Pathology of Dysplasia and Neoplasms
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Questions and Answers

Which substance is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma?

  • Nickel
  • AflatoxinB1 (correct)
  • Benzene
  • Chromium

    • What type of cancer is associated with exposure to alkylating agents?

  • Prostate cancer
  • Lung cancer
  • Hepatic angiosarcoma
  • Acute myeloid leukaemia (correct)

    • Which of the following is considered an indirect-acting carcinogen?

  • Vinyl chloride
  • Radon
  • AflatoxinB1 (correct)
  • Benzene

    • What role do promoters play in the process of chemical carcinogenesis?

    <p>They stimulate the proliferation of initiated cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agent is primarily associated with lung cancer as a result of occupational exposure?

    <p>Asbestos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of a functioning tumor in the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Cushing syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential complication of advanced cancer known as cancer cachexia?

    <p>Progressive loss of body fat and lean mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant feature of paraneoplastic syndrome?

    <p>Symptoms unrelated to tumor spread or hormone release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a clinical manifestation of a malignant tumor with an ulcerative growth pattern?

    <p>Hematemesis or melena</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common issue might a leiomyoma of the uterus cause?

    <p>Infertility and abortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cancer is most commonly associated with ultraviolet (UV) rays?

    <p>Melanoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is known to be linked to hepatocellular carcinoma?

    <p>Hepatitis B virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition involves a predisposing factor for cancer characterized by chronic inflammation?

    <p>Chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tumors primarily invades and destroys surrounding normal tissue?

    <p>Malignant tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common virus associated with squamous cell carcinoma?

    <p>Human papillomavirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increases the incidence of cancer as individuals age?

    <p>Accumulation of somatic mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is specifically linked to bladder cancer?

    <p>Schistosoma haematobium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The effects of tumors on the host can include which of the following?

    <p>Tumors can compress surrounding normal tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of dysplastic cells?

    <p>Abnormal large and hyperchromatic nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the difference between benign and malignant tumors?

    <p>Benign tumors show no local invasion, whereas malignant tumors typically invade nearby tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of a neoplasm is responsible for providing structural support and blood supply?

    <p>Stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is classified as a malignant neoplasm?

    <p>Melanoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically the suffix used for benign tumors?

    <p>-oma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition involves complete regression of mild to moderate dysplasia?

    <p>Epithelial metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dysplasia is considered a precancerous condition. What is one of its key characteristics?

    <p>Disorderly proliferation and loss of architectural orientation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of malignant neoplasms?

    <p>Unlimited growth potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes benign neoplasms in comparison to malignant neoplasms?

    <p>Mitoses are usually rare and normal in configuration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of malignant tumors that distinguishes them from benign tumors?

    <p>They can metastasize and infiltrate surrounding tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a typical characteristic of anaplastic cells in malignant tumors?

    <p>Atypical mitotic figures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tumor is least likely to metastasize?

    <p>Basal cell carcinoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of spread is most commonly associated with sarcomas?

    <p>Blood spread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of local invasion by malignant tumors?

    <p>Progressive infiltration and destruction of normal tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hallmark feature of malignant tumors?

    <p>Ability to metastasize.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a pathway through which tumors may metastasize?

    <p>Airborne spread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes malignant tumors in terms of differentiation?

    <p>Lack of differentiation (anaplasia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is typically associated with benign tumors?

    <p>Slow rate of growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between benign and malignant tumors regarding their effect on surrounding tissues?

    <p>Benign tumors compress normal tissues without invading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cancer grading, what does a poorly differentiated tumor indicate?

    <p>Aggressive behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which categorization is used in grading a cancer?

    <p>Determined by cytologic appearance and differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is primarily used in tumor staging?

    <p>Surgical exploration or imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the clinical staging of a tumor?

    <p>The size of the primary lesion and spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis?

    <p>It can occur in patients with lung cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Outcomes

    • Defining dysplasia
    • Describing the features of dysplasia
    • Defining neoplasm
    • Classifying tumors
    • Describing benign and malignant neoplasms
    • Identifying carcinogenic agents
    • Explaining the effects of tumors on the host
    • Describing the grading and staging of cancer
    • Explaining the laboratory diagnosis of cancer

    Dysplasia

    • Dysplasia is characterized by disorderly proliferation.
    • Dysplastic epithelium shows a loss of cell uniformity (pleomorphism) and architectural orientation.
    • Dysplastic cells have abnormally large, hyperchromatic nuclei.
    • Mitotic figures are more abundant than usual and appear in an abnormal location in the superficial epithelium.
    • Dysplasia is a precancerous condition.
    • Pathological hyperplasia and epithelial metaplasia can progress to dysplasia.
    • Mild to moderate dysplasia can regress if inciting causes are removed.
    • Severe dysplasia involves the entire thickness of the epithelium.
    • Dysplastic cells do not penetrate the basement membrane in carcinoma in situ.
    • Invasive cancer involves cancer cells penetrating the basement membrane.
    • Examples include cervical dysplasia caused by human papillomavirus type 16 and squamous cell dysplasia in skin exposed to ultraviolet light.

