fluid
Stool Collection
- Jellife's thick-walled glass tube is used for stool collection
RBCs in Urine
- Dissolved with 10% HAc
Nephrotic Syndrome
- Characterized by oval fat bodies
Cryptococcus
- Detected in CSF using India ink/latex agglutination test
Bence Jones Protein
- Detected using electrophoresis
Fetal Amniotic Fluid
- Blood in fetal amniotic fluid may interfere with L/S ratio and foam stability
Levines Rû, and Sawyer's Tubes
- Smallest diameter is Levines
Tyrosine
- Forms fine needles that clump and rosette in severe liver disease
Cryptococcus
- Detected in CSF using India ink/latex agglutination test
Amniotic Fluid
- Maximum amount of amniotic fluid that can be collected through amniocentesis is 30 mL
WBCs in Urine
- Neutrophils are the most common WBCs found in urine
End-Stage Renal Disease
- Characterized by Isosthenuria, Electrolyte imbalance, and Azotemia
Watson Schwartz Test
- Used to detect Urobilinogen
Ketone Bodies
- Not positive after eating
Pleocytosis
- Presence of increased numbers of normal cells, considered abnormal
Urine pH
- Helpful in identifying some types of urine crystals
CSF
- Requires three tubes, and tube 2 is used for microbiological tests
Urine Analysis
- Urine specimen should be analyzed within 2 hours
Gastric Tube
- Smallest size is Levine's, and largest is Boa's (Edwald's)
Synovial Fluid
- Normal length of rope test is 4-6 cm
Urine Analysis
- Refractometry is used to measure specific gravity of urine
Urinary Crystal Core
- Constituent is Tamm-Horsfall protein
Billirubin
- Positive test in strip testing correlates with Urobilinogen
Steatorrhea
- Evaluated when droplets of large colored neutral fats are seen per HPF
CSF Glucose
- Lower than serum glucose
Multiple Sclerosis
- Characterized by Basic myelin protein and oligoclonal banding
Urobilinogen
- Classic Ehrlich reaction is based on the reaction of Urobilinogen with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
Feces Analysis
- Clinitest and muscle fiber test are done, but not Iontophoresis pilocarpine
Hoesch Reagent
- Components include Ehrlich's in 6M HCL
Synovial Fluid
- RA cell (Ragocyte) is seen in synovial fluid
Seminal Fluid
- Majority originates from the seminal vesicles
Bacterial Meningitis
- Rapid presumptive diagnosis is done using Gram stain
Crystals
- pH of the urine is the most valuable aid in identifying crystals
Automated Reagent Strips
- Quality control is necessary
hCG Levels
- Not exhibited in ectopic pregnancy
Bilirubin
- Bilirubin is a degradation product of heme catabolism
Fat in Urine
- Oval fat globules and free fat globules are forms of fat found in urine
Chylous and Pseudochylous Fluid
- Differentiated using triglyceride
Angiotensin II
- Mechanism involves vasoconstriction of renal arterioles and release of aldosterone in adrenal cortex
Renal Function
- Tubular reabsorption is affected first in renal disease
Reagent Strip Automation
- Principle involves reflectance spectrophotometry
Degree of Hydration
- Specific gravity is used to determine the degree of hydration
Calcium Oxalate
- Described as octahedral with 2 diagonal lines like X
Tumor Markers
- Increased cystine and melanin in urine are associated with tumors
Primary Organic Constituent
- Urea is the primary organic constituent of urine
Severity of Hemolysis
- Plotted in zone 1 of Liley graph indicates within normal limits
Fluid Leaving Glomerulus
- Specific gravity is 1.010
Urine Composition
- Urea and creatinine are used to identify if it's really urine
Albuminemia
- Orthostatic proteinemia occurs while standing and stops with bed rest
Hartnup's Disease
- Characterized by metabolism of tryptophan
Carcinoma
- Enterochromaffin cells have increased urinary 5-HIAA
Measurements in Neural Tube Disorders
- Acetylcholinesterase measurement increases in case of Neural tube disorders
Albuminuria
- Albuminuria is more common in cases of glomerulonephritis, cardiac failure, strenuous exercise, and dehydration
Effusions
- Exudative effusions are more common in cases of infections, inflammations, malignancies, and hemorrhages
Urine Analysis
- Presence of RBCs in urine is always pathologic (FALSE)
- Midstream urine is used for culture of urinary bacilli
Transport Mechanisms
- Active transport involves a carrier
Diamond Yellow Sign
- Indicates instability
Tyrosinuria
- Characterized by a rancid smell
Principles of Protein
- Protein error of indicator
Urine Analysis
- Alkaline buffered pH can cause false negative results in reagent strip tests
