Pathology CPC Year 2: Neurodegeneration Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient showing progressive decline and dependency on others?

  • Alzheimer disease (correct)
  • Frontotemporal dementia
  • Lewy body dementia
  • Vascular dementia

How can Alzheimer's disease be confirmed postmortem?

  • Genetic testing
  • Brain imaging
  • Autopsy brain examination (correct)
  • Blood test

What are key features of the pathology associated with Alzheimer's disease?

  • White matter hyperintensities and axonal regeneration
  • Neurofibrillary tangles and neurodegeneration
  • Vascular lesions and myelination defects
  • Plaques and tangles (correct)

What role does Tau play in the axon?

<p>Stabilizes microtubules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Aβ42 in Alzheimer's pathology?

<p>Forms plaques and contributes to neurodegeneration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to detect amyloid plaques in living patients?

<p>18F-FDG and Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) imaging (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the examination of brain tissue postmortem critical in Alzheimer's research?

<p>To confirm diagnosis and understand pathology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What clinical feature does NOT typically indicate Alzheimer's disease?

<p>Recognition of familiar faces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What name is given to the diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis?

<p>McDonald Criteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely diagnosis for the 31-year-old lady presenting with weakness and numbness in her left leg?

<p>Multiple sclerosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pathologic process occurs in the brain during an active MS plaque?

<p>Demyelination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common presenting symptom of multiple sclerosis?

<p>Visual loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is responsible for myelination in the central nervous system?

<p>Oligodendrocyte (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of multiple sclerosis does the patient’s clinical syndrome most likely represent?

<p>Relapsing-remitting MS (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the management goals for patients with multiple sclerosis?

<p>Improve quality of life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test is considered crucial in supporting the clinical diagnosis of MS?

<p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does demyelination have on axonal transport?

<p>Impairment of saltatory conduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unusual sign can be observed in patients with demyelination?

<p>Uhtoff's phenomenon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is commonly used in acute management of multiple sclerosis?

<p>Steroids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the presence of oligoclonal bands relevant to diagnosing MS?

<p>Supports the diagnosis of inflammatory disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by axonal loss leading to spinal cord thinning in multiple sclerosis?

<p>Progressive degenerative phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of medications are included in long-term management strategies for MS?

<p>Disease-modifying agents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is associated with brain stem involvement in MS?

<p>Double vision (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is delirium primarily characterized by?

<p>Reversible changes in attention and cognition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom did the 70-year-old man NOT exhibit during his episode of delirium?

<p>Short term memory loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinction between delirium and dementia?

<p>Dementia shows a progressive decline in cognitive function, while delirium does not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is included in the investigations for cognitive decline?

<p>Psychological evaluation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying condition was ruled out in the man’s case before considering cognitive decline?

<p>Thyroid dysfunction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique is useful for assessing brain atrophy and excluding strokes?

<p>CT or MRI (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical part of the brain is primarily associated with short term memory impairment?

<p>Hippocampus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a potential reason for the man’s family attributing ‘forgetfulness’ to aging?

<p>Belief that cognitive decline is a natural part of aging (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic feature is associated with Alzheimer's disease pathology?

<p>Presence of amyloid plaques (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Tau protein in neurodegeneration?

<p>Stabilizes microtubules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What confirms the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease at a definitive level?

<p>Postmortem brain examination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biochemical marker is primarily elevated in Alzheimer's disease?

<p>Tau protein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of amyloid beta 42 in Alzheimer's disease?

<p>Forms harmful plaques in the brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is least likely to be associated with multiple sclerosis?

<p>Sudden seizures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the progression of Alzheimer's disease generally manifest in patients?

<p>Gradual decline in social interactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid analysis for MS diagnosis?

<p>They confirm the presence of autoimmune activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What postmortem finding would be characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease?

<p>Neurofibrillary tangles in the hippocampus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the role of 18F-FDG in the context of diagnosing Alzheimer's disease?

<p>It helps measure cerebral glucose metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of multiple sclerosis, which type of progression reflects a steady worsening of symptoms without distinct relapses?

<p>Primary progressive MS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diagnostic tools is most definitive for observing demyelination in patients suspected of having MS?

<p>MRI Brain &amp; Spine with contrast (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

With regard to multiple sclerosis, what is Lhermitte’s sign commonly associated with?

<p>Neck flexion causing electric shock-like sensations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes an exacerbation of symptoms in MS patients due to increased body temperature?

<p>Uhtoff's phenomenon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the clinical presentation of transverse myelitis primarily characterized in MS?

