Pathology Fundamentals

Normal blood flow

Fibrosis

Epithelialization

Neoplasia

Age of the patient

A harmful deviation from the normal structure or function of any part, system or organ of the body

Pathology

General pathology

Examination of gross or macroscopic pathology

All of the above

Thrombosis

Autolysis is caused by bacterial metabolism, while putrefaction is caused by self-digestion

To study microscopic changes

Haemoglobin imbibition is caused by the release of haemoglobin from lysed red blood cells, while bile imbibition is caused by the interaction of hydrogen sulphide and iron

Leukopenia = Low white blood cells Hypernatremia = High sodium levels in the blood Histopathology = The study of pathologic changes using microscopy Autolysis = Changes caused by self-digestion after death

Necrohemorrhagic = A process involving necrosis of the tissue and haemorrhage Diffuse = Affecting a large area Acute = Occurring less than seven days ago Colitis = Inflammation of the colon

Putrefaction = Changes caused by post-mortem bacterial metabolism Rigor mortis = Contraction of the muscles occurring at death Livor mortis = Pooling of blood to the downside of the body Postmortem clotting = Continued clotting after death, not adhered to vessel walls

Light microscopy = Used in histopathology, involves specialized microscopes Transmission EM = Two-dimensional, shows internal cell structure Scanning EM = Three-dimensional, restricted to the surface Electron microscopy = Relevant in human medicine

Pseudomelanosis = Blue to green discolouration of the tissue by iron sulphide Haemoglobin imbibition = Red staining tissue due to the release of haemoglobin from lysed red blood cells Bile imbibition = Bile in the gallbladder stains adjacent tissues yellowish, greenish or brown Chicken fat clot = A postmortem clot due to the separation of white and red blood cells

Inflammation = Body's response to injury, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function Healing = Occurs after inflammation, involves formation of new blood vessels and replacement of tissue by scar tissue Thrombosis = Disease process occurring within a vascular lumen, a reaction to injury involving the blood coagulation cascade and platelets Neoplasia = Refers to any new cellular growth, can be benign or malignant Necrosis = Death of tissues or cells in the living animal, can occur in all organs or just part of the organ

Clinical diagnosis = Based on data obtained from the case history, clinical signs, and physical exam Clinical pathological diagnosis = Based on changes observed in the chemistry fluids and haematology and the structure and function of cells collected from the living patient Morphologic diagnosis = Based on the physical characteristics of cells and tissues, often determined through biopsy or post-mortem exam

Location = Where on the body the lesion is Demarcation = Whether you can tell the lesion apart from normal tissue Distribution = How the lesion is spread across the organ Colour = Determined by the presence of cells, pigments and blood

Aetiology = What caused the disease Pathogenesis = How the disease developed Molecular and morphological changes = Biochemical and structural alterations induced in cells and organs Clinical manifestation = Symptoms and signs of molecular and morphologic changes

Angiogenesis = Formation of new blood vessels Fibrosis = Replacement of tissue by scar tissue Epithelialization = Regenerative process that covers defects and injured skin and other epithelial surfaces Hypercoagulable state = Condition in which the blood is more likely to clot

Disease = Any harmful deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any part, system or organ of the body Pathology = The study of the structural, biochemical and functional changes in cells, tissues and organs that underlie disease General Pathology = Deals with the cellular responses to noxious stimuli, the same across species, organs or systems Systemic Pathology = Deals with organ systems and how those specialised organs react to noxious stimuli

Anatomic Pathology = Includes gross or macroscopic pathology you can see with your unaided eyes Clinical Pathology = Examination of tissues taken during biopsy or autopsy/necropsy to examine the nature and extent of the disease process Reduced Fertility in a Dairy Herd = Example of a clinical disease leading to reduced production Lesions = Any departure from normal form, whether it is clinically apparent or not

Symptoms = What the patient experiences, for example nausea Signs = What the clinician sees Noxious Stimuli = Anything that could cause harm to the body or its organs, to which cells and tissues respond Biopsy = Procedure to obtain tissues for examination to determine the nature and extent of the disease process

Pathology = The study of disease – the structural, biochemical, and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs that underlie disease Disease = Any harmful deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any part, system, or organ of the body Lesions = Any departure from normal form, whether it is clinically apparent or not Noxious stimuli = Harmful agents that cause cellular responses

General Pathology = Deals with the cellular responses to noxious stimuli, the same across species, organs, or systems Systemic Pathology = Deals with how specialized organs react to noxious stimuli Anatomic Pathology = Includes gross or macroscopic pathology observable with unaided eyes Clinical Pathology = Involves examination of tissues taken during biopsy or autopsy/necropsy to examine the nature and extent of the disease process