Anticoagulants
- Powdered EDTA is not acceptable for synovial fluid
Urine Volume
- Average volume of urine excreted by a normal adult within 24 hours is 1200 mL
Urinary Casts
- WBC cast cannot be found physiologically after strenuous exercise
Interference in Tests
- Pyridium can cause a false positive reaction in bilirubin tests
Fecal Color
- Normal fecal color is due to Stercobilin and Urobilin, but not Bilirubin
Light
- Refractive index is the ratio of velocity of light in air over the velocity of light in the solution
Nitroso-naphthol Test
- Used to screen for Tyrosinuria, Maple syrup disease, and Argentaffinoma
Microscopy
- Polarizing microscopy is used to detect crystals and lipids
Clay Colored Stool
- Caused by Urobilinogen
Uric Acid
- Associated with Gout
Intestinal Perforation
- ALP and amylase are increased in peritoneal fluid
Sodium Nitroprusside
- Tests for ketones
Urine and Kidney
- Ureter connects the kidney to the bladder
WBCs in Urine
- Not always indicative of bacterial infection
HDN Testing
- Zone I of Liley Graph indicates within normal limits
Urine Analysis
- Unpreserved urine collected at midnight and stored at room temperature will cause a decrease in glucose and ketones
Diuretics
- Can lead to polyuria
CSF Glucose
- If serum glucose is 120, CSF glucose is 80 mg/dL
Peritoneal Fluid
- CA 125 and negative CEA are associated with ovarian tumor
Ketosis
- Associated with Diabetes mellitus
Tumor Markers
- Increased cystine and melanin in urine are associated with tumors
Urine pH
- Clinically significant in detecting acid-base disorders and presence of crystals
Ketones
- Reagent strips react most strongly with Acetoacetic acid
Organic Constituents
- Both Creatinine and Urea are organic constituents of urine
Urine Color
- Orange color in urine indicates medication in UTI
Hemolytic Anemia
- Characterized by abnormally high Urobilinogen and normal bilirubin
Flow Cytometry
- Forward scatter indicates size
Meningitis
- Limulus lysate is used to diagnose gram-negative Meningitis
Intestinal Perforation
- ALP and amylase are increased in peritoneal fluid
Prostate Infection
- 3-glass collection, 3rd glass contains WBCs and bacteria, indicating prostate infection
Crush Injury
- Characterized by negative urine blood test and increased Urobilinogen
Diabetes Insipidus
- Specific gravity of urine is 1.005
PSP Test
- Used to measure Tubular Secretion
Sperm Motility
- Grade 3 indicates slow motility and lateral movement
Creatine Clearance
- Measured in mL/min
Meconium
- Greens discoloration of amniotic fluid
Stool Collection
- Jellife's thick-walled glass tube is used for stool collection
RBCs in Urine
- Dissolved with 10% HAc
Nephrotic Syndrome
- Characterized by oval fat bodies
Cryptococcus
- Detected in CSF using India ink/latex agglutination test
Bence Jones Protein
- Detected using electrophoresis
Fetal Amniotic Fluid
- Blood in fetal amniotic fluid may interfere with L/S ratio and foam stability
Levines Rû, and Sawyer's Tubes
- Smallest diameter is Levines
Tyrosine
- Forms fine needles that clump and rosette in severe liver disease
Cryptococcus
- Detected in CSF using India ink/latex agglutination test
Amniotic Fluid
- Maximum amount of amniotic fluid that can be collected through amniocentesis is 30 mL
WBCs in Urine
- Neutrophils are the most common WBCs found in urine
End-Stage Renal Disease
- Characterized by Isosthenuria, Electrolyte imbalance, and Azotemia
Watson Schwartz Test
- Used to detect Urobilinogen
Ketone Bodies
- Not positive after eating
Pleocytosis
- Presence of increased numbers of normal cells, considered abnormal
Urine pH
- Helpful in identifying some types of urine crystals
CSF
- Requires three tubes, and tube 2 is used for microbiological tests
Urine Analysis
- Urine specimen should be analyzed within 2 hours
Gastric Tube
- Smallest size is Levine's, and largest is Boa's (Edwald's)
Synovial Fluid
- Normal length of rope test is 4-6 cm
Urine Analysis
- Refractometry is used to measure specific gravity of urine
Urinary Crystal Core
- Constituent is Tamm-Horsfall protein
Billirubin
- Positive test in strip testing correlates with Urobilinogen
Steatorrhea
- Evaluated when droplets of large colored neutral fats are seen per HPF
CSF Glucose
- Lower than serum glucose
Multiple Sclerosis
- Characterized by Basic myelin protein and oligoclonal banding
Urobilinogen
- Classic Ehrlich reaction is based on the reaction of Urobilinogen with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
Feces Analysis