<p>Causes gait and lower limb weakness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a patient with multiple sclerosis, which finding would most likely be observed during a sensory examination?

<p>Decreased pin prick and proprioception in affected areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of using disease-modifying agents in multiple sclerosis therapy?

<p>To shorten relapses and prolong remissions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of treatment is typically employed for acute episodes in multiple sclerosis?

<p>Steroids or sometimes plasma exchange (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary pathological feature observed in an active MS plaque?

<p>Demyelination with inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which criteria must be met according to the McDonald Criteria for diagnosing multiple sclerosis?

<p>Evidence of CNS lesions in both space and time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do oligodendrocytes play in the central nervous system?

<p>They myelinate multiple axons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of demyelination in terms of nerve signal conduction?

<p>Impaired saltatory conduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is not associated with the active phase of multiple sclerosis?

<p>Complete resolution of all prior symptoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes a significant change in the progressive phase of multiple sclerosis?

<p>Transition to neurodegenerative symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes delirium?

<p>An acute disorder of attention and global cognition that is reversible. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive area is characterized by a progressive decline in dementia?

<p>Multiple cognitive areas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initial step should be taken when investigating cognitive decline?

<p>Exclude acute reversible causes such as infections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms might suggest a diagnosis of dementia rather than acute delirium?

<p>Poor recall of significant events. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific test is commonly done to assess cognitive function in suspected dementia cases?

<p>Montreal Cognitive Assessment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structure is primarily associated with short-term memory impairment?

<p>Hippocampus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain imaging technique would be most beneficial for excluding strokes when evaluating cognitive decline?

<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). (A), Computed Tomography (CT). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What clinical features might a family describe when discussing the onset of dementia-like symptoms?

<p>Gradual change in personality and forgetfulness over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) diagnosis confirmation

Confirmed by autopsy (postmortem) brain examination, the only method for confirming AD or other diagnoses.

Alzheimer's Disease pathology

Characterized by amyloid plaques (abnormal protein clumps) and neurofibrillary tangles (twisted protein fibers) in the brain.

Amyloid plaques

Clumps of a protein called beta-amyloid that accumulate in the brain, a feature of Alzheimer's Disease.

Neurofibrillary tangles

Twisted fibers of a protein called tau within brain cells, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease.

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CSF measurement

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis for proteins like tau and amyloid beta 42, to aid in Alzheimer's diagnosis.

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Tau Protein

A protein important for maintaining neuron structure. Abnormal tau buildup forms tangles in Alzheimer's disease.

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Amyloid-beta 42

A protein fragment that, when excessively accumulated, forms amyloid plaques and contributes to Alzheimer's Disease.

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Postmortem examination importance

Postmortem brain examination is crucial to definitively diagnose Alzheimer's disease or other conditions and understand the underlying pathophysiology.

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Clinical Isolated Syndrome (CIS)

A single episode of neurological symptoms suggestive of MS, followed by a period of no further symptoms.

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Relapsing-Remitting MS

The most common type of MS, characterized by cycles of symptom flare-ups (relapses) followed by periods of improvement (remissions).

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MRI Brain & Spine with Contrast

An imaging technique used to visualize the brain and spinal cord, highlighting areas of inflammation.

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CSF Analysis & SPEP

A test of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to detect oligoclonal bands (OCBs), abnormal protein clusters indicative of inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS).

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Optic Neuritis

Inflammation of the optic nerve, a common symptom of MS, often presenting as visual loss or blurred vision in one eye.

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Lhermitte's sign

A sudden, electric shock-like sensation that runs down the spine when the neck is flexed.

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Uhthoff's phenomenon

An increase in MS symptoms, especially visual problems, triggered by an elevated body temperature (e.g., during a fever).

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Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs)

Tests that measure the speed of nerve signals traveling from the eye to the brain, helping to diagnose MS by detecting delayed response.

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McDonald Criteria

The set of diagnostic criteria used to confirm a diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS).

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Dissemination in Space

Evidence of MS lesions in different areas of the central nervous system (CNS) at the same time.

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Dissemination in Time

Evidence of MS lesions appearing at different times, indicating the disease is progressing.

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Demyelination

The breakdown and loss of the myelin sheath, which insulates nerve fibers in the CNS.

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Saltatory Conduction

The rapid jump of nerve impulses along myelinated nerve fibers, which is disrupted by demyelination.

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Oligodendrocytes

Specialized glial cells in the CNS responsible for producing myelin.

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Acute MS Treatment

Treatment used during an MS relapse, aiming to reduce inflammation and symptoms.

