Pathology CPC Year 2: Neurodegeneration Quiz

<p>Stabilizes microtubules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forms plaques and contributes to neurodegeneration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>18F-FDG and Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) imaging (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To confirm diagnosis and understand pathology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognition of familiar faces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>McDonald Criteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple sclerosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Demyelination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visual loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oligodendrocyte (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relapsing-remitting MS (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improve quality of life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impairment of saltatory conduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uhtoff's phenomenon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steroids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supports the diagnosis of inflammatory disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progressive degenerative phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disease-modifying agents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Double vision (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reversible changes in attention and cognition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Short term memory loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dementia shows a progressive decline in cognitive function, while delirium does not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychological evaluation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid dysfunction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CT or MRI (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hippocampus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Belief that cognitive decline is a natural part of aging (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of amyloid plaques (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stabilizes microtubules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Postmortem brain examination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tau protein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forms harmful plaques in the brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sudden seizures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gradual decline in social interactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They confirm the presence of autoimmune activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurofibrillary tangles in the hippocampus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps measure cerebral glucose metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary progressive MS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MRI Brain &amp; Spine with contrast (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neck flexion causing electric shock-like sensations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uhtoff's phenomenon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causes gait and lower limb weakness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased pin prick and proprioception in affected areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To shorten relapses and prolong remissions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steroids or sometimes plasma exchange (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Demyelination with inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evidence of CNS lesions in both space and time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They myelinate multiple axons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired saltatory conduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complete resolution of all prior symptoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transition to neurodegenerative symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An acute disorder of attention and global cognition that is reversible. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple cognitive areas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exclude acute reversible causes such as infections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poor recall of significant events. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Montreal Cognitive Assessment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hippocampus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). (A), Computed Tomography (CT). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gradual change in personality and forgetfulness over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Confirmed by autopsy (postmortem) brain examination, the only method for confirming AD or other diagnoses.

Characterized by amyloid plaques (abnormal protein clumps) and neurofibrillary tangles (twisted protein fibers) in the brain.

Clumps of a protein called beta-amyloid that accumulate in the brain, a feature of Alzheimer's Disease.

Twisted fibers of a protein called tau within brain cells, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis for proteins like tau and amyloid beta 42, to aid in Alzheimer's diagnosis.

A protein important for maintaining neuron structure. Abnormal tau buildup forms tangles in Alzheimer's disease.

A protein fragment that, when excessively accumulated, forms amyloid plaques and contributes to Alzheimer's Disease.

Postmortem brain examination is crucial to definitively diagnose Alzheimer's disease or other conditions and understand the underlying pathophysiology.

A single episode of neurological symptoms suggestive of MS, followed by a period of no further symptoms.

The most common type of MS, characterized by cycles of symptom flare-ups (relapses) followed by periods of improvement (remissions).

An imaging technique used to visualize the brain and spinal cord, highlighting areas of inflammation.

A test of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to detect oligoclonal bands (OCBs), abnormal protein clusters indicative of inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS).

Inflammation of the optic nerve, a common symptom of MS, often presenting as visual loss or blurred vision in one eye.

A sudden, electric shock-like sensation that runs down the spine when the neck is flexed.

An increase in MS symptoms, especially visual problems, triggered by an elevated body temperature (e.g., during a fever).

Tests that measure the speed of nerve signals traveling from the eye to the brain, helping to diagnose MS by detecting delayed response.

The set of diagnostic criteria used to confirm a diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS).

Evidence of MS lesions in different areas of the central nervous system (CNS) at the same time.

Evidence of MS lesions appearing at different times, indicating the disease is progressing.

The breakdown and loss of the myelin sheath, which insulates nerve fibers in the CNS.

The rapid jump of nerve impulses along myelinated nerve fibers, which is disrupted by demyelination.

Specialized glial cells in the CNS responsible for producing myelin.

Treatment used during an MS relapse, aiming to reduce inflammation and symptoms.

Long-term medications used to slow down the progression of MS and reduce the frequency of relapses.

An acute, reversible disorder affecting attention and overall cognitive function, often caused by underlying medical conditions.

Symptoms include disorientation, personality changes, and volatile behavior. These symptoms typically develop rapidly and are more pronounced than a typical forgetfulness.

Dementia is a chronic, progressive decline in multiple cognitive areas, while delirium is an acute, usually reversible disruption in brain function.

In this case, the patient's inability to recall recent events like hospitalization suggests more than just delirium. This points towards a possible underlying dementia.

To investigate cognitive issues the process involves 1) excluding acute reversible causes (e.g., infections), 2) detailed history and cognitive assessments to identify affected areas (e.g., MMSE), 3) excluding treatable conditions (e.g., thyroid problems, vitamin deficiencies), 4) brain imaging (CT, MRI) to detect structural abnormalities, 5) rarely, brain biopsy to identify specific treatable causes.

The patient's moderate short-term memory impairment, revealed by more detailed examination, suggests a potential problem with specific brain regions.

The hippocampus and other temporal lobe areas are crucial for forming and retrieving memories, particularly short-term memories. Damage to these areas can lead to memory problems.

Family members reporting personality changes and forgetfulness over time are vital clues that can point to a longer-standing cognitive decline, potentially dementia, rather than a simple acute delirium.

A chronic, inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) where the immune system attacks the myelin sheath, causing damage and disrupting nerve impulses.

The most common type of MS, characterized by periods of symptom flare-ups (relapses) followed by periods of improvement (remissions).

A definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease can only be made through a postmortem examination of the brain.

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by two main pathological findings: amyloid plaques (clumps of protein) and neurofibrillary tangles (twisted fibers of protein) within brain cells.

Tau protein is involved in stabilizing microtubules, which are essential for transporting nutrients within nerve cells. In Alzheimer's, tau becomes abnormally tangled, leading to neurofibrillary tangles.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis can be helpful for detecting Alzheimer's disease by measuring the levels of certain proteins, like tau and amyloid beta 42.

A postmortem examination is essential for definitively confirming a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. It allows for the direct observation of the brain's structure and the presence of specific markers of the disease.

This question is asking about the observable features of Alzheimer's disease. The macroscopic features are large-scale changes in the brain structure, such as the presence of amyloid plaques. Microscopic features involve the detailed changes at a cellular level, such as the presence of tau tangles inside neurons.

A post-mortem examination in Alzheimer's Disease is crucial because it allows for a definitive diagnosis and provides valuable information about the progression of the disease. This information is critical for research and developing new therapies.

The McDonald Criteria are a set of guidelines used to diagnose Multiple Sclerosis (MS). They assess the presence of lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) in both space and time, based on clinical findings and MRI results.

During an MS relapse, an active MS plaque forms in the brain. This involves demyelination (loss of the myelin sheath that protects nerve fibers) and inflammation caused by immune cells.

Demyelination disrupts saltatory conduction - the rapid jumping of nerve impulses along myelinated nerve fibers. This slows down or blocks nerve signals, leading to MS symptoms.

Oligodendrocytes are specialized cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that produce myelin. One oligodendrocyte can myelinate several nerve fibers.

The goals of MS management are to shorten relapses, prolong remissions, prevent progression to the chronic phase, and improve quality of life through multidisciplinary care focused on symptom management.

Acute treatments for MS relapses aim to reduce inflammation and symptoms. Steroids are commonly used, and plasma exchange may be considered in severe cases.

Disease Modifying Agents (DMAs) are long-term medications for MS that aim to slow down the progression of the disease and reduce the frequency of relapses. They come in different forms: injectable, oral, and infusion-based medications.

A chronic, progressive decline in multiple cognitive areas, often irreversible.