- Clinitest and muscle fiber test are done, but not Iontophoresis pilocarpine
Hoesch Reagent
- Components include Ehrlich's in 6M HCL
Synovial Fluid
- RA cell (Ragocyte) is seen in synovial fluid
Seminal Fluid
- Majority originates from the seminal vesicles
Bacterial Meningitis
- Rapid presumptive diagnosis is done using Gram stain
Crystals
- pH of the urine is the most valuable aid in identifying crystals
Automated Reagent Strips
- Quality control is necessary
hCG Levels
- Not exhibited in ectopic pregnancy
Bilirubin
- Bilirubin is a degradation product of heme catabolism
Fat in Urine
- Oval fat globules and free fat globules are forms of fat found in urine
Chylous and Pseudochylous Fluid
- Differentiated using triglyceride
Angiotensin II
- Mechanism involves vasoconstriction of renal arterioles and release of aldosterone in adrenal cortex
Renal Function
- Tubular reabsorption is affected first in renal disease
Reagent Strip Automation
- Principle involves reflectance spectrophotometry
Degree of Hydration
- Specific gravity is used to determine the degree of hydration
Calcium Oxalate
- Described as octahedral with 2 diagonal lines like X
Tumor Markers
- Increased cystine and melanin in urine are associated with tumors
Primary Organic Constituent
- Urea is the primary organic constituent of urine
Severity of Hemolysis
- Plotted in zone 1 of Liley graph indicates within normal limits
Fluid Leaving Glomerulus
- Specific gravity is 1.010
Urine Composition
- Urea and creatinine are used to identify if it's really urine
Albuminemia
- Orthostatic proteinemia occurs while standing and stops with bed rest
Hartnup's Disease
- Characterized by metabolism of tryptophan
Carcinoma
- Enterochromaffin cells have increased urinary 5-HIAA
Measurements in Neural Tube Disorders
- Acetylcholinesterase measurement increases in case of Neural tube disorders
Albuminuria
- Albuminuria is more common in cases of glomerulonephritis, cardiac failure, strenuous exercise, and dehydration
Effusions
- Exudative effusions are more common in cases of infections, inflammations, malignancies, and hemorrhages
Urine Analysis
- Presence of RBCs in urine is always pathologic (FALSE)
- Midstream urine is used for culture of urinary bacilli
Transport Mechanisms
- Active transport involves a carrier
Diamond Yellow Sign
- Indicates instability
Tyrosinuria
- Characterized by a rancid smell
Principles of Protein
- Protein error of indicator
Urine Analysis
- Alkaline buffered pH can cause false negative results in reagent strip tests
Anticoagulants
- Powdered EDTA is not acceptable for synovial fluid
Urine Volume
- Average volume of urine excreted by a normal adult within 24 hours is 1200 mL
Urinary Casts
- WBC cast cannot be found physiologically after strenuous exercise
Interference in Tests
- Pyridium can cause a false positive reaction in bilirubin tests
Fecal Color
- Normal fecal color is due to Stercobilin and Urobilin, but not Bilirubin
Light
- Refractive index is the ratio of velocity of light in air over the velocity of light in the solution
Nitroso-naphthol Test
- Used to screen for Tyrosinuria, Maple syrup disease, and Argentaffinoma
Microscopy
- Polarizing microscopy is used to detect crystals and lipids
Clay Colored Stool
- Caused by Urobilinogen
Uric Acid
- Associated with Gout
Intestinal Perforation
- ALP and amylase are increased in peritoneal fluid
Sodium Nitroprusside
- Tests for ketones
Urine and Kidney
- Ureter connects the kidney to the bladder
WBCs in Urine
- Not always indicative of bacterial infection
HDN Testing
- Zone I of Liley Graph indicates within normal limits
Urine Analysis
- Unpreserved urine collected at midnight and stored at room temperature will cause a decrease in glucose and ketones
Diuretics
- Can lead to polyuria
CSF Glucose
- If serum glucose is 120, CSF glucose is 80 mg/dL
Peritoneal Fluid
- CA 125 and negative CEA are associated with ovarian tumor
Ketosis
- Associated with Diabetes mellitus
Tumor Markers
- Increased cystine and melanin in urine are associated with tumors
Urine pH
- Clinically significant in detecting acid-base disorders and presence of crystals
Ketones
- Reagent strips react most strongly with Acetoacetic acid
Organic Constituents
- Both Creatinine and Urea are organic constituents of urine
Urine Color
- Orange color in urine indicates medication in UTI
Hemolytic Anemia
- Characterized by abnormally high Urobilinogen and normal bilirubin
Flow Cytometry
- Forward scatter indicates size
Meningitis