    Neoplasm

    • A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue.
    • The growth of a neoplasm exceeds that of normal tissues.
    • The growth of a neoplasm is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues.
    • The growth of a neoplasm persists even after removal or cessation of the stimulus.
    • All tumors have two basic components:
      • Parenchyma: transformed or neoplastic cells
      • Stroma: supportive host-derived, non-neoplastic connective tissue, inflammatory cells, and blood vessels.

    Tumor Nomenclature

    • Benign tumors have a suffix of "-oma".
    • Malignant tumors arise from:
      • Epithelial cells: carcinoma
      • Mesenchymal tissue: sarcoma
      • Blood cells: leukemias or lymphomas
      • The suffix of "-oma" is used in malignant tumors, with exceptions.
    • Examples of tumor types were listed

    Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Neoplasms

    • Differentiation: the extent to which a neoplasm resembles its cells of origin.
      • Benign neoplasms are composed of well-differentiated cells and resemble the tissue of origin. Mitoses are usually rare.
      • Malignant neoplasms exhibit a wide range of parenchymal cell differentiation, from well-differentiated to poorly differentiated or undifferentiated cells (anaplastic).
    • Local invasion: the ability of a neoplasm to grow locally infiltrating and destroying surrounding tissue.
      • Benign tumors grow slowly as cohesive, expansile masses. They compress surrounding tissues and have a fibrous capsule.
      • Malignant tumors often (but not always) grow rapidly. They infiltrate, invade, and destroy surrounding tissues.
    • Distant metastasis: the ability of a neoplasm to spread to distant sites via blood or lymphatic systems.
      • Metastasis is a hallmark of malignant tumors.
      • It describes the spread of a tumor to sites physically discontinuous from the primary tumor.
      • All cancers except basal cell carcinomas can metastasize.

    Anaplasia

    • Anaplasia is the lack of structural or functional differentiation.
    • It is a hallmark of malignant tumors.
    • Anaplastic cells show cellular and nuclear pleomorphism, large hyperchromatic nuclei, and an increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio (1:1).
    • Prominent nucleoli and numerous atypical mitoses, often including tripolar or quadripolar mitotic spindles.
    • Anaplastic cells typically display loss of polarity (normal orientation characteristics).

    Metastasis

    • Metastasis is the spread of a tumor to distant sites.
    • Common pathways include blood spread and lymphatic spread.
    • Some cancers can spread through seeding within body cavities or iatrogenically.

    Carcinogenic Agents

    • Carcinogenic agents: These agents are chemicals, radiation, and microbes.
    • Chemicals: Direct-acting (do not require metabolic conversion to become active) and indirect-acting (require metabolic conversion).
    • Radiation: can be various forms like UV rays, radiographs, nuclear fission, and radionuclides.
    • Microbes: various viruses and bacteria are noted.
    • Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are also noted.

    Acquired Predisposing Conditions to Cancer

    • Chronic inflammation
    • Precancerous conditions
    • Immunodeficiency states

    Clinical Staging

    • Tumor staging determines the extent of a tumor.
    • Staging is determined by surgical exploration or imaging.
    • Staging is based on three factors:
      • Size of the primary lesion
      • Spread to regional lymph nodes
      • Presence or absence of metastases.

    Laboratory Diagnosis of Neoplasms

    • Morphologic methods:
      • Histology: biopsy analysis with methods like hematoxylin and eosin staining.
      • Cytology: fine-needle aspiration or Pap smears
    • Tumour markers: blood-based tests determining tumour presence, recurrence, response to treatment
    • Molecular diagnosis: includes BCR-ABL, HER-2/neu.

    Effects of Tumor on the Host

    • Tumors can affect the body in several ways and can increase and decrease hormone production.
    • They can cause injury leading to bleeding and infection.
    • They may alter the growth patterns in the body, leading to obstructions, ulceration, or bleeding.
    • Cancer cachexia (complication of advanced cancer) involves progressive loss of lean body mass with profound weakness, anorexia, and anemia.

    Paraneoplastic syndromes

    • Symptoms not explained by tumor spread, or by release of tissue-specific hormones
    • Occur in 10% - 15% of cancer patients.
    • Mimic metastatic disease, making treatment difficult.

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    Neoplasia Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts related to dysplasia and neoplasms, including definitions, classifications, and characteristics of both benign and malignant tumors. It focuses on the effects of carcinogenic agents and the laboratory diagnosis of various cancer stages and grades. Assess your understanding of these critical pathology topics.

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