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Disease Modifying Agents (DMAs)

Long-term medications used to slow down the progression of MS and reduce the frequency of relapses.

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Delirium

An acute, reversible disorder affecting attention and overall cognitive function, often caused by underlying medical conditions.

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Delirium Symptoms

Symptoms include disorientation, personality changes, and volatile behavior. These symptoms typically develop rapidly and are more pronounced than a typical forgetfulness.

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Dementia vs. Delirium

Dementia is a chronic, progressive decline in multiple cognitive areas, while delirium is an acute, usually reversible disruption in brain function.

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What indicates Dementia?

In this case, the patient's inability to recall recent events like hospitalization suggests more than just delirium. This points towards a possible underlying dementia.

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Investigating Cognitive Decline

To investigate cognitive issues the process involves 1) excluding acute reversible causes (e.g., infections), 2) detailed history and cognitive assessments to identify affected areas (e.g., MMSE), 3) excluding treatable conditions (e.g., thyroid problems, vitamin deficiencies), 4) brain imaging (CT, MRI) to detect structural abnormalities, 5) rarely, brain biopsy to identify specific treatable causes.

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Short-Term Memory Impairment

The patient's moderate short-term memory impairment, revealed by more detailed examination, suggests a potential problem with specific brain regions.

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Brain Parts Affected by Memory

The hippocampus and other temporal lobe areas are crucial for forming and retrieving memories, particularly short-term memories. Damage to these areas can lead to memory problems.

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Family History's Role

Family members reporting personality changes and forgetfulness over time are vital clues that can point to a longer-standing cognitive decline, potentially dementia, rather than a simple acute delirium.

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Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A chronic, inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) where the immune system attacks the myelin sheath, causing damage and disrupting nerve impulses.

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Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS)

The most common type of MS, characterized by periods of symptom flare-ups (relapses) followed by periods of improvement (remissions).

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Confirming Alzheimer's Diagnosis

A definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease can only be made through a postmortem examination of the brain.

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Alzheimer's Macroscopic & Microscopic Features

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by two main pathological findings: amyloid plaques (clumps of protein) and neurofibrillary tangles (twisted fibers of protein) within brain cells.

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Tau Protein & Neurofibrillary Tangles

Tau protein is involved in stabilizing microtubules, which are essential for transporting nutrients within nerve cells. In Alzheimer's, tau becomes abnormally tangled, leading to neurofibrillary tangles.

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CSF Measurement in Alzheimer's

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis can be helpful for detecting Alzheimer's disease by measuring the levels of certain proteins, like tau and amyloid beta 42.

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Importance of Post-Mortem Examination

A postmortem examination is essential for definitively confirming a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. It allows for the direct observation of the brain's structure and the presence of specific markers of the disease.

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What are the macroscopic and microscopic features in Alzheimer's Disease?

This question is asking about the observable features of Alzheimer's disease. The macroscopic features are large-scale changes in the brain structure, such as the presence of amyloid plaques. Microscopic features involve the detailed changes at a cellular level, such as the presence of tau tangles inside neurons.

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What is the benefit of a post-mortem examination in Alzheimer's Disease?

A post-mortem examination in Alzheimer's Disease is crucial because it allows for a definitive diagnosis and provides valuable information about the progression of the disease. This information is critical for research and developing new therapies.

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What are the McDonald Criteria?

The McDonald Criteria are a set of guidelines used to diagnose Multiple Sclerosis (MS). They assess the presence of lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) in both space and time, based on clinical findings and MRI results.

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What happens during an MS relapse?

During an MS relapse, an active MS plaque forms in the brain. This involves demyelination (loss of the myelin sheath that protects nerve fibers) and inflammation caused by immune cells.

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How does demyelination affect nerve signals?

Demyelination disrupts saltatory conduction - the rapid jumping of nerve impulses along myelinated nerve fibers. This slows down or blocks nerve signals, leading to MS symptoms.

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What is the role of oligodendrocytes?

Oligodendrocytes are specialized cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that produce myelin. One oligodendrocyte can myelinate several nerve fibers.

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What are the management goals for MS?

The goals of MS management are to shorten relapses, prolong remissions, prevent progression to the chronic phase, and improve quality of life through multidisciplinary care focused on symptom management.

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What are some acute treatments for MS relapses?

Acute treatments for MS relapses aim to reduce inflammation and symptoms. Steroids are commonly used, and plasma exchange may be considered in severe cases.

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What are Disease Modifying Agents (DMAs)?

Disease Modifying Agents (DMAs) are long-term medications for MS that aim to slow down the progression of the disease and reduce the frequency of relapses. They come in different forms: injectable, oral, and infusion-based medications.