- Limulus lysate is used to diagnose gram-negative Meningitis
Intestinal Perforation
- ALP and amylase are increased in peritoneal fluid
Prostate Infection
- 3-glass collection, 3rd glass contains WBCs and bacteria, indicating prostate infection
Crush Injury
- Characterized by negative urine blood test and increased Urobilinogen
Diabetes Insipidus
- Specific gravity of urine is 1.005
PSP Test
- Used to measure Tubular Secretion
Sperm Motility
- Grade 3 indicates slow motility and lateral movement
Creatine Clearance
- Measured in mL/min
Meconium
- Greens discoloration of amniotic fluid
Stool Collection
- Jellife's thick-walled glass tube is used for stool collection
RBCs in Urine
- Dissolved with 10% HAc
Nephrotic Syndrome
- Characterized by oval fat bodies
Cryptococcus
- Detected in CSF using India ink/latex agglutination test
Bence Jones Protein
- Detected using electrophoresis
Fetal Amniotic Fluid
- Blood in fetal amniotic fluid may interfere with L/S ratio and foam stability
Levines Rû, and Sawyer's Tubes
- Smallest diameter is Levines
Tyrosine
- Forms fine needles that clump and rosette in severe liver disease
Cryptococcus
- Detected in CSF using India ink/latex agglutination test
Amniotic Fluid
- Maximum amount of amniotic fluid that can be collected through amniocentesis is 30 mL
WBCs in Urine
- Neutrophils are the most common WBCs found in urine
End-Stage Renal Disease
- Characterized by Isosthenuria, Electrolyte imbalance, and Azotemia
Watson Schwartz Test
- Used to detect Urobilinogen
Ketone Bodies
- Not positive after eating
Pleocytosis
- Presence of increased numbers of normal cells, considered abnormal
Urine pH
- Helpful in identifying some types of urine crystals
CSF
- Requires three tubes, and tube 2 is used for microbiological tests
Urine Analysis
- Urine specimen should be analyzed within 2 hours
Gastric Tube
- Smallest size is Levine's, and largest is Boa's (Edwald's)
Synovial Fluid
- Normal length of rope test is 4-6 cm
Urine Analysis
- Refractometry is used to measure specific gravity of urine
Urinary Crystal Core
- Constituent is Tamm-Horsfall protein
Billirubin
- Positive test in strip testing correlates with Urobilinogen
Steatorrhea
- Evaluated when droplets of large colored neutral fats are seen per HPF
CSF Glucose
- Lower than serum glucose
Multiple Sclerosis
- Characterized by Basic myelin protein and oligoclonal banding
Urobilinogen
- Classic Ehrlich reaction is based on the reaction of Urobilinogen with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
Feces Analysis
- Clinitest and muscle fiber test are done, but not Iontophoresis pilocarpine
Hoesch Reagent
- Components include Ehrlich's in 6M HCL
Synovial Fluid
- RA cell (Ragocyte) is seen in synovial fluid
Seminal Fluid
- Majority originates from the seminal vesicles
Bacterial Meningitis
- Rapid presumptive diagnosis is done using Gram stain
Crystals
- pH of the urine is the most valuable aid in identifying crystals
Automated Reagent Strips
- Quality control is necessary
hCG Levels
- Not exhibited in ectopic pregnancy
Bilirubin
- Bilirubin is a degradation product of heme catabolism
Fat in Urine
- Oval fat globules and free fat globules are forms of fat found in urine
Chylous and Pseudochylous Fluid
- Differentiated using triglyceride
Angiotensin II
- Mechanism involves vasoconstriction of renal arterioles and release of aldosterone in adrenal cortex
Renal Function
- Tubular reabsorption is affected first in renal disease
Reagent Strip Automation
- Principle involves reflectance spectrophotometry
Degree of Hydration
- Specific gravity is used to determine the degree of hydration
Calcium Oxalate
- Described as octahedral with 2 diagonal lines like X
Tumor Markers
- Increased cystine and melanin in urine are associated with tumors
Primary Organic Constituent
- Urea is the primary organic constituent of urine
Severity of Hemolysis
- Plotted in zone 1 of Liley graph indicates within normal limits
Fluid Leaving Glomerulus
- Specific gravity is 1.010
Urine Composition
- Urea and creatinine are used to identify if it's really urine
Albuminemia
- Orthostatic proteinemia occurs while standing and stops with bed rest
Hartnup's Disease
- Characterized by metabolism of tryptophan
Carcinoma
- Enterochromaffin cells have increased urinary 5-HIAA
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Description
A set of multiple-choice questions covering various topics in pathology, including neural tube disorders, albuminuria, and effusions.
