Pathology Chapter 3: Carbohydrate & Lipid Disorders

A group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) and lack of insulin.

A condition where the body does not produce enough insulin or cannot use insulin effectively, resulting in high blood sugar.

A type of diabetes where the body completely stops producing insulin due to the destruction of beta cells in the pancreas.

A type of diabetes characterized by the body's resistance to insulin's action, leading to high blood sugar.

Complication of diabetes affecting small blood vessels in the eyes, kidneys, and feet.

A group of disorders that affect the body's ability to use glucose (sugar) for energy, resulting in high blood sugar levels.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys beta cells in the pancreas, which are responsible for producing insulin.

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, where the body doesn't respond properly to insulin, and eventually, the pancreas may not be able to produce enough insulin.

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels by allowing glucose to enter cells for energy.

Incretins are hormones released by the gut in response to eating, stimulating insulin secretion from the pancreas. Some medication mimics the effects of incretins to boost insulin release.

The first phase of insulin secretion is a rapid and short-lived response to the intake of glucose, while the second phase is a slower and more sustained response.

C-peptide is a fragment of the pro-insulin molecule that is released into the bloodstream along with insulin. It is a good indicator of insulin production.

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reflects the average blood sugar level over the past 2-3 months, providing a long-term picture of blood sugar control.

The process of converting pro-insulin into active insulin and C-peptide occurs in the pancreas before release into the bloodstream.

Insulin's primary metabolic function is to facilitate glucose uptake into cells for energy, promote glycogen synthesis, and suppress glucose production by the liver. It also promotes fat storage and protein synthesis.

Ketone bodies are alternative sources of energy for the brain and body during prolonged periods of fasting or inadequate glucose availability.

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by a complete absence of insulin production due to the destruction of beta cells in the pancreas. Ketoacidosis can occur with high ketones in the blood.

Hyperinsulinemia is a condition characterized by excessively high levels of insulin in the blood, which can happen in the early stages of type 2 diabetes.

Insulin resistance is a condition where the body's cells don't respond properly to insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels.

The natural history of type 2 diabetes involves a gradual progression from insulin resistance to beta cell dysfunction, ultimately leading to insulin deficiency.

Hyperglycemia is a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels, often due to insufficient insulin production or impaired insulin action. It's a key feature of diabetes mellitus.

Type 1 diabetes results from the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to severe insulin deficiency.

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by reduced sensitivity to insulin (insulin resistance) and eventual decline in insulin production. It often develops gradually.

Chronic hyperglycemia can damage small blood vessels in the eyes (retinopathy), kidneys (nephropathy), and feet (neuropathy), leading to long-term complications in those with diabetes.

Impaired glucose tolerance refers to a milder form of hyperglycemia, and it can often precede the diagnosis of diabetes. It signifies an increased risk for developing diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys beta cells in the pancreas, leading to a complete lack of insulin production.

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, where the body's cells don't respond properly to insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels. Over time, the pancreas may not be able to produce enough insulin.

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels by allowing glucose to enter cells for energy.

Incretins are hormones released by the gut in response to eating, stimulating insulin secretion from the pancreas. Some medications mimic the effects of incretins to boost insulin release.

The first phase of insulin secretion is a rapid and short-lived response to the intake of glucose, while the second phase is a slower and more sustained response.

C-peptide is a fragment of the pro-insulin molecule that is released into the bloodstream along with insulin. It is a good indicator of insulin production.

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reflects the average blood sugar level over the past 2-3 months, providing a long-term picture of blood sugar control.

The process of converting pro-insulin into active insulin and C-peptide occurs in the pancreas before release into the bloodstream.

Insulin's primary metabolic function is to facilitate glucose uptake into cells for energy, promote glycogen synthesis, and suppress glucose production by the liver. It also promotes fat storage and protein synthesis.

Ketone bodies are alternative sources of energy for the brain and body during prolonged periods of fasting or inadequate glucose availability.

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by a complete absence of insulin production due to the destruction of beta cells in the pancreas. Ketoacidosis can occur with high ketones in the blood.

Hyperinsulinemia is a condition characterized by excessively high levels of insulin in the blood, which can happen in the early stages of type 2 diabetes.

Insulin resistance is a condition where the body's cells don't respond properly to insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels.

The natural history of type 2 diabetes involves a gradual progression from insulin resistance to beta cell dysfunction, ultimately leading to insulin deficiency.