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Dementia

A chronic, progressive decline in multiple cognitive areas, often irreversible.

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Study Notes

CNS 2 Neurodegeneration/ Demyelination

  • Class: Year 2
  • Course: Pathology CPC
  • Lecturer: Dr. Michael Farrell, Beaumont Hospital
  • Date: November 22nd, 2023

Clinical Scenario

  • A 31-year-old woman presented with a 4-day history of weakness and numbness in her left leg
  • A year prior, she had an episode of painful blurred vision in her right eye that resolved within a week.
  • No other significant medical history or regular medications.
  • Physical exam revealed increased tone in the left leg, a power of 3/5, brisk reflexes in the left leg, and decreased pin prick and proprioception sensation.
  • Her right optic nerve was pale.

Questions

  • What is the most likely diagnosis in this case?
  • How else can this condition present?

Answers: Common presenting symptoms of MS

  • Visual loss
  • Gait and lower limb weakness
  • Facial pain
  • Double vision
  • Gait/balance disturbance
  • Vertigo
  • Bladder dysfunction
  • Optic neuritis
  • Transverse myelitis
  • Trigeminal neuralgia (Pons)
  • Brain stem-MLF
  • Cerebellum/spinal cord
  • Brain stem
  • Spinal cord

Unusual Signs of Demyelination

  • Lhermitte's sign: Neck flexion resulting in rapid tingling or electric shock-like sensations that travel down the spine and into the limbs.
  • Uhthoff's phenomenon: Raised body temperature can cause an exacerbation of symptoms.

Questions

  • How would you categorize the patient's clinical syndrome of MS?

Answers

  • Clinically isolated syndrome
  • Relapsing-remitting MS (majority of cases at onset)
  • Secondary progressive MS
  • Primary progressive MS

Questions

  • Name 3 investigations that will support your clinical diagnosis

Answers

  • MRI brain & spine with contrast
  • CSF analysis and SPEP: Oligoclonal bands (OCBs) should be unmatched.
  • Visual evoked potentials, Delayed P100 potentials

MRI Brain + Contrast - MS

  • Images illustrating inflammatory disease in the brain, potentially a sign of MS.

Questions

  • What name is given to the diagnostic criteria for MS?

Answer

  • McDonald criteria

Diagnosis - McDonald Criteria

  • Objective demonstration of dissemination of CNS lesions in both space and time based on either clinical findings alone or in combination with MRI findings.
  • Specific details of clinical presentation and additional data needed for diagnosis are outlined.

Questions

  • What pathologic process is going on in the brain during a MS relapse (active MS plaque)?

Answer

  • Demyelination: Reactive astrocytes, lymphocytes, and microglia and/or macrophages (foamy macrophages) in the perivascular and/or parenchymal environment.

Demyelination

  • Short segment of remyelination with a thin myelin sheath
  • Demyelinated axon
  • Lymphocytes, microglia, foamy macrophages, and reactive astrocytes

Questions

  • How does demyelination affect axonal transport?

Answer

  • Impaired saltatory conduction

Demyelination

  • Progressive decline, impaired saltatory conduction

Questions

  • What cell is responsible for myelination in the CNS?

Answer

  • Oligodendrocyte

Myelin & the Oligodendrocyte

  • CNS: One oligodendrocyte myelinates several internodes
  • PNS: One Schwann cell myelinates only one internode

Questions

  • What types of treatment might be used for this patient?
  • What are the management goals?

Answer

  • Acute: Steroids (sometimes plasma exchange)
  • Long-term: Disease-modifying agents (injectable, oral, infusion medications)
  • Management Goals: Shorten relapses, prolong remissions, prevent progression, improve quality of life
  • Multidisciplinary team, dedicated clinics, address fatigue, spasticity, urogenital problems

Learning Objectives 1

  • Range of symptoms of multiple sclerosis
  • Clinical classification of MS
  • Investigation of MS (Multiple sclerosis progresses to a progressive degenerative phase characterized by axonal loss (leading to spinal cord thinning) and brain atrophy due to white matter loss).

Learning Objectives 2

  • Distinguish between delirium and dementia
  • How to investigate above
  • List clinical features of neurodegenerative disease affecting different anatomic sites
  • Discuss how to make a diagnosis of a neurodegenerative disease
  • List pathologic features of a neurodegenerative disease

Next Case

  • A 70-year-old man presented with fever, disorientation, altered personality, and volatile behavior for two days.
  • Urinalysis showed nitrites, leukocytes, and ketones.
  • Urinary culture showed pure growth of E. coli. He was treated with appropriate antibiotics and recovered.
  • After returning home, he had no memory of the hospital visit and couldn’t recall what hospital he was in.

Questions

  • What do you understand by the term delirium?
  • List the symptoms of this man's delirium

Answer

  • Delirium = acute, reversible cognitive disorder
  • Symptoms = disorientation, altered personality, and volatile behavior.

Questions

  • What is there in the man's story that might indicate he has more than just delirium?

Answer

  • Inability to recall the hospital event and the location.

Answer

  • Possible dementia (progressive cognitive decline in at least two cognitive areas)

Investigation of Progressive Cognitive Decline

  • Exclude acute reversible causes (infection)
  • Detailed history (including family history) and cognitive assessment (MMSE, Montreal cognitive assessment).
  • Exclude treatable conditions (e.g., metabolic causes, thyroid function tests, vitamin B12 levels, U&E, LFTs, autoantibody workup).
  • Brain imaging (CT, MRI, or PET) to assess for stroke or atrophy distribution.
  • Brain biopsy (rarely) to identify treatable causes (e.g., vasculitis, lymphoma).

History From Family Members

  • Family members reported a change in personality and increasing forgetfulness over the previous 18 months.

Questions

  • What anatomical parts of his brain are affected by memory impairment?

Answer

  • Areas associated with memory impairment in the brain: Parietal lobe, frontal lobe, medial temporal lobe (hippocampus, amygdala, limbic system), and temporal neocortex. The frontal lobe manages judgment, abstract reasoning, strategic planning, and emotional restraint. The temporal neocortex is associated with receptive dysphasia and automatisms; the occipital lobe is associated with failure of visual sensory systems.

More Detailed Examination

  • Examination revealed moderate short-term memory impairment.

Questions

  • What is the most likely clinical diagnosis?
  • How may the diagnosis be confirmed?

Answer

  • Alzheimer's disease
  • A definitive diagnosis may be difficult to achieve definitively in life but can be confirmed post-mortem via brain examination, analysis, and or study of tissues.

Question

  • Over the next year he progressively declines, fails to recognize close family members, becomes withdrawn, dependent on others, until death.
  • How might a diagnosis be confirmed?

Answer

  • Autopsy (postmortem) and brain examination. This is the only way to definitively confirm the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease or other conditions.

Question

  • A pathologic diagnosis of Alzheimer type pathology is made.
  • What are the macroscopic and microscopic features?

Answer

  • Macroscopic features: Atrophy of the brain, especially in the medial temporal lobe, frontal lobes
  • Microscopic features: Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.

Alzheimer's Disease Gravestones

  • Aloiz Alzheimer
  • Auguste Deter
  • Plaques & Tangles
  • AD - clinical entity, AD - pathologic process with a prodrome

β A4 Amyloid Plaques in Cerebral Cortex

  • Microscopic image of 𝛽A4 amyloid plaques in cerebral cortex.

AD Plaque Distribution

  • Diagram of amyloid plaques in the brain, particularly concentrated in the frontal and temporal cortex and hippocampus.

Vascular Amyloid

  • Micrographs of vascular amyloid deposits

Alzheimer's Disease - Tau

  • Figures demonstrating pathologic process of tau in the brain, severity and percentage of affected cases correlated with age.

Tau Function Transgenics

  • Tau -/- nerve cells: Neuritic sprouting but no axon elongation.
  • Tau +/+ non-neural cells: Elaborate long, thin process with compacted MTs

Neurodegeneration - Amyloid-Tau

  • Illustration of neurodegeneration with amyloid and tau.

Questions

  • Why is this type of postmortem examination so important?

Answer

  • Overlap between clinical phenotypes and pathologies.
  • Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease isn't always matched by pathology.
  • Important for family diagnosis.
  • Aids in understanding the disease and response to treatments.

Learning Outcomes

  • Correctly interpret a clinical history of a patient with MS
  • Provide appropriate key investigations for a patient suspected of having MS.
  • Describe the pathology and physiologic effects of demyelination & why they cause neurological symptoms
  • Distinguish and demonstrate clinical differences between delirium and dementia
  • Describe key investigations for cortical neurodegenerative disease
  • Describe macroscopic and microscopic features seen in the brain of a patient with Alzheimer's disease.

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Description

Test your knowledge on neurodegeneration and demyelination with this quiz from the Year 2 Pathology CPC course. Analyze a clinical scenario involving a patient with possible multiple sclerosis and answer key questions about presentation and symptoms. This quiz will enhance your understanding of important concepts in neuro pathology.

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